In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
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NO. 09-13-00316-CV
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IN RE COMMITMENT OF EDWARD LAMOND COX
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On Appeal from the 435th District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 12-10-10525-CV
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
The State of Texas filed a petition to commit appellant Edward Lamond Cox
as a sexually violent predator. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§ 841.001-
.151 (West 2010 & Supp. 2013). A jury found that Cox is a sexually violent
predator, and the trial court signed a final judgment and an order of civil
commitment. In four appellate issues, Cox challenges the trial court’s failure to
strike expert testimony, the trial court’s refusal to permit Cox’s counsel to ask “a
proper commitment question” during voir dire, and the constitutionality of the SVP
statute, both under Article 1, section 16 of the Texas Constitution, and on
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vagueness grounds. We affirm the trial court’s judgment and order of civil
commitment.
ISSUE ONE
In his first issue, Cox argues the trial court reversibly erred “by failing to
strike the unsupported testimony of Dr. Michael Arambula[.]” Specifically, Cox
complains that Arambula’s testimony does not meet the standards for scientific
reliability, Arambula’s “methodology is flawed and unsupported,” Arambula’s
testimony was biased and misleading, Arambula “claims ignorance of the seminal
case law controlling civil commitment[,]” and Arambula provided insufficient
information to distinguish Cox from “the dangerous but typical recidivist convicted
in an ordinary criminal case.”
Arambula testified that he holds board certifications in both general
psychiatry and forensic psychiatry, and he explained that he participated in a
sexual behaviors clinic, in which he learned about treating and evaluating sex
offenders, as well as how to manage the risk sex offenders pose to the community.
Arambula explained that his testimony was within the scope of forensic psychiatry,
and that he relied upon principles of forensic psychiatry while evaluating Cox.
Arambula estimated that he had performed approximately eighty behavioral
abnormality evaluations during the last seven years. According to Arambula, a
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behavioral abnormality is an acquired or congenital condition that affects a
person’s emotional or volitional capacity, causing them to become likely to engage
in predatory acts of sexual violence and become a menace to the health and safety
of others.
Arambula explained that in conducting evaluations to determine whether a
person is a sexually violent predator, he reviews medical, mental health, and
administrative records, as well as “a section that has to do with the sexual
offenses,” and then he interviews the person. Arambula testified, “I’m comfortable
saying all forensic fellowship-trained physicians would do the same thing.”
Arambula stated that he followed the same methodology when evaluating Cox, and
he also reviewed actuarials. Arambula explained that he cannot calculate a rate of
error in such cases, but he opined that based upon physicians’ training regarding
what to look for, there is probably a ninety to ninety-five percent degree of
certainty. According to Arambula, two of the greatest risk factors are sexual
deviance and antisocial personality, and there are other factors such as age at the
time of the first sexual offense, lack of treatment, and the presence of denial.
Arambula testified that he interviewed Cox for approximately two-and-a-
half hours, and he explained that based upon his education, experience, and the
methodology he followed, he determined that Cox has a behavioral abnormality
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that makes him likely to engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. According to
Arambula, Cox has “a hefty dose of antisocial personality” and elements of sexual
deviance. Arambula explained that antisocial personality disorder entails “breaking
the rules of society, aggression towards others, stealing, lack of responsibility,
callousness, those kinds of things.” Arambula explained that Cox’s criminal
versatility, consistent disregard for others, failure to accept responsibility, blaming
his victims, and aggressive behavior evidenced antisocial personality disorder.
Arambula testified that Cox was “an agent for women who engaged in
prostitution[,]” and that some of the prostitutes were underage. Arambula testified
that Cox was convicted of trafficking, i.e., “forcing a young girl into the trade of
prostitution.”
Arambula explained that Cox engaged in sexual acts with minors, and that
Cox did not accept responsibility for his offenses. According to Arambula, Cox
was on probation for the trafficking offense when he was charged with aggravated
sexual assault and indecency with a child, and Cox pleaded guilty to aggravated
sexual assault and indecency with a child. Arambula testified that Cox’s inability
to successfully complete probation is a risk factor, as is the fact that Cox’s victims
were strangers and Cox’s belief that he does not need sex offender treatment.
Arambula explained that although he does not score actuarials, he considered
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Cox’s actuarial scores in performing his evaluation. According to Arambula, Cox’s
actuarial scores indicate that he is at high risk for sexual recidivism. Arambula also
testified that Cox scored high on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, which measures
the degree of antisocial personality an individual possesses.
