COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
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MANUEL TORRES, No. 08-12-00096-CR
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Appellant, Appeal from
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v. County Criminal Court No. 4
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THE STATE OF TEXAS, of El Paso County, Texas
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Appellee. (TC # 20090C07495)
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OPINION
Manuel Torres appeals his conviction of assault family violence. A jury found Appellant
guilty and the jury/court assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement in the county jail for
360 days, probated for twenty months, and a fine of $250, a portion of which was probated. We
reverse and remand for a new trial.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
In 2009, Azucena Batres, the complainant, lived with Appellant, her son, and his
daughter Juliana Torres. On March 4, 2009 at approximately 9:30 p.m., Batres was upstairs with
her six-year-old son and Appellant was downstairs. Appellant became angry because Batres had
not answered his calls to her cell phone and he asked to see her phone. Batres gave her flip-style
phone to Appellant and he broke it in half. Batres went downstairs and asked Appellant why he
had broken her phone. Appellant became angrier and pushed Batres, who was pregnant, onto a
bed and grabbed her by the neck and hair. Batres’ son came downstairs and told Appellant to
stop, but Appellant told him not to interfere. Appellant continued to hold Batres’ down by
placing his hand on her neck which caused her pain. Appellant eventually stopped assaulting
Batres and left the house. After waiting a few minutes to make sure Appellant was not going to
return, Batres called the police. On cross-examination, Batres denied that she had slapped
Appellant because he would not eat what she had prepared for dinner or that she had fabricated
the assault allegation in order to get residency status in the United States.
Liliana Medina, a Horizon police officer, was dispatched to the residence and met with
Batres who was crying, and appeared to be afraid and distraught. Batres told Medina that
Appellant had become upset and they argued because she did not answer his phone call. Batres
explained to Appellant she had not received a call from him, but Appellant did not believe her,
and he grabbed her, threw her on the bed, and choked her. Medina observed that Batres had
redness and bruising on her neck and scratches on her forearm. The police took Batres to a
women’s shelter where she lived for over a year. The State introduced into evidence a recording
of the 911 call and photographs taken by Officer Medina depicting Batres’s injuries.
Appellant’s daughter, Juliana Torres, testified about the argument between Appellant and
Batres on March 4, 2009. Batres became upset that evening because Appellant came home a
little later than usual and he would not eat what she fixed for dinner. After cooking his own
dinner, Appellant later went into the bedroom and Batres followed him. During the ensuing
argument, Juliana heard Batres tell Appellant, “Hit me” in Spanish as though she wanted to
provoke Appellant. Appellant came out of the bedroom and he left the house with Juliana.
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Batres did not have any injuries when Juliana left the house with Appellant that evening. Juliana
returned to the house about an hour and a half later and the police were there. Juliana did not
recall whether she told the police that Appellant had not hit Batres or that Batres had asked him
to hit her.
Appellant testified that he and Batres had previously argued about whether he would help
her get citizenship papers. On the evening in question, she became upset when he would not eat
what she had fixed for dinner. Appellant walked away but Batres followed him to the bedroom
and slapped him. He extended his arms and pushed her away in an effort to keep her away from
him, but he denied grabbing her by the hair, neck, or arm. Batres tried to provoke Appellant by
telling him “Hit me” in Spanish. Appellant walked out of the bedroom and Juliana said, “Let’s
get out of here.” Batres did not have any injuries when he left the house.
CHARGE ERROR
In his sole issue, Appellant argues that the trial court failed to properly charge the jury on
self-defense because the application paragraph placed the burden on him to prove the defense by
a preponderance of the evidence even though self-defense is not an affirmative defense.
Standard of Review
Appellate review of alleged jury charge error generally involves a two-step process.
Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012); Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726,
731 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984)(op.
on reh’g). First, we must determine whether error occurred. Wooten v. State, 400 S.W.3d 601,
606 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013); Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732. When determining whether the charge
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is erroneous, we consider it “as a whole instead of a series of isolated and unrelated statements.”
Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995); Miramontes v. State, 225 S.W.3d
132, 145 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2005, no pet.).
