In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
____________________
NO. 09-13-00069-CV
____________________
MILLET HARRISON JR., Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 252nd District Court
Jefferson County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 94-66306
__________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In 1994, Millet Harrison Jr. was found not guilty by reason of insanity for
the murder of his mother and was committed to a mental health facility. See
Harrison v. State, 179 S.W.3d 629, 631 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, pet. denied).
The trial court has renewed Harrison’s commitment each year. Id. In January 2013,
the trial court again entered an order of commitment continuing Harrison’s in-
patient mental health services. In two appellate issues, Harrison challenges the
legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s order
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extending Harrison’s in-patient mental health treatment. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Under a legal sufficiency review when the burden of proof is clear and
convincing, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding
to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or
conviction that its finding was true. Id. at 634. We assume the factfinder resolved
disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could. Id. Under a
factual sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence, both in support of and
contrary to the trial court’s findings, and we give due consideration to evidence
that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. Id. at
634-35. We must determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could
reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the allegations. Id. at
635. We consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable trier of fact
could not have reconciled that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. Id.
Dr. George Howland, a staff psychiatrist at Rusk State Hospital (“Rusk”)
and Harrison’s treating psychiatrist since March 2012, testified that Harrison
suffers from schizophrenia chronic paranoid-type that will continue for a period of
at least ninety days. Harrison told Howland that the drug Ambien had caused him
to become psychotic. Howland explained that some patients become psychotic
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when using Ambien because psychosis is a potential side effect of Ambien.
Harrison also told Howland that he had been drugged in the past and believed that
this contributed to him becoming psychotic. Howland supposed this could be
possible or could be a delusional thought.
Howland was unaware that in January 2012, Harrison had arguments with
Rusk staff members, had feelings of being persecuted by the staff, and believed the
staff to be placing false information in his medical records. Howland was also
unaware that in February 2012, Harrison attempted to have information on his
identification card changed. Howland testified that in June 2012, Harrison was still
having paranoid thoughts even while taking medication and was having delusions
about the origin of his illness. However, Howland testified that Harrison was not
currently voicing suicidal or homicidal thoughts, had not been paranoid, had not
heard voices or seen things, had complied with Howland’s treatment regimen, has
a client worker job, participates in ward government, and has improved since he
first began seeing Howland. He testified that Harrison had not been physically or
verbally aggressive, shown signs of psychosis, or been involved in altercations.
Howland testified that Harrison is a role model for other patients.
Howland was unaware that Harrison wanted to stop his medications in
September 2011 to show he is no longer mentally ill or that Harrison had refused
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medical treatment in October and November 2012. Howland opined that, if left
untreated, Harrison will grow worse and become likely to cause harm to himself or
others, continue suffering from abnormal, mental, emotional, or physical distress,
and continue experiencing deterioration of his ability to function independently.
However, Howland testified he looks at how a patient is doing in the present. He
testified that Harrison was currently taking his medications and had not refused his
psychotropic medications. He explained that Harrison knows he has a mental
illness and needs medication, and Howland believed that Harrison would continue
taking his medication if released into the community. Howland did not believe that
Harrison was malingering, as it would be difficult for a person having persistent
delusions to fake normalcy over a period of time. He testified that Harrison needed
a place with structure to help him transition, make his psychiatric appointments,
and comply with medication. Although Howland believed this type of out-patient
setting would be appropriate for Harrison, he admitted that Harrison may possibly
stop taking his medication someday and have delusional or paranoid schizophrenic
thoughts.
Dr. Dan Roberts, a clinical psychologist, testified that Harrison is a paranoid
schizophrenic and, if not treated, is likely to cause harm to himself or others,
continue suffering from abnormal mental, emotional, or physical distress, and
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continue experiencing deterioration of his ability to function independently.
