In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00176-CR
DENNIS EUGENE ALLEN, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 6th District Court
Red River County, Texas
Trial Court No. CR01916
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted Dennis Eugene Allen of aggravated sexual assault of his minor
daughter, K.A. After entering a plea of true to the State’s enhancement allegation, Allen was
sentenced to fifteen years’ imprisonment. 1 On appeal, Allen argues (1) that the evidence was
legally insufficient to support his conviction, (2) that the trial court erred in concluding Rebecca
Peavy, the Executive Director of The Children’s Advocacy Center of Paris (CAC), was the
proper outcry witness, and (3) that the trial court erred in allowing Peavy to remain in the
courtroom during the testimony of the State’s key witnesses. 2
We find that the evidence was legally sufficient to support Allen’s conviction and that
Peavy was the proper outcry witness in this case. We find, however, that the trial court erred in
allowing Peavy to remain in the courtroom to hear the testimony of the State’s other witnesses,
but conclude that error was harmless. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. The Evidence Was Legally Sufficient to Support the Jury’s Verdict
In evaluating legal sufficiency in this case, we must review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the jury’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found,
beyond a reasonable doubt, that Allen committed the offense of aggravated sexual assault. See
1
In this case, the State alleged that Allen intentionally or knowingly caused K.A.’s sexual organ to contact his mouth
on or about October 8, 2008. Allen also appeals three other convictions of aggravated sexual assault against K.A.
In cause number 06-13-00173-CR, Allen was convicted of intentionally or knowingly penetrating K.A.’s sexual
organ with his finger on or about May 13, 2012. In cause number 06-13-00174-CR, Allen was convicted of
intentionally or knowingly causing K.A.’s sexual organ to contact his mouth on or about May 13, 2012. In cause
number 06-13-00175-CR, Allen was convicted of intentionally or knowingly penetrating K.A.’s sexual organ with
his finger on or about October 8, 2008.
2
Allen also argued that the trial court improperly allowed irrelevant testimony about a case study involving pregnant
teenagers. We resolved this issue in our opinion in cause number 06-13-00173-CR.
2
Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010,
pet. ref’d) (citing Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). Our rigorous
legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at
917–18 (Cochran, J, concurring). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the
Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve
conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts
to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson,
443 U.S. at 318–19).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment,
does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s
theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was
tried.” Id.
Here, the indictment alleged that, on or about October 8, 2008, Allen intentionally or
knowingly caused K.A.’s sexual organ to contact his mouth. A defendant commits aggravated
sexual assault of a child if he intentionally or knowingly causes the sexual organ of a child to
contact or penetrate his mouth. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(iii), (a)(2)(B) (West
Supp. 2013).
3
During the trial conducted in July 2013, twelve-year-old K.A. 3 testified that Allen had
sexually abused her many times, beginning in the second grade. K.A. testified that she lived in
an apartment complex with Allen in Bogota, Texas, when she was in the second grade. After
describing a 2012 incident of sexual abuse involving Allen’s digital penetration of K.A.’s vagina,
the State engaged K.A. in the following line of questioning:
Q. [K.A.], is that the first time he’s ever done anything like that?
A. No ma’am . . . .
Q. Was that the first time that he’s ever done anything like that, the
first time he’s ever messed with you?
A. He has done it more.
....
Q. Did it happen when you were living in those red-looking
apartments? . . . . Did things like this happen when you were living in those red
apartments . . . ?
A. Yes.
While K.A. testified that digital penetration of her vagina occurred in the Bogota apartments
more than once, K.A. did not testify at trial that Allen had caused her sexual organ to contact his
mouth in the Bogota apartments.
On May 20, 2012, K.A. made an outcry of sexual abuse to her aunt, Valerie Williams,
shortly after she was placed on top of a washer and dryer by Allen and sexually assaulted. 4 At
trial, K.A. testified, “I told my Aunt Valerie that my dad had been doing nasty stuff to me . . .
3
K.A. testified that she was born March 14, 2001.
4
At trial, K.A. also testified about instances of sexual abuse occurring on May 13, 2012.
4
[and] I also said he puts his tongue where I pee.” After Williams reported K.A.’s allegations,
K.A. was taken to the CAC to undergo a forensic interview conducted by Peavy. During this
interview, K.A. reported this incident as well as several other instances of abuse to Peavy.