Arambula explained that the fact that Cox’s victims were minors and were
strangers, as well as the fact that Cox “include[ed] them in his profession[,]”
evidenced Cox’s sexual deviancy. Arambula also identified as risk factors Cox’s
denial and minimization of his offenses, as well as his demeaning attitude toward
women and his lack of job skills. Arambula opined that Cox’s emotional or
volitional capacity has been affected to the extent that it predisposes him to commit
a sexually violent offense. Arambula characterized Cox as “a particularly
dangerous type of sex offender.” According to Arambula, denial is characteristic of
both Cox’s antisocial personality disorder and Cox’s sexual deviancy.
During cross-examination, Arambula testified that he does not consider the
DSM to be an authoritative source, and he described it instead as “an important
resource[.]” When asked whether he had cited any documentation in support of his
opinion concerning Cox, Arambula testified, “I mentioned the DSM, as it relates to
paraphilia diagnoses.” Arambula explained that he viewed the DSM as
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insufficiently comprehensive because it does not describe “the full breadth of the
mental conditions, only the criteria.”
Counsel then inquired about “documentation or publications that bridge that
analytical gap[,]” and Arambula explained that it is difficult “for one publication to
cover all mental conditions with that type of breadth and comprehensiveness.”
Arambula explained that the information and methodology he uses to evaluate
individuals comes from his fellowship, which was twenty years ago. According to
Arambula, during the twenty years since his fellowship, some things “remain the
same thing and some changes . . . have emerged in the literature[.]” Arambula
testified that
[a]s it relates to this case, there weren’t any particular textbooks or
articles that were different from before . . . . And instead, I just relied
upon . . . the foundation of how I had been trained and the textbooks
that were published subsequent to my training and the articles that I
read having to do with sexual offenses, sexual offense recidivism.
And so I keep up with the literature as it emerges . . . .
Arambula testified that the analytical gap is covered “as a result of my training and
the information that I have in my brain all the time.” Arambula explained,
[t]he information that I use in evaluating sexual dangerousness is
based, first and foremost, on the methodology that I was taught during
my fellowship. . . . Since then, there have been subtle changes in the
degree that a certain risk factor carries, but by and large, in the last 20
years, what’s really changed more than anything else in the sex
offender literature is how sex offenders are treated.
...
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The static risk factors . . . really don’t change over time . . . . So
there’s not been significant change in evaluating risk for recidivism.
There have been some changes, but not as much as in the treatment
literature.
Arambula testified that he has not conducted studies on sex offender recidivism
or published any articles or textbooks on the subject. According to Arambula,
“Daubert would apply to the statistical findings in capturing and paying attention
to what the important risk factors are[,]” as well as “to the methodology and the
validity of running scientific experiments upon which statistical analyses are
attached.”
Cox argues that Arambula’s testimony is unreliable and failed to bridge the
analytical gap between his opinions and the data on which he relied, and that the
trial court therefore erred by denying Cox’s pretrial motion to strike Arambula’s
testimony. Conclusory or speculative testimony is not relevant evidence, and bare,
baseless opinions cannot support a judgment. City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284
S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009). We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to strike
for abuse of discretion. Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist. v. Hartman Reit Operating
P’ship, L.P., 186 S.W.3d 155, 157 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).
Arambula is licensed in his field, and he explained the methodologies he
employed when determining whether Cox suffers from a behavioral abnormality.
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Arambula explained that he conducted his evaluation in accordance with his
training and the accepted standards for his field. Arambula testified that he
interviewed Cox in accordance with his training and reviewed and relied on the
types of records used by experts in his field, including actuarials and records
regarding Cox’s background, offenses, and incarceration. Arambula explained in
detail the facts and evidence relevant in forming his opinion and how those facts
played a role in his evaluation. Arambula concluded that Cox suffers from a
behavioral abnormality as defined by the SVP statute. Arambula’s testimony is not
so conclusory as to be completely lacking in probative value, nor is it unreliable or
unsupported. See In re Commitment of Burnett, No. 09-09-00009-CV, 2009 Tex.
App. LEXIS 9930, at *14 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec. 31, 2009, no pet.) (mem.
op.). We overrule issue one.
ISSUE TWO
In his second issue, Cox contends the trial court erred by preventing him
from asking a proper commitment question regarding sex with underage females,
thereby preventing him from properly exercising his peremptory strikes. We apply
an abuse of discretion standard to the trial court’s decisions regarding voir dire. In
re Commitment of Hill, 334 S.W.3d 226, 229 (Tex. 2011); In re Commitment of
Larkin, 161 S.W.3d 778, 781 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, no pet.).