If there is error in the charge, we must then analyze whether sufficient harm resulted from
the error to require reversal. Wooten, 400 S.W.3d at 606. Under this second step, the degree of
harm necessary for reversal usually depends on whether the appellant properly preserved the
error by objection. Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). If the
appellant objected to the charge, we determine whether there is “some harm.” Sakil v. State, 287
S.W.3d 23, 25-26 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). If the appellant did not object, as in this case, we will
not reverse unless the record demonstrates “egregious harm.” Id. at 26.
Law Applicable to Self-Defense
A person is justified in using force against another when and to the degree the actor
reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor against the other
person’s use or attempted use of unlawful force. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.31(a)(West 2011).
When The initial burden to produce evidence supporting a claim of self-defense is on the
defendant. See Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 594 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). Once the defendant
produces some evidence, the State bears the ultimate burden of persuasion to disprove the raised
defense. Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). This burden of
persuasion does not require that the State produce evidence directly refuting the claim of self-
defense, but it does require that the State prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. The
issue of self-defense is a fact issue to be determined by the jury, which is free to accept or reject
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any defensive evidence on the issue. Id. at 913-14. A jury’s verdict of guilt is an implicit
rejection of the defendant’s self-defense theory. Id. at 914.
The Charge
The trial court’s charge included the standard instructions on the presumption of
innocence and the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. More specifically, the charge
instructed the jury that: “The burden of proof in all criminal cases rests upon the State
throughout the trial.” Additionally, the jury was instructed that:
All persons are presumed to be innocent and no person may be convicted
of an offense unless each element of the offense is proved beyond a reasonable
doubt. The fact that a person has been arrested, confined, or indicted for, or
otherwise charged with the offense gives rise to no inference of guilt at his trial.
The law does not require a Defendant to prove his innocence or produce any
evidence at all. The presumption of innocence alone is sufficient to acquit the
Defendant.
The prosecution has the burden of proving the Defendant guilty and it
must do so by proving each and every element of the offense charged beyond a
reasonable doubt and if it fails to do so, you must acquit the Defendant.
It is not required that the prosecution prove guilt beyond all possible
doubt; it is required that the prosecution’s proof excludes all ‘reasonable doubt’
concerning the defendant’s guilt.
In the event you have reasonable doubt as to the Defendant’s guilt after
considering all the evidence before you, and these instructions, you will acquit
him and say by your verdict ‘not guilty.’
Appellant’s argument is based on the highlighted portion of the application paragraph
related to self-defense:
Now, bearing in mind the foregoing definitions and instructions, if you believe
from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant MANUEL
TORRES, in the County of El Paso, State of Texas, on or about the 4th day of
March, 2009, did then and there use force on Azucena Batres, if he did commit
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the offense of assault as alleged in the information, but you further find by a
preponderance of the evidence that the Defendant reasonably believed, from his
standpoint, that such force when and to the degree was (sic) used, was
immediately necessary to protect himself against the use or attempted use of
unlawful force by the complainant, and that the use of force, if any, by the
Defendant was not in response to verbal provocation alone, then you will acquit
the Defendant and say by your verdict ‘not guilty.’1 [Emphasis added].
Under Section 2.03(d) of the Penal Code, when a defense, such as self-defense, is submitted to
the jury, the trial court is required to instruct the jury that a reasonable doubt on the issue
requires that the defendant be acquitted. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 2.03(d)(West 2011); Luck v.
State, 588 S.W.2d 371, 375 (Tex.Crim.App. 1979)(op. on reh’g). Section 2.04(d), addresses the
burden of proof for affirmative defenses and provides: “If the issue of the existence of an
affirmative defense is submitted to the jury, the court shall charge that the defendant must prove
the affirmative defense by a preponderance of the evidence.” TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 2.04(d)
(West 2011).
The application paragraph is erroneous because it incorporates Section 2.04’s
“preponderance of the evidence” burden of proof even though self-defense is not an affirmative
defense. Self-defense is a defense under Section 2.03. Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 912 n.5
(Tex.Crim.App. 1991). The application paragraph instructed the jury to acquit if they found self-
defense had been proven by a preponderance of the evidence. While the charge does not
explicitly place this burden of proof on Appellant, the only logical interpretation is that it was
Appellant’s burden.
As noted by the State, the application paragraph must be considered together with other
1
The charge also defined “preponderance of the evidence” as “the greater weight and degree of the credible
testimony and evidence admitted before you in this case.”
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instructions contained in the charge before it can be determined that there is error in the charge.
