IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-13-00014-CV
DENNIS ALAN DAVIS,
Appellant
v.
JOYCE GUERRA, ET AL,
Appellee
From the 12th District Court
Walker County, Texas
Trial Court No. 26058
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an inmate-litigation case under chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and
Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 14.001-.014 (West 2002 &
Supp. 2012). In ten issues, which can be categorized as three, appellant, Dennis Alan
Davis, challenges the trial court’s dismissal of his lawsuit as frivolous under chapter 14.
See id. §§ 14.001-.014. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Here, appellant, an inmate in the O.B. Ellis Unit in Huntsville, Texas, filed suit
against three employees of the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice—appellees, Joyce Guerra, Lakeshia Davis, and Brenda Hough. In his
original petition, appellant asserted claims under chapter 37 of the Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code and title 42, section 1983 of the United States Code. See generally
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001-.011 (West 2008); 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In
particular, appellant argued that appellees violated his civil rights by:
(1) subjecting him to deliberate indifference to his serious medical
condition and/or needs, by (2) interfering with treatment once
prescribed, which (3) constitutes gross negligence and malice by
placing him in a life-threatening situation of physical harm with
conscience [sic] indifference to his rights, safety[,] and welfare, with
the intent to harm or injure the plaintiff by (4) intentionally
misdiagnosing and/or identifying and reporting his true medical state
by (5) tampering with a government record. Defendants also (6)
denied the plaintiff adequate redress by grievance.
In response to appellant’s original petition, the Office of the Attorney General of
Texas (“OAG”) filed an “Amicus Curiae Chapter 14 Advisory To The Court.” In this
filing, the OAG argued that appellant’s claims were frivolous under chapter 14 of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code because, among other things, (1) appellant’s
complaints have no basis in law and no chance of success; (2) several of appellant’s
complaints do not amount to a cognizable cause of action; and (3) appellant did not
suffer any injury as a result of appellees’ actions.
Thereafter, appellant requested a chapter 14 hearing, which the trial court
granted. On November 13, 2012, the trial court conducted a hearing in which only
Davis v. Guerra Page 2
argument was presented. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court concluded
that appellant’s suit did not comply with chapter 14. Accordingly, the trial court
dismissed appellant’s suit as frivolous under chapter 14.
Later, appellant filed a motion for new trial and requests for findings of fact and
conclusions of law. Appellant’s motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law.
See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(c). This appeal followed.
II. INMATE LITIGATION
Inmate litigation is governed by the procedural rules set forth in chapter 14 of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§
14.001-.014; see also Trevino v. Ravenburg, No. 10-11-00245-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS
3323, at *5 (Tex. App.—Waco Apr. 25, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.). The Texas
Legislature enacted chapter 14 to control the flood of lawsuits filed in state courts by
prison inmates, which consume valuable judicial resources with seemingly little
offsetting benefit. Hickson v. Moya, 926 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tex. App.—Waco 1996, no
writ). This Court has noted:
Prisoners have everything to gain and little to lose by filing frivolous suits.
It costs them almost nothing; time is of no consequence to a prisoner;
threats of sanctions are virtually meaningless; and the prisoner can look
forward to a day trip to the courthouse. Thus, the temptation to file a
frivolous suit is strong. Such suits, however, waste valuable resources
and subject the state and its prison officials to the burden of unwarranted
litigation, preventing claims with merit from being heard expeditiously.
Id. (internal citations omitted).
Generally, the dismissal of inmate litigation under chapter 14 is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. Brewer v. Simental, 268 S.W.3d 763, 767 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no
Davis v. Guerra Page 3
pet.). “To establish an abuse of discretion, an appellant must show the trial court’s
actions were arbitrary or unreasonable in light of all the circumstances. The standard is
clarified by asking whether the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules
or principles.” Spurlock v. Schroedter, 88 S.W.3d 733, 735-36 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
2002, pet. denied) (internal citations omitted). We may not substitute our judgment for
that of the trial court with respect to the resolution of factual issues or matters
committed to the trial court’s discretion. See In re Spooner, 333 S.W.3d 759, 763 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, orig. proceeding); see also Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex. 1985). The judgment of the trial court will be
affirmed if that judgment can be upheld on any reasonable theory supported by the
evidence. Ex parte E.E.H., 869 S.W.2d 496, 497-98 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993,
writ denied); Harris County Dist. Attorney’s Office v. Burns, 825 S.W.2d 198, 200 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, writ denied). We consider only the evidence most
favorable to the judgment, and if there is some evidence to support the judgment, we
will affirm. State v. Knight, 813 S.W.2d 210, 211 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991,
no writ).