Roberts testified that Harrison has a history of periods of delusional thinking
followed by periods of calm. Roberts testified that in December 2011 the Rusk
treatment team recommended that Harrison remain hospitalized. Medical records
indicated that in January 2012, Harrison felt persecuted by the Rusk staff, believed
the staff to be falsifying his records, cursed at another patient, and had impaired
insight. In February 2012, Harrison received permission to leave Rusk to obtain an
identification card, but attempted to persuade his driver to take him other places.
Roberts admitted that Harrison was able to function well enough in society to
obtain the card. In March 2012, Harrison claimed to have been stable since 1995.
Roberts testified that Harrison’s records also show that in 2012, Harrison believed
that his illness originated from the use of Ambien. In April 2012, Harrison’s
treatment team asked him to consider the possibility that his illness developed
naturally. In June 2012, Harrison still had fixed delusions about the origin of his
mental illness. In July 2012, Harrison expressed persecutory thoughts about the
trial judge, district attorney, and court system. Thus, Roberts testified that the
medical records indicate that Harrison has had delusions after March 2012.
Roberts spoke with Harrison the day before the hearing, during which
Harrison stated that he had been told by others that the trial judge and the district
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attorney were members of the Ku Klux Klan. Roberts testified that Harrison had
previously asserted that the trial judge and district attorney were members of the
Klan. Roberts believed that Harrison was attempting to provide an explanation for
his prior statements. He noted that in the past Harrison had made comments that he
needed to learn what was necessary to say to obtain release from Rusk. Harrison
also told Roberts he still believes he was drugged in the past, that the drugs caused
hallucinations that are responsible for his mother’s death, and that Ambien caused
his schizophrenia. Roberts testified that Harrison’s medical records do not
substantiate Harrison’s claim that he previously underwent a drug screen that
proved he had been drugged. Yet, Harrison told Roberts that, even during stable
periods, he still felt that he had been drugged or poisoned. Roberts admitted that
Ambien may precipitate a psychotic episode, but not schizophrenia. Harrison told
Roberts he has been stable for over thirty years.
Harrison also told Roberts that he listened to the voices telling him to kill his
mother because she was old and sick and that “he probably shouldn’t decide to
send anyone to heaven and should leave that up to God.” Roberts testified that
Harrison’s statement conflicted with his previous comments to police that he killed
his mother because she was possessed by the devil. Roberts testified that this
statement also sounded delusional because it implies that Harrison still sees
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himself as “God’s right hand[.]” Roberts admitted that Harrison was articulate and
calm during the interview, but was guarded. Roberts testified that Harrison’s
various beliefs indicate that he is delusional.
Roberts opined that Harrison needs in-patient treatment. He explained that
schizophrenia cannot be cured, can last for at least ninety days, and is likely to last
forever. Roberts believed that Harrison will likely stop taking his medication,
which had previously resulted in Harrison becoming aggressive and killing
someone. He testified that Harrison’s previous violent episodes were accompanied
by religious delusions. Roberts explained that Harrison had been trying to stop
taking his medication for twenty years, and that his pattern had been to do well for
a period of time and take his medication and to then not do well. He testified that
the records demonstrate Harrison wanted to stop taking his medication in
September 2011 to show that he is no longer mentally ill. Roberts testified that
when Harrison was taken off his medication, he became psychotic within two
weeks. Roberts admitted that Harrison had demonstrated an ability to function in
society to a degree, but testified that Harrison is a continued danger to others as
long as he has paranoid delusions that have been resistant to treatment. Roberts did
not believe that Harrison had sufficient insight into his illness to be released or was
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capable of making a rational, informed decision about submitting to treatment on
an out-patient basis.
Allison Geroux, a social worker at Rusk, testified that out-patient treatment
would include psychiatric care, meals, shelter, and some supervision. Geroux
confirmed that someone would be present to watch Harrison take his medication.
