In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00045-CR
JONATHAN SHADDEN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 140th District Court
Lubbock County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2012-434,249, Honorable Jim Bob Darnell, Presiding
February 20, 2014
OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
Appellant, Jonathan Shadden, was indicted for possession with intent to deliver
methamphetamine in an amount of four grams or more but less than 200 grams, 1 and
felon in possession of a firearm.2 The indictment also included an enhancement
allegation that appellant had been previously convicted of a felony.3 Appellant filed a
1
See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112(d) (West 2010).
2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1) (West 2011).
3
See id. § 12.42(c)(1) (West Supp. 2013).
pretrial motion to suppress evidence, which was denied by the trial court. Following the
denial of his motion, appellant entered into a plea-bargain agreement by which
appellant agreed to plead guilty to the possession with intent to deliver charge,4 and be
sentenced to eight years’ incarceration. However, the plea bargain was conditioned on
appellant having the right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. The trial court
accepted the agreement and entered judgment accordingly. On appeal, appellant
brings one issue challenging the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. We will
affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
On February 10, 2012, Sergeant James Rohlik of the Lubbock Police
Department received a phone call regarding a crime line tip that had been received over
the internet. The anonymous tip indicated that appellant was assaulting a female at his
residence, possibly had a weapon, and possibly had outstanding warrants for his arrest.
On the basis of this tip, Rohlik dispatched three officers to appellant’s residence to
determine whether the tip was viable and to see if the alleged victim was in need of
assistance. Due to the nature of the allegations in the tip, Rohlik did not feel that there
was sufficient time to secure a warrant.
As they approached the residence, the officers did not see anything indicative of
an assault occurring there. The officers either knocked on the door or rang the doorbell.
Appellant answered the door, immediately “looked shocked,” and started backing away
from the door and around a nearby corner. As he backed away, appellant either
4
As part of the bargain, the State agreed to dismiss the felon in possession of a firearm
charge.
2
attempted to close the door or allowed the door to close on its own. The officers
pushed the door open to keep appellant in view. As appellant continued around the
corner, the officers entered the residence and detained appellant. Nothing in the
residence appeared to indicate that an assault had occurred there. After he was
detained, the officers asked appellant where the female was located. Appellant told
them that she was in his bedroom. One of the officers, Corporal House, searched
appellant’s bedroom but did not locate the female. House returned to the living room
and again asked appellant where the female was located. Appellant again advised that
he last saw her in his bedroom, but added that she might have left without telling him.
House again searched appellant’s bedroom, this time, including the closet and under
the bed. When House still failed to locate the female, he entered a bathroom that
adjoined appellant’s bedroom. After failing to locate the alleged victim in the bathroom,
House began to search the bedroom on the opposite side of the bathroom. House
found Rachelle Pereida, appellant’s girlfriend, hiding in a closet in this second bedroom.
Upon locating Pereida, House informed her of the report of a possible assault.
Pereida said that she was fine and that she was hiding in the closet because she is
afraid of the police. After getting Pereida out of the closet, House escorted her through
the bathroom and back into appellant’s bedroom. Apparently, upon reentering
appellant’s bedroom, House noticed a partially covered gun on a dresser. While House
cleared the bullets from the chamber of the gun, he noticed an open black felt bag on
the dresser that contained plastic bags with a white, powdery substance inside. After
he discovered what appeared to be illegal drugs, Pereida told House that she and
appellant had been using methamphetamine in that bedroom earlier. When asked
3
about the gun and drugs, appellant acknowledged that he was aware that they were in
his bedroom. The officers placed appellant under arrest for possession of a controlled
substance and felon in possession of a firearm.
After hearing this evidence, the trial court denied appellant’s motion to suppress.
Following the trial court’s denial of his motion, appellant entered into a plea bargain,
which expressly reserved his right to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress. The
trial court accepted the terms of the plea bargain, and entered judgment on those terms.
Appellant did not request findings of fact and conclusions of law, and none were
entered. Appellant timely filed notice of appeal.
By his appeal, appellant challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to
suppress. However, by his argument, appellant’s issue includes two components.
