COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
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No. 08-14-00063-CR
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Appeal from
EX PARTE: RALPH CECIL MELTON §
County Criminal Court at Law No. 4
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of El Paso County, Texas
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(TC # 20110C03228)
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OPINION
In this appeal we are asked whether the State’s prosecutor was simply being persistent,
and perhaps overly so, in attempting to admit evidence, or whether the prosecutor was attempting
to goad the defendant, Ralph Melton, into moving for mistrial. The question arises following a
mistrial based on Melton’s motion. He now contends that double jeopardy bars resetting the case
for trial. The trial court found the State’s prosecutor was not intentionally trying to provoke a
mistrial and denied Melton’s application for pretrial habeas corpus relief based on double
jeopardy. Finding no abuse of discretion in that decision, we affirm.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
In his sole issue, Melton contends that the Fifth Amendment to the United States
Constitution prohibits a retrial of his case. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment
protects a criminal defendant from repeated prosecutions for the same offense. U.S. Const.
art. V; Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 671, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 2087, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982).
The Double Jeopardy Clause affords a criminal defendant a “valued right to have his trial
completed by a particular tribunal.” Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 671-72, 102 S.Ct. at 2087;
see Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335, 371 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).
As a general rule double jeopardy does not bar a retrial when a mistrial is granted at the
defendant’s request. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 673, 102 S.Ct. at 2088. But there is an
important exception: the Double Jeopardy Clause will bar retrial when the defendant is able to
show that the prosecution engaged in conduct that was intended to provoke the defendant into
moving for a mistrial. Id. at 679, 102 S.Ct. at 2091; Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d at 371. At one
time, Texas had a broader view of this exception and barred a retrial when it was shown that the
prosecutor was aware of, but consciously disregarded the risk that his conduct would require a
mistrial at the defendant’s request. Bauder v. State, 921 S.W.2d 696 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). But
Bauder was overruled by Ex parte Lewis and the Texas rule is now co-extensive to the Oregon v.
Kennedy standard. Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d at 371. The present day exception has been
described by both the United States Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals as a
narrow one. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 673, 102 S.Ct. at 2088; Ex parte Masonheimer, 220
S.W.3d 494, 506 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007).
A habeas corpus applicant must prove the double jeopardy claim by a preponderance of
the evidence. State v. Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d 576, 583 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013). Consequently,
Melton was required to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the prosecutor engaged
in conduct that was intended to provoke him into moving for a mistrial. Oregon v. Kennedy, 456
U.S. at 679; Ex parte Peterson, 117 S.W.3d 804, 818 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). In reviewing the
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trial court’s decision to deny habeas relief, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s ruling. Ex parte Masonheimer, 220 S.W.3d at 507. We afford almost total
deference to the trial judge’s determination of historical facts which are supported by the record,
especially when the fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. See
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
FACTUAL SUMMARY
Melton was charged with assault causing bodily injury to a family member. The case
was set for a jury trial on October 28, 2013. Melton filed several motions in limine, one which
generally sought to prohibit the State from eliciting hearsay statements, and one which attempted
to prohibit the State from admitting a “911” tape regarding the incident. Our record is unclear as
to the rulings on these motions; the general hearsay motion in limine has the notion “u/a- as
situation warrants” handwritten on it and the order on
the 911 motion only says it is “granted/denied.”
The State called Gabriela Guzman as its first witness. She was a friend of the
complaining witness and received a text message from her early one morning asking for help.
She then called the complaining witness who asked Guzman to call 911 for her. Guzman
testified without objection that the complaining witness needed assistance because Melton had
hit her. Guzman did in fact call 911 and the State attempted to admit a recording of that call,
which apparently contains statements from Guzman attributed to the complaining witness. The
request to introduce the 911 tape was made in front of the jury, which was then taken out of the
courtroom while the court heard arguments on the evidence.