Peavy testified,
[K.A.] told me that there was an apartment that was in Bogota and she was scared
to sleep by herself so she would sleep with her dad and would wake up to his
fingers -- and she would kind of make this wiggling-finger motion when she said
that. And he once did it with his tongue. . . . She talked about how he had his
fingers on her and he was telling her how he could use his tongue on her.
The following cross-examination occurred during Peavy’s testimony:
Q. . . . [A]ccording to your notes [K.A.] told you that [Allen] put his
tongue where [she] pee[s], once . . . .
[T]he other situation that she told you about during the CAC
interview was a situation on the washer and dryer, isn’t that true?
....
A. She told me about the washer and dryer. She told me about a time
where she was 10[5] and [her step-brother] was at his dad’s house and she was
asleep and [Allen] woke her up and he put his head and his tongue down there and
started moving his tongue around where she pees. So, yes, she’s told me about
more than one instance.[6]
Peavy also testified that K.A.’s trial testimony was, at times, inconsistent with the information
she provided during her CAC interview. Peavy further testified that K.A. discussed additional
instances of abuse during her trial testimony that were not mentioned during the CAC interview
5
The offenses alleged in this case occurred when K.A. was five or six years old.
6
Peavy’s testimony on cross-examination did not necessarily contradict her direct testimony. Peavy stated that K.A.
told her of more than one instance in which Allen caused K.A.’s sexual organ to contact his mouth and described
two instances where this happened. Peavy did not testify that the washer and dryer incident and the incident that
occurred when K.A. was ten were the only incidents that K.A. discussed in which Allen’s mouth came in contact
with her sexual organ.
5
and that there were inconsistencies in K.A.’s recollection of details, such as the type of clothing
that she was wearing during the incidents.
Dr. Matthew Cox, a pediatrician at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
in Dallas examined K.A. on May 31, 2012, but found no trauma or physical evidence of sexual
abuse. Cox testified at trial that a lack of physical trauma was not uncommon among the victims
of sexual abuse that he examined. Cox explained that penetration could occur without tearing of
vaginal tissues and that any bruising or physical signs of sexual abuse might have already healed.
Allen took the stand in his own defense and testified that he was never alone with K.A.
and that he never sexually assaulted her. Allen claimed that, after he put a new roof on the
apartments and completed other odd jobs, the owner of the apartment complex offered him an
apartment. Allen stated that he was the only person on the lease and testified that he did not live
in the apartment. Allen’s wife, Jeanette Allen, testified that no one really lived at the apartment
because it had never been fully furnished and that Allen stayed with her in her house. Although
Jeanette testified that Allen might have spent one or two nights at the apartment, she did not
recall whether K.A. spent any nights there.
Cathy Williams, the owner of the apartment complex, testified that she rented the
apartment to Allen on October 8, 2008, and that Allen rented the apartment for himself and for
K.A. Cathy testified, “[K.A.] was in and out of the apartment continuously.”
Pointing to (1) inconsistencies in the record, (2) Cox’s testimony that he found no
physical evidence of sexual abuse, and (3) the testimony of his wife, Allen argues that the
evidence was legally insufficient to support his conviction. However, the testimony Allen
6
highlights merely created fact and credibility issues which the jury resolved prior to entering its
verdict. 7
K.A. testified that she was sexually assaulted in the Bogota apartments. Peavy testified
that K.A. told her Allen digitally penetrated her while she was in the Bogota apartment and that
“he once did it with his tongue.” “When the jury convicted [Allen], it expressed its view that the
outcry testimony was probative” of the ultimate issue before it. See Rodriguez v. State, 819
S.W.2d 871, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Peavy’s outcry testimony offered during her direct
examination was, therefore, legally sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. See id.; Eubanks v.
State, 326 S.W.3d 231, 241 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pets. (8) ref’d) (“Outcry
testimony alone can be legally sufficient evidence to support a conviction.”).
Here, Peavy’s testimony established that Allen intentionally or knowingly caused K.A.’s
sexual organ to contact his mouth on or about October 8, 2008, as alleged in the indictment.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find the evidence legally
sufficient to support Allen’s conviction for aggravated sexual assault. We overrule Allen’s first
point of error.
