In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
____________________
NO. 09-12-00102-CR
____________________
LUIS ANTONIO MENENDEZ, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
_______________________________________________________ ______________
On Appeal from the 221st District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 09-02-01422-CR
________________________________________________________ _____________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Luis Antonio Menendez guilty of capital murder. The trial
court sentenced Menendez to life in prison without the possibility of parole. He
appeals to this Court, and presents eleven issues he believes require a reversal of
the trial court’s judgment. For the reasons we explain, we disagree and therefore
affirm the judgment.
1
THE MURDER
J.G. and P.R. agreed to give Luis Rivera, a stranger, a ride home from a
restaurant. Rivera asked J.G. to stop by a bar. Later, the three men went to the
trailer park where Rivera lived. Menendez was there. The four men talked and
drank beer.
When J.G. and P.R. were leaving, Rivera asked them to give him a ride to a
nearby store so he could purchase cigarettes. Menendez indicated he wanted to go
along. J.G. drove the vehicle, and P.R. rode in the front passenger seat. Menendez
sat in the backseat behind J.G., and Rivera sat behind P.R. The store was closed.
Rivera and Menendez told J.G. of another store they could go to. They directed
J.G. to a dark, isolated road. Menendez told J.G. to stop the vehicle. Rivera pulled
a gun and demanded money. Rivera shot P.R. in the head. P.R. slumped forward.
J.G. heard Menendez yell, “Now I drive[.]” J.G. escaped.
J.G. showed police the location of the shooting and the police located the
vehicle. P.R. was slumped over in the front passenger seat. J.G. identified
Menendez and Rivera in a photo lineup. A palm print from the vehicle confirmed
Menendez had been in the vehicle. The handgun was later discovered in
Menendez’s wife’s bedroom. The State charged that Menendez was a party to or
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conspired to commit capital murder. Menendez argued at trial that he did not know
that Rivera intended to rob and kill J.G. that night.
Seven days prior to the murder, Menendez and Rivera had asked another
man, E.F., for a ride from the same bar. E.F. testified in this case. He explained he
did not know the men, but agreed to give them a ride. Rivera and Menendez
directed E.F. to a dark area where there were “lots of trees” and robbed him.
Menendez got into the driver’s seat and began driving, while Rivera held E.F. at
gunpoint. The men told E.F. they were going to kill him. E.F. struggled with them
and escaped.
BATSON CHALLENGES
In his first two issues, Menendez argues the trial court committed reversible
error by allowing the State, in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, to use peremptory
challenges to exclude two veniremembers. See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79,
106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). In Batson, the Supreme Court held that the
Equal Protection Clause is violated when the State excludes a veniremember on the
basis of race. See Batson, 476 U.S. at 85-86; see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 35.261(a) (West 2006); Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 113
L.Ed.2d 411 (1991). The Supreme Court outlined a three-step process for
evaluating Batson claims: (1) the defendant must make a prima facie showing of
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racial discrimination; (2) if the defendant makes that showing, the burden shifts to
the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral reason for the strike; and (3) the trial
court must determine if the defendant has proven purposeful discrimination. Nieto
v. State, 365 S.W.3d 673, 675-76 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Batson, 476 U.S.
at 97-98).
Appellant objected to the State’s peremptory strikes of veniremember No.10
and veniremember No. 20 on the grounds that “the State has exercised challenges
that are discriminatory in fashion against females and against minorities in
violation of Batson[.]” The trial court gave the State the opportunity to provide a
race-neutral reason for the strikes. The prosecutor responded:
No. 10, she was yelling prejudice during the entire presentation
to you and me. She seemed very disinterested. She -- basically, she
was sitting there going through her fingernails and stuff like that. For
that reason, I struck her.
Number 20 I struck because she had on a Mr. T T-shirt. She
also was reading a book, a crime novel book, which we took note of.
And she [indicating co-counsel] noted it was a book by James
Patterson, which is a “tied up in a neat, who-dun-it” type series or
author, and we didn’t feel that was appropriate for this sort of case.
But I would point out for the Court that there were also several
Hispanics that we did not strike . . . . And there were several African-
Americans and females that are still on the panel. So those are
basically my race neutral reasons that I can think of off the top of my
head.
Defense counsel noted that two of the three African-Americans on the panel were
“outside the strike range.” The trial court found that the reasons given for the
4
strikes were sufficient to show race-neutral reasons for the exercise of peremptory
strikes.