Melton objected to the 911 tape as containing hearsay. The gist of the State’s response
was that any statements were exited utterances and thus hearsay exceptions. The trial court
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excluded the 911 tape, but appeared to invite the State to elicit the substance of what it contained
from the live witnesses:
THE COURT: You can establish that through Ms. Guzman through further
questioning. I’m not going to allow that tape in. I don’t see any -- any value to it,
aside from the fact that it’s a ‘gee whiz’ recording, but she can testify to
everything that she spoke to in that recording right here and now. You’ve got a
better source of evidence right there [referring to Guzman].
The prosecutor then attempted to have Guzman testify to what the complaining witness had told
her. Guzman had apparently gone to the complaining witness’s residence after she made the 911
call, and then later that morning drove her to the hospital. The prosecutor used a two-step
process, first having Guzman testify to the complaining witness’s panicked state of mind, and
then having her repeat what the complaining witness told her. The prosecutor was initially
successful in this tact, getting at least two hearsay objections overruled. But then the trial court
began sustaining the hearsay objections and cautioned the prosecutor that she was eliciting
hearsay. The witness finally clarified that any excited utterance likely only came in the first
phone conversation early that morning. At that time, the complaining witness was described as
upset and distraught. Based on that testimony, the prosecutor attempted to elicit the substance of
the complaining witness’s statements. But the trial court sustained Melton’s hearsay objection.
The prosecutor then tried to further develop Guzman’s perception of the complaining witness’s
state of mind, and elicited that the complaining witness sounded as if she had been crying and
was “somewhat frightened.” The prosecutor then re-urged that any statements from the
complaining witness would be an exited utterance. The prosecutor also sought again, in front of
the jury, to admit the 911 tape.
Melton objected and the jury was taken out. Melton moved for a mistrial which was
taken under advisement. The State’s prosecutor resisted the mistrial, arguing that a limiting
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instruction would cure any issue as to the mention of the 911 tape. When the trial court learned
from the bailiff that some of the jurors were openly wondering about the contents of the 911 call,
it granted the mistrial. The trial court described the State’s conduct as a “mistake,” a “procedural
error,” something done “in a disingenuous manner,” but not something “intentional” or anything
meriting sanctions.
On the eve of the retrial, Melton moved for a pretrial application for a writ of habeas
corpus contending that a retrial was barred by double jeopardy. At the hearing on the
application, Melton elicited testimony from the prosecutor. She testified that she had attempted
to re-urge the admission of the 911 tape so that the trial court could reconsider its ruling. She
denied that she did so out of fear of losing the case. Melton’s application was denied. The trial
court explained its ruling this way:
I’ve already made a ruling that it was not done intentionally; it was not done
disingenuously; it was not done with any purposeful intent or willingness to
violate the Court’s order. As I stated on the record then, that it was a mistake. I
think it was, as I quoted, a boo-boo.
ANALYSIS
“Especially during the ‘rough and tumble’ of a jury trial, courts must expect that much
rule-violating conduct is unplanned, inadvertent, or impulsive.” Ex parte Peterson, 117 S.W.3d
at 817-18. To differentiate that kind of conduct from the intentional goading conduct which
invokes the Double Jeopardy Clause, the Court of Criminal Appeals has set out a nonexclusive
list of objective factors to assist the trial court when assessing the prosecutor’s state of mind:
1) Was the misconduct a reaction to abort a trial that was ‘going badly for the
State?’ In other words, at the time that the prosecutor acted, did it reasonably
appear that the defendant would likely obtain an acquittal?
2) Was the misconduct repeated despite admonitions from the trial court?
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3) Did the prosecutor provide a reasonable, ‘good faith’ explanation for the
conduct?
4) Was the conduct ‘clearly erroneous’?
5) Was there a legally or factually plausible basis for the conduct, despite its
ultimate impropriety?
6) Were the prosecutor’s actions leading up to the mistrial consistent with
inadvertence, lack of judgment, or negligence, or were they consistent with
intentional or reckless misconduct?
Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317, 323-24 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006).1 Under these factors we find
no basis to believe that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to find that the State re-
urged the admission of the 911 tape to goad Melton into filing a motion for mistrial.