In conducting our review, we take as true the allegations in the inmate’s petition
and review the types of relief and causes of action set out therein to determine whether,
as a matter of law, the petition stated a cause of action that would authorize relief. See
Leachman v. Dretke, 261 S.W.3d 297, 304 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (citing
Scott v. Gallagher, 209 S.W.3d 262, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.);
Harrison v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, Inst. Div., 164 S.W.3d 871, 875 (Tex. App.—
Davis v. Guerra Page 4
Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.)). A claim has no arguable basis in the law if it is an
indisputably meritless legal theory. Id. (citing Scott, 209 S.W.3d at 266-67).
III. FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
In what we characterize as his first issue, appellant complains that the trial court
abused its discretion by failing to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Specifically, appellant argues that the chapter 14 hearing was a fact hearing and that the
trial court was obligated to issue findings of fact and conclusions of law to explain its
reasons for dismissing his lawsuit. We disagree.
A. Applicable Law
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 296 provides that: “In any case tried in the district
or county court without a jury, any party may request the court to state in writing its
findings of fact and conclusions of law.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 296. Further, rule 297 states
that: “The court shall file its findings of fact and conclusions of law within twenty days
after a timely request is filed.” Id. at R. 297. However, Texas courts have held that
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 296 and 297 do not apply when a court dismisses a case
under chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code without holding a fact
hearing. See Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 94 S.W.3d 650, 655 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (citing Zimmerman v. Robinson, 862 S.W.2d 162,
163 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1993, no writ); Timmons v. Luce, 840 S.W.2d 582, 586 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 1992, no writ)); Kendrick v. Lynaugh, 804 S.W.2d 153, 156 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no writ); see also Smith v. Quada, No. 10-09-00414-CV, 2011
Tex. App. LEXIS 5122, at **5-6 (Tex. App.—Waco July 6, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.);
Davis v. Guerra Page 5
White v. State, No. 12-09-00342-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 1444, at *10 (Tex. App.—Tyler
Feb. 28, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[T]his court has held that rules 296 and 297 do not
apply in an inmate suit that is dismissed for failure to comply with the pleading
requirements of chapter fourteen. In that case, we held that a trial court could not make
findings of fact since the trial court had merely dismissed the case because of
deficiencies in the pleadings and had not heard any evidence.” (internal citations
omitted)); Walker v. Callahan, No. 04-05-00095-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 7887, at **3-4
(Tex. App.—San Antonio Sept. 28, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re Decker, No. 06-04-
00134-CV, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 10843, at *3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Dec. 3, 2004, orig.
proceeding) (mem. op.); Harris v. West, No. 09-98-231-CV, 1998 Tex. App. LEXIS 7626, at
**5-6 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Dec. 10, 1998, no pet.) (per curiam) (not designated for
publication) (“The procedure for filing findings of fact and conclusions of law applies
only to cases tried on the merits. The trial court need not make findings of fact and
conclusions of law when there has been no bench trial.” (internal citations omitted)).
The reasons for not applying rules 296 and 297 when a case is dismissed pursuant to
chapter 14 are that: (1) the case was dismissed due to deficiencies in the pleadings; and
(2) the trial court has not conducted a trial on the merits of the inmate’s suit. See
Timmons, 840 S.W.2d at 586.
In the instant case, the trial court conducted a chapter 14 hearing where no
evidence was tendered or admitted. The purpose of the hearing was to determine
whether appellant’s lawsuit complied with chapter 14. At the conclusion of the hearing,
the trial court concluded that appellant had not complied with chapter 14 and,
Davis v. Guerra Page 6
therefore, dismissed appellant’s lawsuit.1 This hearing was not a trial on the merits.
Consequently, because appellant’s suit was summarily dismissed as frivolous without a
trial, we conclude that the trial court was under no duty to file findings of fact and
conclusions of law in this case. See id.; Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 655; Kendrick, 804 S.W.2d at
156; see also Smith, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5122, at *6; Harris, 1998 Tex. App. LEXIS 7626,
at **5-6. Thus, we overrule appellant’s first issue.