Before reviewing the specific instructions discussed in the State’s brief, we observe that the
application paragraph fails to instruct the jury as required by Section 2.03(d) to acquit Appellant
if they have a reasonable doubt whether he acted in self-defense. See Barrera v. State, 982
S.W.2d 415, 416 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998)(observing that the court of appeals “properly concluded
that the failure to apply the law of self-defense to the facts of the case and to instruct the jury to
acquit if they held a reasonable doubt on self-defense was error”); Russell v. State, 834 S.W.2d
79, 82 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1992, pet. ref’d)(finding charge error where application paragraph
failed to instruct the jury to acquit the defendant if they had a reasonable doubt on self-defense).
Appellant has not raised this particular error in an issue on appeal, but we cannot ignore the
impact of this error in the application paragraph on the claimed error since it directly relates to
self-defense.
The charge instructed the jury that Appellant was presumed innocent and he was not
required to produce any evidence at all. Appellant testified and presented other evidence that he
acted in self-defense and the jury would necessarily look to the charge for instructions on how to
evaluate the defensive evidence. The application paragraph erroneously instructed the jury to
acquit Appellant if self-defense had been proven by a preponderance of the evidence and it failed
to instruct the jury to acquit if they had a reasonable doubt whether Appellant acted in self-
defense. The charge also made clear that the State had the burden to prove each element of the
offense beyond a reasonable doubt, the burden remained on the State throughout the trial, and the
jury was required to acquit Appellant if the State failed to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable
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doubt. These general instructions regarding the State’s burden of proof with respect to the
elements of the offense do not offset the erroneous instruction related to self-defense in the
application paragraph.
The State also directs our review to an instruction in the charge which required the jury to
acquit Appellant if they had a reasonable doubt as to Appellant’s guilt after considering all of the
evidence and the instructions contained in the charge. This instruction directly conflicts with the
application paragraph which informs the jury that they should acquit if self-defense had been
proven by a preponderance of the evidence. We conclude that the jury charge, when read as a
whole, impermissibly shifted the burden of proof to Appellant to prove he acted in self-defense.
Egregious Harm
The remaining question is whether the record demonstrates harm sufficient to require
reversal. An egregious harm determination must be based on a finding of actual rather than
theoretical harm. Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). For actual harm
to be established, the error must affect the very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a
valuable right, or vitally affect a defensive theory. Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777; Ngo v. State, 175
S.W.3d 738, 743-44 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). The degree of harm is determined in light of the
entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of
probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the
record of the trial as a whole. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
As discussed above, the charge, when read as a whole, shifted the burden to Appellant to
prove he acted in self-defense. The State argues that the charge error is harmless because the
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jury could have reasonably determined that Appellant’s self-defense claim was not credible since
he denied causing her injuries. The information alleged that Appellant assaulted Batres by
squeezing her neck with his hands, grabbing her by the arm, and pulling her hair. Batres testified
Appellant grabbed her by the neck and the jury had before it photographs depicting scratches on
Batres’s arms and redness on her neck. Appellant presented two defensive theories at trial: self-
defense and fabrication. With regard to self-defense, Appellant denied grabbing Batres by the
hair, throat, or arm, but he testified that she slapped him and he extended his arms and pushed
her away in an effort to defend himself. Appellant expressly denied causing any of Batres’
injuries and both Appellant and his daughter insisted Batres did not have any of these injuries
when they left the house. Appellant also presented a defensive theory that Batres fabricated the
story about Appellant grabbing her by the neck and she self-inflicted her injuries so she could get
residency status. Ordinarily, a defendant’s denial that he caused the complainant’s injuries
would be fatal to a claim of self-defense but Appellant admitted to conduct which could have
caused some of her injuries. The jury was required to determine the credibility of the witnesses
and resolve these conflicts in the evidence in light of the erroneous instruction which required
the jury to reject Appellant’s claim of self-defense if he failed to prove it by a preponderance of
the evidence. Further, the charge did not permit the jury to acquit Appellant if they had a
reasonable doubt as to whether he acted in self-defense. Based on the record before us, we
conclude that the erroneous application paragraph resulted in egregious harm because it vitally
affected a defensive theory. Accordingly, we sustain Issue One, reverse the judgment of the trial
court, and remand the cause for a new trial.
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September 18, 2014
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.
(Rivera, J., not participating)
(Do Not Publish)
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