She testified that Harrison would be able to come and go, but would be on a
curfew. According to Geroux, Harrison is on a residential unit at Rusk, which
remains unlocked during the day, and Harrison can come and go, but has never left
Rusk even though he is able to do so. Geroux testified that an out-patient setting
would be similar to Rusk, but in the community with additional freedoms. Geroux
admitted that (1) the Rusk treatment team had recommended continued
hospitalization in December 2011; (2) in April 2012 the team recommended that
Harrison consider that his illness was not the result of being drugged or taking
Ambien; and (3) in June 2012 the team believed that Harrison was having fixed
delusions regarding his illness. Geroux testified that Harrison had expressed his
belief that no matter what he does, he will not be released from Rusk.
Terry Arnold, a psychologist at Rusk, testified that Harrison has been very
receptive to her suggestion that he consider his illness to be the result of a normal
process and has not recently engaged in any delusional thinking. She explained that
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it is not delusional for Harrison to believe he will not be released even though he
has done everything required of him. Arnold testified that Harrison’s medication
was previously reduced at Harrison’s request because of side effects, but the
dosage had to be increased about a month later because Harrison became paranoid
on the lower dose. Arnold believed that because of Harrison’s education on the
benefits of his medication, Harrison would not stop taking his medication. She
believed that Harrison can be managed in a less restrictive environment and has
insight into his illness.
Isaac Randall, Harrison’s friend and brother-in-law, testified that Harrison is
ready to be reintegrated into the community. Randall opined that Harrison is not a
danger and testified that Harrison could live with him or another relative. He
testified that Harrison is not a violent person or a threat to anyone, and he
explained that Harrison’s troubles began when a new doctor changed his
medication. Randall admitted that Harrison needs to take medication. He believed
that Harrison now understands and has sufficient insight into his condition to
realize the need to continue taking his medication or risk being committed again.
He testified that whenever Harrison becomes ill, he comes to his family; thus, no
one in the public would be harmed should Harrison stop taking his medication.
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Randall testified that Harrison could have left Rusk at any time and hurt someone,
but that he did not do so.
Michael Herndon, a psychiatric nursing assistant at Rusk, testified that he
attended Roberts’s interview of Harrison. Herndon did not recall Harrison making
any references to the Ku Klux Klan. He did not observe any delusional thinking or
inappropriate behavior by Harrison during the interview.
Harrison testified that he was told by others that the trial judge may be a
member of the Ku Klux Klan and that he merely repeated what others had told
him. He denied ever claiming he did not have a mental illness, testified that the
only time he did not take his medication was under a doctor’s orders, and
explained that he believed the Ambien led to hearing voices, not to his mental
illness. According to Harrison, he no longer heard voices after discontinuing the
Ambien, but the voices returned when he would use Ambien. Harrison admitted
telling Roberts that he had been drugged in the past, which led to the development
of his mental illness. Regarding changes made to his identification card, Harrison
explained that the card contained incorrect information that needed to be changed
and that other patients’ cards were changed as well. He also explained that, during
other trips away from Rusk, his driver had taken him other places.
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Harrison testified that his symptoms had been in remission and, based on
this fact, he had previously stated that he had possibly been cured. He testified that
he had once asked his doctor to see how he responded without medication because
he wanted to show his attorney how he reacted to the lack of medication. He also
testified that he has a slight tremor as a side effect of his medication, but the reason
he had attempted to have his medication reduced is because he began having
confused thinking when on the higher dosage. Harrison testified that he would
remain on his medications if released.
On appeal, Harrison contends that the nature of his crime influenced the trial
court’s decision to continue his in-patient commitment, rather than the evidence.
He further contends that the trial court relied on the mere possibility that Harrison
could pose a danger upon release. According to Harrison, the evidence
demonstrates that he has improved such that he is now suitable for release and does
not support a conclusion that his condition is expected to continue for more than
ninety days.