IV. THE USE OF RESTRAINTS DURING THE HEARING
In what we characterize as appellant’s third issue, appellant contends that the
trial court abused its discretion by allowing him to remain in restraints during the
chapter 14 hearing. Citing article I, section 13 of the Texas Constitution and the First
Amendment of the United States Constitution, appellant asserts that he was prevented
from presenting his case because he was physically restrained in both handcuffs and leg
shackles. See U.S. CONST. amend. I; see also TEX. CONST. art. I, § 13.
We first note that the transcript of the chapter 14 hearing does not reveal that
appellant raised this objection in the trial court, much less obtain an adverse ruling on
an objection. To preserve error, Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1(a)(1) requires
that a complaining party must make a timely and specific objection to preserve error.
1 It is noteworthy that the dismissal of an in-forma-pauperis lawsuit lies when a claim has no
arguable basis in law or fact. See In re Wilson, 932 S.W.2d 263, 265 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1996, no writ). In
addition, in most cases, a trial court cannot dismiss such a lawsuit based on a determination that the
lawsuit lacks an arguable basis in fact without having a fact hearing. Id. (citing McDonald v. Houston
Dairy, 813 S.W.2d 238, 239 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, no writ)). However, a trial court can
dismiss an in-forma-pauperis lawsuit without a fact hearing if the lawsuit lacks an arguable basis in law.
See id.; see also McDonald, 813 S.W.2d at 239 (“Here, the trial court did not state a reason for deciding the
suit was frivolous. Because the trial court dismissed without a hearing, the court could not have
determined that McDonald had no arguable basis in fact, which in most cases requires a fact hearing.
That leaves us with one simple issue: Did McDonald have any arguable basis in law for filing his suit? If
the answer is yes, we must order reinstatement; if no, we will affirm the dismissal.”).
Davis v. Guerra Page 7
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Moreover, rule 33.1(a)(2) requires that the record show an
express or implicit ruling on the objection by the trial court or a refusal to rule on the
objection, coupled with an objection to that refusal to rule by the complaining party. Id.
at R. 33.1(a)(2). Therefore, because appellant did not object in the trial court, and
because the record does not contain any ruling on a complaint about restraints, we
cannot say that this issue has been preserved for appellate review. See id. at R.
33.1(a)(1)-(2). And even if appellant had preserved this issue for review, he does not
cite any relevant authority to support his complaint in this issue. Accordingly, we
could also conclude that this issue has not been adequately briefed. See id. at R. 38.1(i);
see also Tesoro Petroleum Corp. v. Nabors Drilling U.S.A., Inc., 106 S.W.3d 118, 128 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (noting that Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 38 requires a party to provide the reviewing court with “a succinct, clear, and
accurate statement of the argument made in the body of the brief. . . . This is not done
by merely uttering brief conclusory statements, unsupported by legal citations”). Either
way, we overrule appellant’s third issue.
V. DO APPELLANT’S CLAIMS HAVE AN ARGUABLE BASIS IN THE LAW?
In his remaining issues, which we categorize as appellant’s second issue,
appellant complains about the trial court’s dismissal of his lawsuit as frivolous.
Davis v. Guerra Page 8
A. Dismissal With Prejudice as Frivolous
We review de novo whether the plaintiff’s claims have no basis in law such that
dismissal on that ground is authorized. See Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 653. Section
14.003(a)(2) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides as follows, in
pertinent part: “A court may dismiss a claim, either before or after service of process, if
the court finds that . . . the claim is frivolous or malicious[.]” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(2).
In determining whether a claim is frivolous or malicious, the court may
consider whether: (1) the claim’s realistic chance of ultimate success is
slight; (2) the claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact; (3) it is clear
that the party cannot prove facts in support of the claim; or (4) the claim is
substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the inmate because the
claim arises from the same operative facts.
Id. § 14.003(b).
B. Appellant’s Deliberate Indifference Claims
Among appellant’s complaints in his original petition is that Lakeshia Davis, a
purported Certified Medication Aide at the O.B. Ellis Unit, and Hough, a nurse
practitioner in the jail, were deliberately indifferent to appellant’s medical condition. In
particular, appellant asserted that Davis interfered with his medical treatment by failing
to provide him with blood-pressure medication for two weeks. With regard to Hough,
appellant alleged that Hough made false entries in appellant’s medical records and
failed to conduct a proper annual physical on appellant.