II. Peavy Was the Proper Outcry Witness in this Case
Hearsay is not admissible at trial except as provided by statute or by the Texas Rules of
Evidence. See Long v. State, 800 S.W.2d 545, 547 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (per curiam). Article
38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure establishes an exception to the hearsay rule,
applicable in proceedings for prosecution of sexual offenses, for a child-victim’s statements
7
The trier of fact may believe all, some, or none of a witness’ testimony because the fact-finder is the sole judge of
the weight and credibility of the witnesses. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).
7
describing the offense made “to the first person, 18 years of age or older, other than the
defendant.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072, § 2(a)(3) (West Supp. 2013).
During a pretrial hearing, Allen challenged the State’s designation of Peavy as the outcry
witness. At the hearing, Peavy testified that K.A. indicated “that she was the victim of oral
sexual abuse” during the forensic interview. K.A. testified that she first told Williams that Allen
had been “doing nasty things” including “put[ting] his tongue where I pee.” Williams’ affidavit,
drafted on the day of Peavy’s forensic interview with K.A., documented K.A.’s outcry. Williams
averred that K.A. said Allen sexually abused her “all the time” and that the last time she was
sexually assaulted by Allen was on May 13, 2012, in her house. After agreeing with the State’s
assertion that Peavy’s testimony was reliable, the trial court overruled Allen’s objection to the
designation and utilization of Peavy as the outcry witness.
We review a trial court’s decision to admit an outcry statement under an abuse of
discretion standard. Owens v. State, 381 S.W.3d 696, 703 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.)
(citing Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). We will uphold the
trial court’s ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. (citing Divine v. State,
122 S.W.3d 414, 420 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d)). Because there is no discretion
in determining the applicable law, the trial court abuses its discretion when it fails to analyze the
law correctly and apply it to the facts of the case. State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1999).
To be admissible under Article 38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, outcry
testimony must be elicited from the first adult to whom the outcry is made. Lopez v. State, 343
8
S.W.3d 137, 140 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Broderick v. State, 35 S.W.3d 67, 73 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2000, pet. ref’d). Admissible outcry testimony is not person-specific, but event-
specific. Broderick, 35 S.W.3d at 73. To be a proper outcry, the child’s statement to the witness
must describe the alleged offense, or an element of the offense, in some discernible manner and
must be more than a general allusion to sexual abuse. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 140; Broderick, 35
S.W.3d at 73 (citing Thomas v. State, 1 S.W.3d 138, 140–41 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, pet.
ref’d)).
On appeal, the State argues that K.A.’s statements to Williams were not an outcry
because they amounted to nothing more than a general allusion to sexual abuse. K.A. told
Williams that Allen “put[] his tongue where I pee,” and claimed Allen had sexually assaulted her
more than once. However, K.A. testified that she was sexually assaulted by Allen over a long
period of time in many different places.
In cases where a child has been victim to more than one instance of sexual assault, it is
possible to have more than one proper outcry witness. Broderick, 35 S.W.3d at 73. But before
more than one outcry witness may testify, it must be determined that each outcry concerned
different events or offenses and was not simply a repetition of the same event told to different
individuals. Id. According to Williams’ affidavit, K.A. only told Williams that she had been
sexually assaulted in Allen’s wife’s home, in Allen’s truck, and at her great-grandmother’s
house. K.A. did not tell Williams that she had been sexually assaulted in the Bogota apartments.
K.A. testified, “I told [Peavy] more than I told my aunt.”
9
Because the record established that K.A. told Peavy—not her aunt—about the sexual acts
that occurred while K.A. was in the Bogota apartments, we cannot say that the trial court abused
its discretion in concluding that Peavy was the proper outcry witness in this case. Allen’s second
point of error is overruled.
III. The Trial Court’s Error in Allowing Peavy to Remain in the Courtroom Was
Harmless
In our opinion in one of Allen’s companion cases, cause number 06-13-00173-CR, we
determined that the trial court’s decision to allow Peavy to remain in the courtroom was
erroneous. Adopting the reasoning and holding from that opinion, we reach that same
conclusion here and now determine whether the trial court’s error was harmful.
A ‘“violation of an evidentiary rule . . . is non-constitutional [error] . . . and will be
disregarded unless it affected the appellant’s substantial rights.’” Bryant v. State, 282 S.W.3d
156, 161 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d) (quoting Russell v. State, 155 S.W.3d 176,
181 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). Thus, “we need not reverse if, after examining the record as a
whole, we have fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury’s deliberations to
appellant’s detriment or had but a slight effect.” Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 566 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999); see TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b).