First, appellant contends that the warrantless entry into appellant’s residence was not
permissible under the emergency doctrine exception to the warrant requirement.
Second, appellant contends that, even if the entry was legal, the officers did not strictly
circumscribe the scope of their search.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for an abuse of
discretion. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). A trial court
abuses its discretion when its ruling is arbitrary or unreasonable. State v. Mechler, 153
S.W.3d 435, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The trial court's ruling on the motion to
suppress will be affirmed if it is reasonably supported by the record and is correct under
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any theory of law applicable to the case. Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 873 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009) (per curiam).
In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we apply a bifurcated
standard of review. Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 457-58 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010);
Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Although we give
almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts, we conduct a
de novo review of the trial court's application of the law to those facts. Wilson, 311
S.W.3d at 458; Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327. We afford almost total deference to the
trial judge's rulings on mixed questions of law and fact when the resolution of those
questions depends on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State v. Johnston,
336 S.W.3d 649, 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We review de novo mixed questions of law and fact that do not
depend on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 657;
Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89. All purely legal questions are reviewed de novo. Johnston,
336 S.W.3d at 657; Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 62-63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
At the suppression hearing, the trial judge is the sole trier of fact and exclusive
judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony.
St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Unless the trial court
abuses its discretion by making a finding unsupported by the record, we defer to the trial
court's findings of fact and will not disturb them on appeal. See Johnston, 336 S.W.3d
at 657. When, as here, the trial court makes no findings of fact and conclusions of law,
we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling and assume
that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling so long as those
5
findings are supported by the record. Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007); see Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327-28.
Officers’ Warrantless Entry
Appellant initially contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
suppress because the officers entered his residence without objectively reasonable
facts sufficient to bring the entry under the emergency doctrine exception to the warrant
requirement of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects individuals
against unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S. CONST. amend. IV; Mincey v.
Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 390, 98 S.Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978); Luna v. State, 268
S.W.3d 594, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The emergency doctrine is a recognized
exception to the warrant requirement. Laney v. State, 117 S.W.3d 854, 860 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2003) (citing Mincey, 437 U.S. at 392). Under the emergency doctrine, officers
may engage in conduct that would otherwise violate the Fourth Amendment so long as
they are acting under a reasonable belief that their actions are immediately necessary
to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury. Mincey, 437 U.S. at 392; Shepherd v.
State, 273 S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Laney, 117 S.W.3d at 860. The
emergency doctrine applies when the police are acting, not in their "crime-fighting" role,
but in their limited community-caretaking role to "protect or preserve life or avoid serious
injury." Laney, 117 S.W.3d at 861 (quoting Mincey, 437 U.S. at 392). The officer's
actions must be “totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of
evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute." Id. at 862 (quoting Cady v.
6
Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973)). However,
whether an actual emergency existed at the time of the officers’ warrantless entry is
irrelevant. See Brimage v. State, 918 S.W.2d 466, 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Rather,
the State need only show that the facts and circumstances surrounding the entry and
search were such that the officers reasonably believed an emergency existed that made
obtaining a search warrant impracticable. Id.
In the present case, the police received an anonymous tip that appellant was
assaulting a female at his residence and that he might be using a weapon. Rohlik
testified that he dispatched officers to appellant’s residence to “check [the] welfare” of
the alleged victim. Rohlik also testified that, due to the nature of the allegations in the
tip, there was not sufficient time to secure a search warrant. Thus, Rholik’s reason for
having officers dispatched to appellant’s residence was to protect or preserve life and
avoid serious bodily injury and not to conduct a criminal investigation. See Mincey, 437
U.S. at 392; Shepherd, 273 S.W.3d at 684; Laney, 117 S.W.3d at 860-61. The trial
court was entitled to believe Rholik’s testimony. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
When the officers that went to appellant’s residence knocked on appellant’s door,
they were all in uniform. When appellant answered the door, he appeared “shocked,”
and began backing away from the door. As he backed away from the door, he either
pushed the door closed or allowed the door to close by itself. The combined effect of
appellant backing away and the door closing was that the officers began to lose sight of
appellant. Considering the nature of the dispatch and the officers’ perspective on
appellant’s actions, we believe that the trial court could conclude that the officers’ entry
7
into appellant’s home was based on a reasonable belief that their actions were
immediately necessary to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury. See Mincey,
437 U.S. at 392; Shepherd, 273 S.W.3d at 684; Laney, 117 S.W.3d at 860.
Consequently, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the
officers had a reasonable belief that they needed to enter appellant’s home to protect or
preserve life or avoid serious injury.
