COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-14-00231-CR
DEWAN MORGAN APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 211TH DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. F-2013-1704-C
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OPINION
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After two separate incidents involving his girlfriend, with whom he lived, a
jury convicted Appellant Dewan Morgan of (1) assault, the lesser-included
offense of aggravated assault, and (2) burglary of a habitation, charged in
separate indictments, trial court cause numbers F-2013-1703-C and F-2013-
1704-C respectively. The jury found the enhancement paragraph true and
assessed his punishment at twelve years’ confinement in the burglary case and
at 365 days’ confinement in county jail for the assault. The trial court sentenced
him accordingly. Appellant does not appeal from his assault conviction and
sentence in F-2013-1703-C.
In his sole point, Appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to
support the jury’s verdict of guilt in the burglary case because the State failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he entered the apartment without the
effective consent of the owner. That is the only element he challenges. Because
the evidence does not support the jury’s determination that Appellant lacked the
effective consent of the owner when he entered the apartment, in which he was a
cotenant, but Appellant admits to assaulting Complainant and the evidence is
sufficient to support that lesser-included offense, we modify the trial court’s
judgment in this case, F-2013-1704-C, to delete the burglary conviction and to
instead reflect an assault conviction. We reverse the trial court’s judgment as to
punishment and remand this case solely for a new punishment trial on this
second assault conviction resulting from Appellant’s actions against
Complainant.
Brief Facts
Appellant moved into Complainant’s one-bedroom apartment, and after he
found a job, he paid the electric bill and miscellaneous household expenses while
Complainant paid the rent. No one other than Appellant and Complainant lived in
the apartment, although Appellant’s children stayed there when they came to visit
him. Both Complainant and Appellant had a key to the apartment.
2
One day Appellant and Complainant got into an argument in the living
room, and Appellant slapped her. Complainant called the police. When they
arrived, she gave them a written statement. In the statement, she said that after
Appellant slapped her, she called the police. At trial, she admitted that she had
also said in her written statement that he had gone to the kitchen and returned
with a knife, but she testified that that part of her statement was untrue.
Appellant left the apartment but returned to live with Complainant the same day.
A couple of months later, the couple had another problem. Complainant
testified that she and Appellant had had words that morning because he wanted
her to take money from him for some of the household bills, but she refused the
money. After work, Complainant and Appellant ran into each other at a
convenience store near the apartment. Appellant asked Complainant to wait
outside for him because he wanted to talk to her. She did not want to talk to him,
so instead of waiting, she went to the home of Dee, a former co-worker, picked
him up, and then went to her apartment, where she planned to stay while Dee
took her pickup truck to get the two of them something to eat. Dee and Appellant
saw each other outside the apartment near the truck and exchanged words, and
Appellant came to the apartment while Dee left in the truck. Meanwhile,
Complainant, who had seen Appellant with Dee, locked the deadbolt on the
apartment door so that Appellant’s key would not work and he could not come
inside.
3
Appellant tried the doorknob, tried his key, knocked on the door, and rang
the doorbell but was unable to open the door, and Complainant refused to open
the door for him. He threw something at the side window and broke it. Then he
kicked the door until it opened, and he went inside the apartment. Complainant
and Appellant fought and hit each other, and Appellant bit her left breast. At trial,
Complainant remembered Appellant’s grabbing her but did not remember his
punching her or choking her, although in her written statement, she had said that
he punched her and choked her. She had called 911, and the recording of that
telephone call was admitted into evidence.
On cross-examination, Complainant testified that when she locked the
apartment door, her intent was not to kick Appellant out of the apartment forever
but rather “to have a cooling-off period.” She also testified that at the time of the
incident, Appellant lived in the apartment with her, kept personal possessions
there, and had his own key to the apartment. He had spent the night before the
incident in the apartment.
The apartment lease showed Complainant as the leaseholder of the
apartment; Appellant was not shown as a resident.