Prior to cross-examining K.A., Allen’s counsel attempted to explain the harm in allowing
Peavy to remain in the courtroom in the following colloquy:
[N]ow the Court has heard testimony from the child on direct. The child, quite,
[sic] obviously has brought up different events, other events, changed some things
and so forth. That’s for me to take up on my cross-examination; I understand
that. My problem is -- this goes back to Rebecca Peavy, who is now, you know,
10
going to be our outcry witness. The Court has heard -- and also has been allowed
to sit in the courtroom, over my objection to be excluded from the rule. . . .
Considering the fact that the child’s testimony now is drastically different
-- and what the outcry has been, I’m . . . about to cross her and explore facts and
circumstances of why that story has changed.
I think I’m greatly disadvantaged by Mrs. Peavy, who heard the initial
outcry and is prepared to testify under one certain way, but now she’s benefitting
from this additional information and is going to be preparing herself for my cross-
examination of her.
Rule 614 of the Texas Rules of Evidence, the witness sequestration rule, “prevents
corroboration, contradiction, and the influencing of witnesses.” White v. State, 958 S.W.2d 460,
462 (Tex. App.—Waco 1997, no pet.). In deciding whether the error of allowing Peavy to
remain in the courtroom was harmful, we consider (1) whether Peavy actually heard the
testimony of other witnesses, and (2) whether her testimony either contradicted the testimony of
a witness from the opposing side or corroborated testimony of a witness she heard. See Bryant,
282 S.W.3d at 161–62 (citing Webb v. State, 766 S.W.2d 236, 239–40 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989);
Wilson v. State, 179 S.W.3d 240, 249 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.)); Cooks v. State,
844 S.W.2d 697, 733 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), superseded on other grounds as stated in Bell v.
State, 415 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); White, 958 S.W.2d at 465. The appellant
has the burden to demonstrate that the record supports a finding under both prongs. Bryant, 282
S.W.3d at 162. If both of these criteria are met, the court’s decision to exempt Peavy from the
Rule most likely resulted in harm. See Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 566; Cooks, 844 S.W.3d at 733;
Chisum v. State, 988 S.W.2d 244, 251 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998, pet. ref’d); Loven v. State,
831 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1992, no pet.). However, the main “question in
11
assessing the harm of allowing [Peavy] to remain in the courtroom is whether [s]he was
influenced in h[er] testimony by the testimony [s]he heard.” See Russell v. State, 155 S.W.3d
176, 181 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Peavy testified after hearing K.A. and Cox testify. Peavy was finally excused at the
conclusion of her testimony and did not hear the testimony of the defense witnesses prior to
taking the stand. K.A. did not testify that Allen caused his mouth to contact her sexual organ in
the Bogota apartments. Therefore, Peavy’s testimony did not corroborate K.A.’s trial testimony.
Peavy also stated that there were inconsistencies in K.A.’s testimony related to other sexual
offenses that could have been the result of the late hour and length of the CAC interview.
Here, after reviewing the entire record, we have fair assurance that the error either had no
influence on the jury’s deliberations or had such a slight effect that it was imperceptible. First,
Peavy’s testimony did not corroborate K.A.’s testimony since K.A. did not testify about the act
that formed the basis of the State’s indictment in this case. Second, the State provided Allen
with pretrial notice that Peavy would testify that K.A. told her (1) “‘[Allen] messed with me with
his fingers and did other stuff’” and (2) that she had been suffering Allen’s sexual abuse since
she was five or six years old. Third, testifying favorably to Allen, Peavy admitted that it was
possible that K.A. was lying due to the inconsistencies between her CAC interview and her trial
testimony. Allen’s counsel emphasized this point during closing argument, leaving the jury to
struggle with the issue of K.A.’s credibility. Fourth, Allen’s counsel, who was previously
provided with and had reviewed a copy of the CAC interview, failed to even suggest that
12
Peavy’s testimony was inconsistent with the child’s CAC interview. Peavy merely recalled the
statements that K.A. made during the CAC interview.
In light of the entire record, we cannot say that Peavy “was influenced in h[er] testimony
by the testimony [s]he heard.” See id. We find the trial court’s error in exempting Peavy from
the witness sequestration rule harmless. Allen’s last point of error is overruled.
IV. Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Jack Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: May 5, 2014
Date Decided: June 13, 2014
Do Not Publish
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