A trial court may order extended in-patient mental health services only if it
finds, from clear and convincing evidence, that the proposed patient is mentally ill,
the condition is expected to continue for more than ninety days, and the patient has
received court-ordered in-patient mental health services for at least sixty
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consecutive days during the preceding twelve months. Act of April 29, 1991, 72nd
Leg., R.S., ch. 76, § 1, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 515, 589 (amended 1995, 1997, 1999,
2003, 2011) (current version at Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.035(a)
(West Supp. 2012)). The patient must (1) be likely to cause serious harm to himself
or others; or (2) if not treated, continue to suffer severe and abnormal mental,
emotional, or physical distress, continue to experience deterioration of his ability to
function independently, and be unable to make a rational and informed decision as
to whether or not to submit to treatment. Id. To be clear and convincing, the State
must present expert testimony and evidence of a recent overt act or a continuing
pattern of behavior that tends to confirm: (1) the likelihood of serious harm to the
proposed patient or others; or (2) the proposed patient’s distress and the
deterioration of his ability to function. See id. (current version at Tex. Health &
Safety Code Ann. § 574.035(e) (West Supp. 2012)). In this case, the trial court
found that Harrison is mentally ill and is likely to cause serious harm to himself or
others or, if not treated, will continue to suffer severe and abnormal mental,
emotional, or physical distress, to experience deterioration of his ability to function
independently, and be unable to make a rational and informed decision as to
whether or not to submit to treatment.
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It is undisputed that Harrison suffers from chronic paranoid schizophrenia, a
mental illness for which medication is required. The record demonstrates that
Harrison’s illness is expected to continue for at least ninety days and that Harrison
has received court-ordered in-patient mental health services for at least sixty
consecutive days during the preceding twelve months. Both Howland and Roberts
agreed that, if untreated, Harrison will likely cause harm to himself or others,
continue suffering from abnormal mental, emotional, or physical distress, and
continue experiencing deterioration of his ability to function independently.
Additionally, the record demonstrates that Harrison has a history of stable periods
followed by unstable periods, beliefs that his illness originated from causes other
than natural progression, beliefs that his illness is cured, beliefs that he has been
stable for years, and has a history of inconsistently taking his medication. Howland
and Arnold testified that Harrison was compliant with his treatment regimen and
had not been aggressive, paranoid, or delusional. They believed that Harrison
would continue taking his medication in an out-patient setting and recommended
out-patient treatment.
Roberts, however, did not believe that Harrison had sufficient insight into
his illness to be released on an out-patient basis or to make rational, informed
decisions about submitting to treatment on an out-patient basis. The trial court
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heard evidence that when Harrison is not taking his medication, he becomes
psychotic and aggressive. Within the last twelve months, Harrison had arguments
with staff members, delusional beliefs, and paranoid thoughts even though he was
taking medication. Also within the last twelve months, Harrison refused medical
treatment, claimed to have been stable for many years, and continued expressing
delusional beliefs regarding the court system and the origin of his illness. Roberts
also testified that Harrison had previously sought to have his medication decreased
or discontinued and had expressed the need to learn what to say to be released from
Rusk.
When making its decision, the trial court was permitted to consider the
consequences of removing Harrison from the safety of his structured environment
at Rusk. See State ex rel. T.H., 194 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2006, no
pet.); see also Weller v. State, 273 S.W.3d 350, 353 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2008,
no pet.) (A patient’s refusal to take medication tends to confirm the likelihood of
serious harm to the patient and others, and the patient’s original crime may indicate
the extent to which he can be a danger to others if he does not control his mental
illness.). Moreover, as factfinder, the trial court was required to determine which
testimony to accept as credible. See Harrison, 179 S.W.3d at 635. In doing so, the
trial court could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that Harrison
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continues to meet the in-patient criteria for involuntary commitment. See id. at 638.
Because the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s
findings, we overrule Harrison’s two issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED.
______________________________
STEVE McKEITHEN
Chief Justice
Submitted on July 12, 2013
Opinion Delivered September 5, 2013
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
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Millet Harrison Jr. v. State
Combined Opinion