First, there is no evidence in the record before us that the State was trying to abort the
trial because it was losing. Guzman was the first witness in the trial, thus there is nothing in the
record to show whether the trial was going well or poorly for the State. There is nothing in the
record to suggest that the empaneled jury was good or bad for the State. There is nothing in the
record to show that absent the admission of the 911 tape, the State could not make its case.
Indeed, it appears that the 911 tape offered nothing in addition to what Guzman had already
testified to, and presumably what the complaining witness would testify to. The applicant carries
the burden to prove entitlement to habeas relief, Ex parte Richardson, 70 S.W.3d 865, 870
(Tex.Crim.App. 2002), and Melton has simply not carried his burden on this issue.
Nor does the record show that the State repeatedly violated any admonition of the trial
court. The 911 tape was actually only mentioned twice before the jury, once when it was first
offered, and a second time when it was re-offered. There were multiple attempts to have
1
Ex parte Wheeler is a pre-Ex parte Lewis case, but these factors were set out to assist in deciding claims under
either the federal or state constitutional guarantees against double jeopardy and would still apply to the Oregon v.
Kennedy analysis. 203 S.W.3d at 323.
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Guzman testify to what the complaining witness had told her. That line of questioning, however,
was not the basis for the motion for mistrial.
The prosecutor claimed that she re-offered the 911 tape in the hopes that the trial court
would reconsider its ruling. Courts sometimes do reconsider their rulings and asking a court to
reconsider a legal issue is a reasonable explanation for the prosecutor’s conduct. The trial court
apparently accepted this explanation and Melton offers no compelling reasons why her claim
was not credible. See Sandifer v. State, 233 S.W.3d 1, 3-4 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2007,
no pet.)(deferring to trial court’s finding that prosecutor did not intentionally goad the defense
into moving for a mistrial, particularly when based on the trial court’s evaluation of the
prosecutor’s credibility).
Nor was the re-offer of the evidence without a plausible basis. Between the time of the
first and second offer of the 911 tape, Guzman had provided additional testimony about the
complaining witness’s state of mind. When the first offer was made, Guzman had only testified
that the complaining witness sounded “somewhat” frightened. By the time the second offer was
made, she had additionally testified that the complaining witness was upset, distraught, and
sounded as if she had been crying. This additional testimony might have been germane to the
excited utterance claim that the State was making. An excited utterance is an exception to the
hearsay rule. TEX.R. EVID. 803(2). It is a “statement relating to a startling event or condition
made while the declarant [is] under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.”
Id. The witness’s state of mind is critical to the trial court’s determination of whether a
statement is in fact excited. See Cook v. State, 199 S.W.3d 495, 498 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st
Dist.] 2006, no pet.)(911 call from witness who sounded agitated, was very upset, and spoke very
quickly was held admissible); Campos v. State, 186 S.W.3d 93, 99 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st
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Dist.] 2005, no pet.)(911 call from complaining witness who was still dominated by emotions of
the claimed attack was held admissible). While extending this hearsay exception to what
Guzman heard, and then repeated to the 911 operator may raise additional issues, the State’s
theory for the admission of the 911 tape was at least plausible, which undercuts the claim it
offered only to goad a mistrial.
The events leading up the motion for mistrial were also consistent with an inadvertent
mistake rather than intentional conduct seeking to goad a motion for mistrial. When the State
first moved to admit the 911 tape, the trial court appeared to invite the prosecutor to have
Guzman directly testify to what the 911 tape would have contained. The State’s prosecutor
attempted to do so and was confronted with mixed results on the hearsay objections, having
some overruled, but others sustained. When the prosecutor could not get the evidence directly
from Guzman on the stand (as the trial court suggested she could), the State re-urged the
admission of the 911 tape. This action appears more consistent with the prosecutor’s frustration
at not being able to get the statements into evidence, than any attempt to torpedo the trial. The
fact that the State’s attorney resisted the mistrial motion also belies some plan to cause a mistrial.
Accordingly, we overrule Issue One and affirm the denial of the application for writ of
habeas corpus. As the application was presented pretrial, we remand the case back the trial court
for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
April 22, 2015
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)
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