Section 1983 creates a private right of action to vindicate violations of
rights, privileges, and immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of
the United States. Rehberg v. Paulk, 132 S. Ct. 1497, 1501, 192 L. Ed. 2d 593
(2012). A prison official’s deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of
Davis v. Guerra Page 9
serious harm to a prisoner violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition
against cruel and unusual punishment. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825,
828, 114 S. Ct. 1970, 128 L. Ed. 2d 811 (1994); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97,
104, 97 S. Ct. 285, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 (1976). Deliberate indifference is an
extremely high standard to meet. Gobert v. Caldwell, 463 F.3d 339, 346 (5th
Cir. 2006). To establish deliberate indifference, a prisoner must show that
the prison official knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to the
prisoner’s health or safety. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. The prisoner must
show both that the official was aware of facts from which the inference
could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm existed and that the
official actually drew the inference. Id.
Heirs of Del Real v. Eason, 374 S.W.3d 483, 486-87 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.); see,
e.g., Khoshdel v. Goosby, No. 10-12-00011-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9120, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Waco Nov. 1, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
“The facts underlying a claim of ‘deliberate indifference’ must clearly
evince the medical need in question and the alleged official dereliction.”
Johnson v. Treen, 759 F.2d 1236, 1238 (5th Cir. 1985) (citing Woodall v. Foti,
648 F.2d 268 (5th Cir. 1981)); County of El Paso [v. Dorado], 180 S.W.3d [854,]
863 [(Tex. App.—El Paso 2005, pet. denied)] (holding that an inmate must
prove that a jail official was subjectively aware of facts from which an
inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm existed
and that the jail official actually drew such an inference). Specifically, a
plaintiff must demonstrate that prison officials “‘refused to treat him,
ignored his complaints, intentionally treated him incorrectly, or engaged
in any similar conduct that would clearly evince a wanton disregard for
any serious medical needs.’” Domino v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 239
F.3d 752, 756 (5th Cir. 2001) (quoting Johnson, 759 F.2d at 1238); County of
El Paso, 180 S.W.3d at 863. Medical records of sick calls, examinations,
diagnoses, and medications may rebut an inmate’s allegations of
deliberate indifference. Banuelos [v. McFarland], 41 F.3d [232,] 235 [(5th
Cir. 1995)] (citing Mendoza v. Lynaugh, 989 F.2d 191, 193-95 (5th Cir. 1993));
County of El Paso, 180 S.W.3d at 868.
Davis v. Barnett, No. 02-09-00207-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6423, at **10-11 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Aug. 5, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Davis v. Guerra Page 10
In addition, the Fifth Circuit has noted that isolated incidents of missed
medications are insufficient to establish a claim for deliberate indifference. See
Mayweather v. Foti, 958 F.2d 91, 91 (5th Cir. 1992) (“The treatment may not have been the
best that money could buy, and occasionally, a dose of medication may have been
forgotten, but these deficiencies were minimal, they do not show an unreasonable
standard of care, and they fall far short of establishing deliberate indifference by the
prison authorities.”). “[A]n official’s failure to perceive and to alleviate a risk is not an
infliction of punishment. Moreover, negligent medical treatment is not a violation of
section 1983.” Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Thomas, 263 S.W.3d 212, 219 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (citations omitted). Evidence of inadvertent
failure to provide medical care or negligent diagnosis is insufficient to establish
“unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain” in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Cole v. Frizzell, No. 13-07-00092-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 6168, at *10 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi Aug. 14, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294,
297, 111 S. Ct. 2321, 2323, 115 L. Ed. 2d 271 (1991) (holding that “inadvertent failure to
provide adequate medical care” fails to establish the requisite culpable state of mind)).
Furthermore, in proving deliberate indifference, the inmate must prove that the jail
official acted with culpability clearly beyond that of mere negligence. See McClendon v.
City of Columbia, 305 F.3d 314, 326 (5th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (per curiam); see also Cole,
2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 6168, at *9.
In his petition, appellant does not assert any facts demonstrating that Davis or
Hough acted with culpability clearly beyond that of mere negligence. See McClendon,
Davis v. Guerra Page 11
305 F.3d at 326; Varnado v. Lynaugh, 920 F.2d 320, 321 (5th Cir. 1993) (holding that
unsuccessful medical treatment, “mere negligence, neglect[,] or medical malpractice” do
not give rise to a section 1983 cause of action); see also Cole, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 6168,
at *9. Moreover, in light of Mayweather, we do not believe that appellant’s purported
failure to receive medications for two weeks rises to the level of deliberate indifference.
