In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00098-CR
MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER FERRIS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law
Panola County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2012-C-0094
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Michael Christopher Ferris’ identity as the claw-hammer-wielding assailant of a Panola
County senior citizen, Bettie Barber, was triangulated by Barber’s positive identification of
Ferris, by Barber’s companion’s identification of Ferris leaving the scene of the attack, and by
the presence of DNA from both Ferris and Barber on the hammer used in the attack. In addition
to the strong evidence of his guilt, Ferris initiated the giving of a statement to law enforcement
authorities, in which he admitted his guilt. 1 At trial, Ferris unsuccessfully asked the trial court to
instruct the jury on the issue of the voluntariness of that statement. Ferris claims on appeal to
have been harmed by that jury-instruction error. Because failing to instruct the jury on the
statement’s voluntariness was harmless error, we affirm Ferris’ conviction for aggravated
robbery and his sentence of life in prison.
After Ferris’ trial counsel reviewed the proposed jury charge, counsel submitted a fairly
lengthy list of requested instructions to the trial court. Requested instructions five, six, and seven
all contain variations of language that would instruct the jury to disregard statements not made
voluntarily under different portions of the applicable statute. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art 38.22 (West Supp. 2013).
Initially, on being questioned by the trial court, Ferris’ counsel stated that he had
compared the court’s charge with his requested charges, that some were reflected in the court’s
charge, and that there was not necessarily an objection as to instructions one through five.
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Ferris actually gave two statements. The first statement disclaimed Ferris’ involvement and claimed that the attack
was done by a third party. Ferris initiated his giving of the second statement, the one admitting that he attacked
Barber.
2
Counsel then addressed his requested instruction six, and it was discussed at length. Counsel
skipped requested instruction seven, stating that his next requested instruction was number eight,
addressing credibility and believability of witnesses. After this discussion, the trial court ruled,
expressly denying requested instructions six, eight, and nine.
During the discussion, the State appears to have taken the position that, since the trial
court admitted the statements and no evidentiary hearing had been requested on voluntariness, it
would not be proper to give the requested instructions. However, a pretrial suppression hearing
had been conducted addressing the statement. The court had found that the statements were
voluntary, that warnings were administered and understood, and that Ferris knowingly and
voluntarily waived his rights.
The initial question is whether the failure to give a jury instruction concerning the
voluntariness of the statement is error. Our review is governed by Article 38.22, which sets out
rules governing the admissibility of an accused’s written and oral statements that are the product
of custodial interrogation. Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Ferris claims that the question of the voluntariness of his custodial statements should also have
been submitted to the jury as required by Section 6 of Article 38.22.
In all cases where a question is raised as to the voluntariness of a statement of an
accused, the court must make an independent finding in the absence of the jury as
to whether the statement was made under voluntary conditions. If the statement
has been found to have been voluntarily made and held admissible as a matter of
law and fact by the court in a hearing in the absence of the jury, the court must
enter an order stating its conclusion as to whether or not the statement was
voluntarily made, along with the specific finding of facts on which the conclusion
was based, which order shall be filed among the papers of the cause. Such order
shall not be exhibited to the jury nor the finding thereof made known to the jury in
any manner. On the finding by the judge as a matter of law and fact that the
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statement was voluntarily made, evidence pertaining to such matter may be
submitted to the jury and it shall be instructed that unless the jury believes beyond
a reasonable doubt that the statement was voluntarily made, the jury shall not
consider such statement for any purpose nor any evidence obtained as a result
thereof.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 6. We agree.
Counsel’s objections to the charge, containing proposed instructions, were submitted and
denied after a pretrial hearing. Evidence pertaining to the actions surrounding the taking of the
statement was admitted. The objection and proposed instructions were essentially correct.
Proposed instruction number five is taken directly from the statute quoted above, and proposed
instruction number six is based on Section 7, referring to Section 2’s statutory warnings that
must be given before a statement can be properly taken. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 175; see
also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2.
Ferris argues in part that his proposed instructions that were not explicitly denied were
granted and in part that the trial court erred by refusing to submit proposed instruction number
five. The State appears to take the position that, by staying silent, the trial court granted
proposed instruction five, the general voluntariness instruction, and that counsel then waived his
right to that instruction because he did not object again when the charge, absent that language,
was presented to the jury. Both of these arguments are efforts to apply standard preservation and
waiver principles to alleged error in the jury charge. The analysis called for under Almanza is
different; it is not a strict waiver or preservation question. See TEX. R. APP. P 33.1; Almanza v.
State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g).
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In reviewing a claim of jury charge error, we first decide whether the trial court erred by
not including the instruction. If error exists, then the question is whether the error was brought
to the trial court’s attention. Depending on the answer to the second question, we assess whether
the error, if objected to, caused some harm or, if not objected to, caused egregious harm. 2 See
Zamora v. State, 411 S.W.3d 504 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
The State attempts to argue a more stringent concept, contending that, because counsel
did not object a second time to the absence of the instruction when the charge was read to the
jury, counsel waived his complaint. This mixes two types of review. Counsel did what was
necessary by bringing the absence of the instruction to the trial court’s attention. It is the court’s
duty to provide a proper charge. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007). The
concept of preservation is explicitly included within that Article, and its requirements are met by
counsel making written objections to the charge presented by the court to counsel for review. Id.