Discovery of the Controlled Substance
In the alternative, appellant contends that, even if the officers were justified in
entering his residence without a search warrant, the trial court erred in denying his
motion to suppress because the scope of the officers’ search was not strictly
circumscribed to confirm or dispel the existence of an emergency which authorized their
entry into the residence. According to appellant, the justification for the officers to
search appellant’s residence ended, at the latest, when the officers discovered Pereida
in the closet. Therefore, the discovery of the gun and methamphetamine occurred after
the exigency of the emergency had been dispelled.
If the emergency doctrine applies, the police may seize evidence that is in plain
view during the course of their legitimate emergency activities. Shepherd, 273 S.W.3d
at 684; Laney, 117 S.W.3d at 862. This "plain view" seizure doctrine allows an officer to
seize an item during a warrantless search if (1) the officer sees an item in plain view at
a vantage point where he has the right to be, and (2) it is immediately apparent that the
item seized constitutes evidence—that is, there is probable cause to associate the item
with criminal activity. Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000);
8
State v. Elrod, 395 S.W.3d 869, 879 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). Because such
an officer is legitimately on the private premises, and so long as he has not exceeded
the authority granted him by the exigency that legitimizes his presence in the first place,
he may seize any item in plain view that probable cause tells him is contraband. Elrod,
395 S.W.3d at 879-80 (citing State v. Dobbs, 323 S.W.3d 184, 187 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010)).
After entering appellant’s residence, the officers restrained appellant in his living
room.5 They asked him where the female was located, and then performed a brief
search of the room appellant identified. When no female was located in that room,
House again asked appellant where the female was located. Appellant explained that
he last saw her in his bedroom, but added that she might have left without telling him.
House returned to appellant’s bedroom, where he conducted a more thorough search.
House eventually found Pereida hiding in a closet in another bedroom. All of House’s
efforts up to this point were clearly within the scope of the authority to search that was
legitimized by the tip. See Elrod, 395 S.W.3d at 879-80.
After locating Pereida, House escorted her through the bathroom and back into
appellant’s bedroom. House testified that he noticed a partially covered gun on a
dresser in appellant’s bedroom. House testified that he had not noticed the gun before
because he was searching for a person and not for evidence of a crime. House picked
5
While appellant does not challenge the officers’ actions in restraining him apart from
contending that the officers were not authorized to enter his residence, we note that, due to the
nature of the tip, the minimal restraint used by the officers was justified while they searched for
the female for officer safety and to maintain the status quo. See Rhodes v. State, 945 S.W.2d
115, 117 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Lewis v. State, 412 S.W.3d 794, 800 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2013, no pet.).
9
up the gun to clear any bullets from the chamber of the gun when he noticed an open
black felt bag on the dresser that contained plastic bags with a white, powdery
substance inside. Based on his experience as a police officer, House testified that he
believed that the substance he saw in the black felt bag was either methamphetamine
or cocaine. Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, as
we must, see Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 25; Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 328, we conclude
that House saw the contraband in plain view from a vantage point where he had a right
to be, and had probable cause to associate the contraband with criminal activity. See
Martinez, 17 S.W.3d at 685; Elrod, 395 S.W.3d at 879.
Consequently, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the
scope of House’s search of the residence leading to the discovery of methamphetamine
in plain view did not exceed the exigency that legitimized his presence in the first place.
See Dobbs, 323 S.W.3d at 187; Elrod, 395 S.W.3d at 879-80.
Conclusion
Having determined that the officers’ entry into appellant’s home was justified
under the emergency doctrine and that the discovery of the methamphetamine was
justified under the plain view doctrine, we hold that the trial court did not err in denying
appellant’s motion to suppress. As such, we overrule appellant’s sole issue and affirm
the judgment of the trial court.
Mackey K. Hancock
Justice
Publish.
10