No Evidence of Absence of Owner’s Consent
In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to
determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
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elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. 1 A person commits the
offense of burglary of a habitation if he enters a habitation without the effective
consent of the owner and with intent to commit assault or attempts to commit or
commits assault. 2 “‘Owner’ means a person who . . . has title to the property,
possession of the property, whether lawful or not, or a greater right to possession
of the property than the actor.” 3 The code of criminal procedure provides that in
the indictment,
[w]here one person owns the property, and another person has the
possession of the same, the ownership thereof may be alleged to be
in either. Where property is owned in common, or jointly, by two or
more persons, the ownership may be alleged to be in all or either of
them. 4
The term “occupied” in burglary cases is equivalent to possession. 5
Here, Appellant was a cotenant of Complainant when she locked the door
and he kicked it in. The testimony shows that Appellant was either a tenant at
will or a tenant at sufferance. 6 The evidence is uncontroverted that he lived at
1
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979);
Dobbs v. State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 170 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
2
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02(a)(1), (3) (West 2011).
3
Id. § 1.07(35) (West Supp. 2014).
4
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 21.08 (West 2009).
5
Black v. State, 505 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974).
6
See Black, 505 S.W.2d at 823; Petty v. Dunn, 419 S.W.2d 417, 421 (Tex.
Civ. App.—Tyler 1967, writ ref’d n.r.e.); 49 Tex. Jur. 3d Landlord and Tenant
§§ 13–14 (2009).
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the apartment and kept his possessions inside it. As this court has previously
explained, “[P]ossession must be determined immediately prior to and not during
the break-in.” 7 As a tenant, Appellant had the right to occupy and control the
apartment until his tenancy was terminated. 8 There is no evidence that
Appellant’s tenancy was terminated before his arrest for the incident, but there is
evidence in the form of Complainant’s testimony that she specifically did not
intend to terminate Appellant’s tenancy.
Applying the appropriate standard of review, we hold that the evidence is
insufficient to support Appellant’s burglary conviction and sustain his sole point.
Modification to Lesser-Included Assault
In this case, because burglary was charged via intent to commit an
assault, attempt to commit an assault, or a completed assault, the jury did not
“necessarily f[i]nd every constituent element of th[e] lesser offense.” 9 That is, we
do not know which burglary theory the jury relied on in reaching its verdict. 10
Appellant conceded during his opening statement to the jury, however, “And
there’s the third offense, the assault which was part of the burglary, which you
7
Dominguez v. State, 355 S.W.3d 918, 923 n.2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2011, pet. ref’d).
8
See Black, 505 S.W.2d at 823; Elliott v. State, 39 Tex. Crim. 242, 244, 45
S.W. 711, 712 (1898).
9
See Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 298–99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
10
See Rodriguez v. State, 454 S.W.3d 503, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)
(op. on reh’g).
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will hear for yourself evidence to prove that he is guilty of. There[ are] three
offenses. He is guilty of the assault. That will be very clear to you.” Appellant
also admits in his brief that he committed the lesser-included offense of assault;
concedes that the evidence is “clearly sufficient” to support an assault conviction,
and requests that this court modify the judgment to reflect that conviction instead
of a burglary conviction 11 and that we remand this case for a punishment hearing
on the assault conviction. Further, we hold that the evidence, detailed above, is
sufficient to support an assault conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. 12 In this
unique situation, because the completed assault is the most severe lesser-
included offense available, the evidence satisfies the elements of the lesser-
included assault beyond a reasonable doubt, Appellant conceded guilt of the
lesser-included assault at trial and on appeal, and he seeks this relief, we modify
the trial court’s judgment in F-2013-1704-C to delete the burglary conviction and
to instead reflect a conviction for assault, and we reverse the trial court’s
judgment in F-2013-1704-C on punishment and remand this case solely for a
new punishment trial on Appellant’s second lesser-included assault conviction
resulting from his acts against Complainant.
11
See Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42–43, 102 S. Ct. 2211, 2218–19
(1982).
12
See Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 300; see also Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99
S. Ct. at 2789; Dobbs, 434 S.W.3d at 170.
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/s/ Lee Ann Dauphinot
LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and GARDNER, JJ.
PUBLISH
DELIVERED: May 28, 2015
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