Citing Salazar v. State, 795 S.W.2d 187 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), appellant
argues that during the Batson hearing he should have been allowed to cross-
examine the prosecutor. In Salazar, the appellant made that request, and the trial
court denied it. Salazar, 795 S.W.2d at 192. In this case, Menendez did not request
the opportunity to question the prosecutor about the stated reasons.
Menendez also claims that the race-neutral reasons provided by the State
were “merely pretexts.” The Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that
“pretext” is “solely a question of fact; there is no issue of law.” See Gibson v.
State, 144 S.W.3d 530, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). “[A] reviewing court should
examine a trial court’s conclusion that a facially race-neutral explanation for a
peremptory challenge is genuine, rather than a pretext, with great deference,
reversing only when that conclusion is, in view of the record as a whole, clearly
erroneous.” Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
The prosecutor stated that veniremember No. 10 “seemed very
disinterested.” A prosecutor’s unchallenged statement that a veniremember was
struck on the basis that the veniremember’s facial expressions and body language
indicated she did not wish to be a part of the proceedings may constitute a valid
5
reason to exercise a peremptory strike. Yarborough v. State, 947 S.W.2d 895, 899
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see also Moss v. State, 877 S.W.2d 895 (Tex. App.—
Waco 1994, no pet.) (Prosecutor stated the veniremember appeared disinterested
and the defense did not challenge the characterization.).
The prosecutor’s strike of veniremember No. 20 was based on the type of
book she was reading and on the t-shirt she was wearing. In reviewing the trial
court’s findings for clear error, we take into account the absence of further
argument or factual development by appellant at the Batson hearing. See Wamget
v. State, 67 S.W.3d 851, 853, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (rejecting challenge
where appellant failed to identify additional evidence that the State’s strike was
based on race and did not question the State’s attorney further at trial regarding the
reason); Williams v. State, 804 S.W.2d 95, 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also
Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 769-70, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995).
After the State offered its reasons for striking No. 10 and No. 20, appellant did not
argue to the trial court that the State’s explanations were pretext, and did not ask to
question the State’s attorney. On this limited record, we cannot say the trial court’s
rulings were “clearly erroneous.” See Watkins, 245 S.W.3d at 448. Issues one and
two are overruled.
6
EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE EVIDENCE
In issues three, four, and five, Menendez contends the trial court committed
reversible error by admitting unadjudicated extraneous offense evidence in
violation of Texas Rules of Evidence 401, 403, and 404(b). “[T]rial courts are
usually in the best position to make the call on whether certain evidence should be
admitted or excluded.” Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). A trial court’s decision to admit extraneous offense evidence is reviewed for
an abuse of discretion. Saenz v. State, 843 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
A trial court should only be reversed for an abuse of discretion when the decision
lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204,
217 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the existence
of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable
or less probable that it would be without the evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 401.
Evidence of another criminal act is not admissible to prove the character of the
person in order to show action in conformity therewith. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).
But that same evidence may be admissible when it has relevance apart from
character conformity; it may be relevant to intent, for example, or knowledge. See
id.; Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The list of
7
permissible uses of evidence of “other crimes, wrongs or acts” in Rule 404(b) is
not exhaustive. See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 388 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991) (op. on reh’g).
Evidence otherwise admissible may be excluded under Rule 403 if the court
determines that the “probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
Tex. R. Evid. 403. In making this determination,
[A] trial court must balance (1) the inherent probative force of the
proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for
that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest
decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to
confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of
the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been
equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the
likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an
inordinate amount of time or repeat evidence already admitted.
See Casey, 215 S.W.3d at 880.
The State requested a hearing to determine whether the trial court would
allow the State to re-open and present extraneous offense evidence of an
unadjudicated aggravated robbery of E.F. by Rivera and Menendez a week earlier.
The State argued that the defense opened the door to the evidence, because defense
counsel (in an apparent effort to show that Menendez did not know that Rivera
8
intended to commit robbery and murder) had questioned J.G. about the fact that it
was not Menendez who pulled a gun on J.G. and that it was not Menendez who
was giving J.G. instructions. The trial judge stated she was inclined to allow the
evidence because “through vigorous cross-examination [by the defense] intent has
been raised.” Defense counsel argued he had not raised the issue of intent but that
intent was an issue that “arises from [the State’s] lack of evidence.” Defense
counsel also argued that facts of the extraneous offense were different from the
facts in this case, that the evidence would confuse the jury, that the evidence would
tend to make the jury see Menendez as an “outlaw[,]” and that the evidence was
cumulative and would cause undue delay.