The State also argues that, to raise the voluntariness issue, evidence tending to show lack
of voluntariness must be provided through witnesses called by the defense and that cross-
examination is not sufficient to provide such evidence. This argument is based on language in
Oursbourn stating that the section-six instruction is proper, i.e., a question is raised, when a
sequence of events occur. The last two factors are, sequentially, if the judge decides the
confession was voluntary, “a party may offer evidence before the jury suggesting that the
2
In other words, the standard of review for errors in the jury charge depends on whether the defendant properly
objected. Mann v. State, 964 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; Gornick v.
State, 947 S.W.2d 678, 680 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1997, no pet.). If a proper objection was raised, reversal is
required if the error is “calculated to injure the rights of the defendant.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. An error that
has been properly preserved is reversible unless it is harmless. Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d 767, 774 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
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confession was not in fact voluntary; . . . if such evidence is offered before the jury, the trial
judge shall give the jury a voluntariness instruction.” Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 174. The State
reads this language to require direct evidence offered by the defendant. We disagree. The cited
language does not explicitly make such a requirement, and we see no principled reason to require
a defendant to separately call a witness who has already testified for the State so the defense can
engage in direct questioning to elicit the same testimony available on cross-examination. That
cannot be the meaning of the language used in Oursbourn.
Additionally, such a rule would be constitutionally suspect. If applied in this manner,
often the only way a defendant could exercise the ability to attack the voluntariness of his
statement would be by calling the only other person present—himself. This would seemingly
implicate his right not to testify at trial.
Error exists. On cross-examination of two officers, Lannie Joe Mims and Sarah Fields,
Ferris’ counsel painted the picture of a young, tired, scratched up, handcuffed, partially clad
Ferris being questioned at some length. That arguably raises a fact issue as to the voluntariness
of the statements. Because counsel brought it to the court’s attention by proper written
objection, we review the record to determine if the error in some way injured Ferris’ rights. In
our review, we are to decide whether the error was in fact harmless, in light of the entire record.
Ferris was charged with aggravated robbery and the lesser offense of aggravated assault.
Ferris argues that the absence of a complete charge was necessarily harmful and failed to fully
instruct the jury on how to properly weigh the voluntariness of his statement—in the light of
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extensive cross-examination by the deputies about the circumstances surrounding his statements.
Ferris also points out that the State’s closing argument relied on the fact that he “confessed.”
Barber testified that she saw a young man outside her house and that he claimed his truck
was broken down and wished to use her telephone. She went in the house to get her telephone,
and he called out to her asking for some water too. As she turned around in the kitchen, he ran in
and demanded money. When she indicated that she had none, he began beating her with a claw
hammer. After multiple hammer strikes landed on Barber, Ferris ran out of the door, passing
Barber’s friend Buddy Wagstaff in the process and suggesting that Wagstaff check on Barber
because she appeared to have sustained a heart attack. Barber was in a coma for eight days.
After waking, Barber positively identified Ferris as the attacker from a photographic lineup and
at trial.
Wagstaff also identified Ferris as the young man who ran by him on the way out of the
house. Ferris was arrested within the hour after a short manhunt by authorities. He was
described as running away from the area and was caught about five miles away from the house.
Joshawa Dorsey testified that he lived about 700 yards from Wagstaff’s home and that he
had allowed Ferris to stay overnight with him the day before the attack so he could apply locally
for a job. Dorsey was also a young, white male and was out apparently wandering around the
area when police converged on him. Dorsey was questioned, first on the spot and then at the
police station. The hammer was Dorsey’s and had been kept in his boat. Ferris disappeared
from Dorsey’s house about noon, and Dorsey told police and testified that he was out looking for
Ferris at the time officers encountered Dorsey.
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Ferris was found several hours later, several miles away, near a day-care facility.
Someone within the facility had seen Ferris and called police. The hammer was tested for DNA,
and Ferris’ and Barber’s DNA profiles were found on it. Ferris’ DNA was identified on fourteen
of the fifteen sites on the hammer that were tested for DNA.
Officers testified about the way in which the warnings were given before his statements
and about Ferris’ mental and physical condition at the time. He was described as physically tired
but, other than that, as cool, calm, and collected. Fields also noted that Ferris contacted one of
the officers because he wanted to change his statement so that it would contain language
admitting taking Dorsey’s hammer and attacking Barber. The result was Ferris’ second
statement, the one in controversy here.
The State used the confession to support its closing argument, but did not focus on it to a
great degree. The State’s evidentiary arguments were focused mainly on the DNA evidence, the
testimony by Barber and Wagstaff, and the sequence of events while police were searching for
the attacker.
Reversal is required if we conclude that this error injured the defendant. Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171; Aguilar v. State, 914 S.W.2d 649, 651 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1996, no pet.).
The presence of any harm, regardless of degree, is sufficient to require reversal. Abdnor v. State,
871 S.W.2d 726, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). There is no burden of proof on Ferris; our
determination is made simply from a review of the record. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005); see Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
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The record does not reflect any untoward action in connection with the statement. The
testimony surrounding its making was clear and specific, and there was no evidence from which
impropriety by the State could be implied. The evidence supporting the conviction was clear,
both personal identification by two witnesses and scientific identification by DNA. From our
review of the record, we find that there was no harm to Ferris.
We affirm the judgment.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: February 6, 2014
Date Decided: March 14, 2014
Do Not Publish
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