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During voir dire, Cox’s counsel asked, “If you hear the word pedophilia
brought up in this particular case[,] how many of you will not be able to . . . listen
to the law, listen to the facts, all the facts, and follow the law as the Judge gives it
to you before rendering a verdict?” The State objected that “[a]sking them to
commit to certain questions about the facts of the case, it’s a commitment
question.” The trial court asked Cox’s counsel whether he desired to rephrase his
question, and after commenting that his first question “was probably a proper
commitment question[,]” Cox’s counsel then asked, “If you were to hear that
someone had sex with an individual who was underage, . . . how many of you
would not be able to listen to all of the facts . . . and the law as the Judge gives it to
you before rendering a proper verdict?” The State again objected, and the trial
court sustained the State’s objection. Cox’s counsel objected, “[f]or the record, we
object to your rulings, Your Honor.”
Because a prospective juror is disqualified from serving on the jury when
biased or prejudiced for or against a party, one purpose of voir dire is to find biased
jurors and eliminate them from the jury panel. In re Commitment of Barbee, 192
S.W.3d 835, 845 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2006, no pet.); see Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.
§ 62.105(4) (West 2013). The trial court should allow a party broad latitude to
discover bias or prejudice by potential jurors. Larkin, 161 S.W.3d at 780. The trial
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court abuses its discretion when it denies the right to ask a proper question,
preventing determination of whether grounds exist to challenge for cause or
denying intelligent use of peremptory challenges. Id. at 783. “Counsel’s latitude in
voir dire, while broad, is constrained by reasonable trial court control.” Hyundai
Motor Co. v. Vasquez, 189 S.W.3d 743, 750 (Tex. 2006).
In this case, the State’s expert did not diagnose Cox with pedophilia. Instead,
the issue Cox identifies as significant to his voir dire of the venire panel is his
sexual contact with teenage females and placing them into prostitution. Cox’s
counsel’s question isolated one condition, i.e. pedophilia, and sought to gauge its
potential impact on the venire panel. See id. at 756-57. The trial court could
reasonably have concluded that Cox was suggesting that to be fair, the jury must
not decide the case based on an irrelevant fact, and that the substance of the
proposed question did not present a proper basis for juror disqualification. See id.;
In re Commitment of Smith, No. 09-13-00100-CV, ___ S.W.3d ___, 2014 WL
333374, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Jan. 23, 2014, pet. filed) (not yet released
for publication); but see In re Commitment of Kalati, 370 S.W.3d 435, 441 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2012, pet. denied) (in which Kalati was diagnosed with
pedophilia and this Court held that the trial court erred by failing to permit a
question on pedophilia). We therefore overrule issue two.
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ISSUE THREE
In issue three, Cox argues that chapter 841 of the Health and Safety Code
violates Article 1, section 16 of the Texas Constitution. Specifically, Cox contends
that when he entered into plea agreements with the State concerning his underlying
convictions, one of the terms of the plea agreement was that, upon his date of
release, he would be free to return home, and the State’s imposition of civil
commitment impairs his existing contracts with the State.
A plea bargain agreement is a contract between the prosecutor and the
defendant, in which the prosecutor makes concessions regarding specific
punishment or reduced charges in exchange for the defendant’s plea of guilty.
Hoang v. State, 872 S.W.2d 694, 698 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Ex parte Williams,
637 S.W.2d 943, 947 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). SVP commitment cases are civil
matters, and the SVP statute is not punitive. In re Commitment of Fisher, 164
S.W.3d 637, 653 (Tex. 2005); Beasley v. Molett, 95 S.W.3d 590, 608 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont 2002, pet. denied). Therefore, it is axiomatic that the terms of Cox’s
civil commitment are not part of his plea-bargained punishments for the underlying
offenses. See Fisher, 164 S.W.3d at 653; Beasley, 95 S.W.3d at 608; Hoang, 872
S.W.2d at 698; Williams, 637 S.W.2d at 947. Accordingly, chapter 841 does not
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interfere with existing contracts concerning punishment for Cox’s underlying
offenses. We overrule issue three.
ISSUE FOUR
In his fourth issue, Cox asserts that chapter 841 of the Health and Safety
Code “is unconstitutional in that it is vague[.]” We have previously addressed this
issue in other cases. Beasley, 95 S.W.3d at 607-10; In re Commitment of Morales,
98 S.W.3d 288, 291 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, pet. denied); In re Commitment
of Mullens, 92 S.W.3d 881, 883-84 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet. denied). For
the same reasons set forth in those cases, we overrule Cox’s fourth issue. Having
overruled each of Cox’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED.
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STEVE McKEITHEN
Chief Justice
Submitted on February 27, 2014
Opinion Delivered April 10, 2014
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
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