Outside the jury’s presence, the trial court heard E.F.’s testimony, and the
trial court made a ruling allowing the evidence. Giving the jury a limiting
instruction, the trial judge instructed the jurors to consider E.F.’s testimony only
for the purpose of “determining motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity or . . . absence of mistake or accident, if any, in connection
with the offense, if any,” alleged against Menendez in this case.
Menendez argues the extraneous offense evidence was irrelevant because it
did not “make more or less probable” an evidentiary fact that leads to an element,
or “make more or less probable” defensive evidence that undermines or negates an
9
elemental fact. Menendez maintains that the evidence was inadmissible under Rule
404(b) because he never put on any evidence of intent, the evidence was
unnecessary, and he never asserted that the events were an accident or mistake or
that he was not there. He argues that if the extraneous offense evidence was
admitted to prove motive, the extraneous offense evidence must explain the reason
he committed the charged offense, and here there was no evidence that he knew the
victim in either the charged offense or the extraneous offense. If the evidence was
admitted to prove plan or scheme, he argues that there was no evidence the
extraneous offense was part of a master plan. Menendez also contends the
extraneous offense evidence was more prejudicial than probative under Rule 403,
because it made him appear to be a criminal generally, and the prosecutor had
other available evidence to establish the facts for which he was using the
extraneous offense evidence. Menendez argues he was harmed because “the impact
of such evidence is detrimental enough to taint the entire proceeding.”
The State sought to prove that Menendez intended to participate in the
robbery and murder of P.R. Approximately a week prior to this murder, Menendez
committed armed robbery. With Rivera holding the gun on E.F., Menendez
threatened to kill him. The circumstances were strikingly similar. The extraneous
offense evidence made it more probable that Menendez knew Rivera had a gun and
10
was going to use it to rob and murder P.R. The evidence supported the State’s
theory that Menendez intended to participate in the offenses. See Sorto v. State,
173 S.W.3d 469, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (Evidence of participation in murder
four months earlier served to rebut argument that defendant lacked requisite intent
to promote or assist in capital murder.). The challenged evidence was relevant for
purposes other than character conformity. The probative value was not
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Tex. R. Evid. 403.
We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the extraneous
offense evidence over appellant’s objections. Issues three, four, and five are
overruled.
EXCLUSION OF EXPERT TESTIMONY
In issue six, Menendez maintains that the trial court committed reversible
error by excluding Menendez’s expert, Dr. Kim Arredondo. Appellant argues that
the trial court should have allowed the expert to testify that Menendez has an
intellectual disability that affects his “ability to plan, understand, form intent, and
conspire.” Menendez first offered Dr. Arredondo’s testimony in support of the
“Motion to Hold Texas Penal Code Section 19.03 Unconstitutional as Applied to
Mentally Retarded.”
11
Menendez’s expert testified outside the presence of the jury. Arredondo, a
licensed psychologist, evaluated Menendez to determine his competency and levels
of functioning. She determined him to be competent. Arredondo used Green’s
Word Memory Test to test for malingering and the Adaptive Behavior Assessment
System (2nd edition) to test his adaptive functioning. Using the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (3rd edition), she tested his intelligence. Menendez scored a
“68” using Spanish norms and a “65” using English American norms. Because his
score was below a “70” (or a “75” if considering a standard error of measurement),
Arredondo testified Menendez is mentally retarded. She explained that he does not
brush his hair himself all the time, and he does not have hobbies. Although he
would participate in activities, he would not be a leader or organizer. When she
interviewed Menendez, he stated that he was afraid of Rivera and that Rivera was
his cousin and a gang member. When asked about the prior incident of robbery and
whether Menendez would know at the second incident that he was putting himself
in a bad situation, she stated that he “is capable of knowing that his cousin could
get into trouble at any time. But to have the wherewithal to be able to handle a
situation that he would get into, as people with low cognition, they have difficulty
reasoning through things and looking at the options and acting on his options.” She
12
agreed with the statement that he may have difficulty in “connecting the dots
between time A and time B.”