See 958 F.2d at 91. In addition, we cannot say that appellant alleged facts to establish
that Hough’s actions rose to the level of deliberate indifference. See id.; see also County of
El Paso, 180 S.W.3d at 868 (“An inmate’s disagreement with the kind of medical
treatment that he has received is insufficient as a matter of law to state an Eighth
Amendment violation.”). Accordingly, we conclude that appellant’s deliberate
indifference claims do not have a basis in the law. See Leachman, 261 S.W.3d at 304; see
also Scott, 209 S.W.3d at 266-67.
C. Appellant’s Gross-Negligence and “Malice” Claims
A review of appellant’s original petition shows that appellant asserted claims in
gross negligence against Davis and Hough and a claim of “malice” against Davis. On
appeal, appellant explains that these claims were brought within the context of his
section 1983 claims and under chapter 41 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code.
“[D]eliberate indifference cannot be inferred merely from a negligent or even a
grossly negligent response to a substantial risk of serious harm.” Thompson v. Upshur
County, 245 F.3d 447, 459 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing Hare v. City of Corinth, 74 F.3d 633, 645,
649 (5th Cir. 1996) (en banc)). Furthermore, “malice” is not an independent cause of
Davis v. Guerra Page 12
action. In fact, in his original petition, appellant claims that both Davis and Hough
violated section 41.001(7) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.001(7) (West 2008) (defining “malice” as “a specific intent
by the defendant to cause substantial injury or harm to the claimant”). This provision
of chapter 41 merely defines the term, “malice”; it does not somehow create an
independent cause of action upon which appellant can rely. See id. Accordingly,
because deliberate indifference cannot be inferred from a negligent or grossly negligent
response to a substantial risk of harm, and because appellant’s “malice” claims are not
cognizable causes of action, we cannot say that these claims have a basis in the law. See
id.; see also Thompson, 245 F.3d at 459; Leachman, 261 S.W.3d at 304; Scott, 209 S.W.3d at
266-67.
D. Appellant’s Claims Against Guerra
And finally, in his original petition, appellant alleged that Guerra, the Unit
Grievance Investigator:
Denied his guaranteed rights of grievance, by failing to properly
investigate, address nor remedy the grievance issues and/or claims
presented. Further, defendant Guerra violated numerous manatory [sic]
procedures which are found in TDCJ’s Offender Grievance Manual
(OGOM). These OGOM violations were intentionally and purposely
disregarded towards the plaintiff’s serious medical claims, thus subjecting
the plaintiff to further risk of serious medical and physical harm.
However, attached to appellant’s original petition are grievance forms that
appellant filed. Included with the forms are responses to appellant’s grievances from
prison officials. Based on these attachments, appellant’s grievances were addressed,
though not to his liking. Inmates do not have a constitutionally-protected interest in
Davis v. Guerra Page 13
having their grievances resolved to their satisfaction. Geiger v. Jowers, 404 F.3d 371, 374
(5th Cir. 2005) (“[A] prisoner has a liberty interest only in freedoms from restraint . . .
imposing atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary
incidents of prison life. Geiger does not have a federally protected liberty interest in
having these grievances resolved to his satisfaction. As he relies on a legally
nonexistent interest, any alleged due process violation arising from the alleged failure
to investigate his grievances is indisputably meritless.”). Because the crux of
appellant’s complaints against Guerra pertain to appellant’s dissatisfaction with
Guerra’s resolution of his grievances, in light of Geiger, we cannot say that appellant has
asserted a cause of action against Guerra that has an arguable basis in law. See id.; see
also Leachman, 261 S.W.3d at 304; Scott, 209 S.W.3d at 266-67.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that appellant’s claims against Davis,
Hough, and Guerra lack an arguable basis in law. See Leachman, 261 S.W.3d at 304; see
also Scott, 209 S.W.3d at 266-67. As such, we cannot say that the trial court abused its
discretion in dismissing appellant’s lawsuit as frivolous under chapter 14. See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)(2), (b); Brewer, 268 S.W.3d at 767. We therefore
overrule appellant’s second issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
Because we have overruled all of appellant’s issues on appeal, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Davis v. Guerra Page 14
AL SCOGGINS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed October 10, 2013
[CV06]
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