After the trial court ruled on the extraneous offense evidence, Menendez
argued that, in light of the evidence, he should be allowed to present Arredondo’s
testimony to show that Menendez lacks sufficient reasoning skills to “connect the
dots” between the prior offense and this one, and therefore could not have known
that Rivera was going to rob and kill P.R.
Before a trial court can admit expert testimony, the offering party must show
that the expert is qualified, and that the testimony is reliable and relevant. See Vela
v. State, 209 S.W.3d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The threshold determination
is whether the evidence is helpful to the trier of fact, and for the evidence to be
helpful, it must be reliable. Emerson v. State, 880 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1994). A trial court acts as a gatekeeper in excluding unreliable evidence. See
Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Arredondo testified that, although Menendez is from El Salvador, she
administered a version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test applicable in
Mexico. She testified that individuals from El Salvador have different cultures,
backgrounds, belief systems, and dialects from those of other Spanish-speaking
people. She explained that the test was normed on people in Mexico but
13
acknowledged that the language differences can be substantial even between
different portions of Mexico. Arredondo testified that part of the test asks some
questions about history and government that one not from Mexico may not know,
but those questions would not affect Menendez because “he wasn’t able to get that
far in the test to be answering those questions.” She noted that it is possible that
other questions on the test may be easily answered by somebody from northern
Mexico whereas someone from Guatemala, for example, may not know how to
answer the questions. Although Arrredondo stated that the use of tests normed for
other populations are accepted within her field, she admitted that there is “very
limited research or anything on multicultural testing” and that no equivalent test
normed on El Salvadorans exists. At the time of trial, she was the head of a task
force that was trying to develop “some sort of guidelines or recommendations for
forensic psychologists who do forensic bilingual assessments” to support the idea
that a Spanish Wechsler test can be given to an El Salvadoran and that they can be
properly normed together. Given her testimony concerning the reliability
limitations of the testing she used, the trial court had discretion in exercising its
gate-keeping function to exclude the testimony. Issue six is overruled.
14
VENIREMEMBER NO. 38
In his seventh issue, Menendez contends the trial court committed reversible
error in sua sponte dismissing veniremember No. 38. Relying on Green v. State,
764 S.W.2d 242, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), Menendez argues that a trial court
cannot, on its own, excuse a prospective juror for cause unless the juror is
disqualified from serving on the jury. But for the error to result in a reversal of the
judgment, the State must have exhausted its peremptory challenges. Id. The State
did not. Issue seven is therefore overruled.
VENIREMEMBER NO. 17
In his eighth issue, Menendez contends the trial court committed reversible
error by denying Menendez’s motion to strike veniremember No. 17. Menendez
asserts that No. 17’s “history as a victim of violent crime[,] and the trauma she
experienced being part of the legal system because she was victimized[,] biased her
against Appellant[,]” and her “statements and demeanor clearly exhibited an
inability to carry out any oath she would take as a juror.”
A veniremember may be challenged for cause if she has a bias or prejudice
against the defendant or against the law upon which either the State or the defense
is entitled to rely. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 35.16(a)(9), (b)(3), (c)(2) (West
2006); Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738, 743-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The
15
court determines whether the veniremember’s personal view would substantially
impair the individual’s ability to carry out her oath and follow the court’s
instructions in accordance with the law. Feldman, 71 S.W.3d at 744. The
proponent of a challenge for cause has the burden of establishing that the challenge
is proper. Id. at 747. The proponent does not meet this burden until he has shown
that the veniremember understood the requirements of the law and could not
follow the law. Id.
An appellate court will overturn the trial court’s ruling on a challenge for
cause only if the trial court clearly abused its discretion. Gonzales v. State, 353
S.W.3d 826, 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We examine the record of voir dire and,
because proper assessment of a challenge for cause requires observation of a
veniremember’s demeanor, we must defer to the conclusion of the trial court,
particularly when a juror vacillates. Id.
Veniremember No. 17 did not indicate she would be unable to serve as a
juror in the case. She did not indicate that she would not be impartial. She testified
that she thought she could follow the law and be impartial. The trial court was in
the best position to evaluate the veniremember’s demeanor and responses. See
Newbury v. State, 135 S.W.3d 22, 32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We cannot say the
16
trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant’s challenge for cause. Issue
eight is overruled.
LIMITING THE TIME FOR VOIR DIRE
Menendez argues in issue nine that the trial court committed reversible error
by limiting the time for voir dire. The trial court initially gave each side thirty
minutes to conduct voir dire. Because of the nature of the case and the issues
involved, the State requested forty-five minutes to an hour to conduct voir dire.
The trial court then allowed both sides forty-five minutes and noted that if either
side wanted more time he would have to request it.
When the defendant’s time for conducting voir dire expired, the trial court
encouraged defense counsel to “wrap it up.” Defense counsel stated that he wanted
to ask each juror in the strike range a question regarding whether the juror could
consider probation in a murder case. The State objected on the grounds that the
question was asked and answered during the State’s voir dire, and that the
veniremembers had “already committed to consider the full range of punishment
for a first degree felony.” The trial court allowed the defense to ask the first
veniremember the question. After the first veniremember’s response, defense
counsel requested that he be allowed to ask the remaining veniremembers the same
17
question. He offered a list of seven additional questions that he wanted to ask each
veniremember. The trial court explained:
You spent a lot of time speaking to the jurors, not asking questions.
And, you know, part of that is educating the jury, and I totally get that.
But you-all made the decision. I told you that I was going to give you
30 minutes. I have extended it to an hour. So I am not inclined to do
that. You can put that with the record.
A trial court may impose reasonable limits on voir dire: “The fact that
counsel can think of one more proper question should not transform a reasonable
time limit to an unreasonable one.” Whitaker v. State, 653 S.W.2d 781, 782 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1983). By showing counsel did not attempt to prolong the voir dire and
counsel was prohibited from asking proper voir dire questions, an appellant may
attempt to demonstrate that the court’s limitation of voir dire was an abuse of
discretion. McCarter v. State, 837 S.W.2d 117, 119 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Menendez
argues he did not waste time or ask repetitive questions, and that he needed the
answers to intelligently exercise his strikes and challenges for cause. Appellant
received additional time to question the veniremembers. The trial court noted that,
instead of asking questions, defense counsel chose to spend much of his time
speaking to the veniremembers. Under the circumstances, we cannot conclude the
trial court abused its discretion by denying appellant’s request for more time. Issue
nine is overruled.
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LEGAL STATUS QUESTION
In his tenth issue, Menendez asserts the trial court committed reversible
error by not allowing him to ask permissible commitment questions to enable
strikes for cause. Defense counsel asked the first veniremember if she could
consider imposing probation as a sentence under appropriate conditions if she
heard evidence that the defendant was not a United States citizen. The trial court
sustained the State’s objection to the part of the question regarding Menendez’s
legal status because “we haven’t heard any evidence about his status . . . [a]nd
that’s irrelevant.”
Prior to voir dire, the trial court granted Menendez’s motion in limine
regarding his legal status. During voir dire, the trial court sustained the State’s
objection regarding the questions about Menendez’s legal status. The legal-status
questions were not relevant to the case. See Smith v. State, 703 S.W.2d 641, 643
(Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (A question may discover a juror’s view on an issue
applicable to the case.). We see no abuse of discretion by the trial court in
sustaining the State’s objection. Issue ten is overruled.
LESSER-INCLUDED OFFENSE INSTRUCTION
In his last issue, Menendez contends the trial court committed reversible
error by denying Menendez’s request for a jury charge on the lesser-included
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offense of robbery. The jury charge included a charge for the lesser-included
offenses of murder and aggravated robbery. The parties disagree as to whether
there is some evidence in the record that would have permitted the jury to convict
Menendez only on robbery.
When a jury is provided an instruction for a plausible intervening lesser-
included offense, but decides not to take it in favor of convicting the defendant of
the charged offense, the jury would not rationally have considered an even lesser
crime than the plausible intervening lesser-included offense. See Masterson v.
State, 155 S.W.3d 167, 171-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If the jury had believed
that Menendez conspired with Rivera to commit an aggravated robbery, but did not
intend or have reason to anticipate Rivera would shoot anyone, aggravated robbery
may have been a plausible option for the jury. The jury did not choose that option.
Issue eleven does not present reversible error, and is overruled. The trial court’s
judgment is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
________________________________
DAVID GAULTNEY
Justice
Submitted on January 10, 2013
Opinion Delivered June 26, 2013
Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Gaultney and Horton, JJ.
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Luis Antonio Menendez v. State
Combined Opinion