NUMBER 13-14-00058-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
____________________________________________________________
MERCEDES GARZA PAREDES, Appellant,
v.
SERGIO GARZA AND JANAHI CRUZ, Appellees.
____________________________________________________________
On appeal from the 93rd District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
____________________________________________________________
ORDER OF ABATEMENT
Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides, and Perkes
Order Per Curiam
Appellant Mercedes Garza Paredes brought suit against appellees Sergio Garza
and Janahi Cruz “for [r]ecission of [f]raudulent [t]ransfer of [c]ommunity [p]roperty and
[p]ost-[d]ivorce [d]ivision of [p]roperty.” After a bench trial, the trial court rendered
judgment against Paredes. She appeals this judgment by two issues. By her second
issue, Paredes contends that the trial court erred when it failed to file findings of fact and
conclusions of law after she requested it to do so pursuant to Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure 296 and 297. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 296 , 297. We abate and remand this matter
to the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
The underlying events concern the June 23, 2010 divorce of Paredes and Garza
and property that Paredes asserts was not divided or awarded to either party in the final
decree of divorce. In her December 30, 2010 original petition, Paredes complained of
Garza’s allegedly fraudulent transfer of community funds from his retirement account.
Paredes asserted that she had no knowledge of the transfer. She claimed that Garza
used these funds to purchase a house located at 5104 N. 38th Street in McAllen, Texas,
and a 2008 Chrysler automobile, both in Cruz’s name. As to the allegedly fraudulent
transfer, Paredes asserted that Cruz knew of the impending divorce and that she had
notice of Paredes’s interest in the community property. Paredes sought a declaration
from the trial court that the transfer of community funds was void. She also requested
that the trial court set aside the transfers and cancel the deed to the house and lot and
the certificate of title to the vehicle. Paredes further sought the division of this previously
undivided property. Garza filed no responsive pleadings. Cruz filed a pro se answer
generally denying all claims. On January 12, 2011, the trial court issued temporary orders
enjoining Cruz from disposing of, selling, removing, encumbering, transferring, and
harming the real and personal property at issue in this case.
On September 6, 2011, the trial court held a bench trial on this matter. Paredes
and Cruz were represented by their respective counsel and Garza appeared pro se. All
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parties testified. In her appellate brief, Paredes set out the following facts from the
testimony presented at the hearing1:
Appellee Garza . . . stated that the retirement money . . . which was
accumulated for the last twenty years was money that accrued during the
marriage. There was no contrary evidence presented at trial which
indicated that the retirement money of Appellee Garza was [not] community
property of Appellant and Appellee Garza.
....
At trial Appellee Garza stated that he transferred during his marriage
to Appellant property to Appellee Cruz. Appellee Garza transferred a car
and a house to Appellee Cruz that was purchased with money from his
retirement account which was community property of Appellant and
Appellee Garza. Appellee Garza stated that he did this without Appellant’s
knowledge or permission.
[T]he General Warranty Deed dated December 2, 2009 [showed
that] Grantor Yolanda Garcia deed[ed] on December 3, 2009 [a]ll of Lot 106,
BROOKWOOD SUBDIVISION UNIT 1, an Addition to the City of McAllen,
Hidalgo County, Texas [to] Appellee Cruz. Appellee Garza stated that
Yolanda Garcia was the owner of the real property, and he purchased the
real property with two certified checks one for five thousand dollars
($5,000.00) and the other for sixty four thousand dollars
($64,000.00). . . . [T]he 2008 Chrysler 300 with VIN 2C3KA43R38H122015
. . . is registered to Appellee Cruz. . . . The sale price for the vehicle . . . is
thirteen thousand four hundred sixty and 32/100 dollars ($13,460.32).
Appellee Garza stated that he purchased the real property with his
retirement money that was accumulated during his marriage. Appellee
Garza was still married to Appellant when he took the money from his
retirement fund and purchased the house for Appellee Cruz. Appellee
Garza stated that Appellant had no knowledge that he was withdrawing
money from his retirement fund to purchase real and personal property for
Appellant Cruz. Appellee Garza stated that he didn’t tell Appellant about
the withdrawing of money from the retirement fund and purchasing the real
and personal property for Appellee Cruz because Appellee Garza did not
want Appellant to get the money or the house. Appellee Garza indicated
that he bought the house so he could have something after the divorce
without his wife, Appellant, knowing about it.
1 We note that appellees did not file briefs to assist us in this matter. And in this civil case, we will
accept as true the facts Paredes set out in her statement of facts because no other party contradicted them
and because Paredes supported them with record references. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(g) (“In a civil case,
the court will accept as true the facts stated unless another party contradicts them. The statement must be
supported by record references.”).
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Appellee Garza indicated that Appellee Cruz was his girlfriend.
Appellee Garza state[d] that it was not his intent to give Appellee Cruz the
house as a gift. The plan was to place it under Appellee Cruz[‘s] name first
and then after the divorce the house was to be placed under his name. The
plan was for Appellee Garza and Appellee Cruz to live together and then to
get married. Appellee Garza indicated that “things changed” between him
and Appellee Cruz because the money started to run out. Appellee Garza
stated that he put the property under Appellee Cruz’s name to defraud his
wife.
Appellee Garza indicated that he bought the 2008 Chrysler 300 on
or about April or May in 2009. Appellee Garza state[d] that he paid fifteen
thousand dollars ($15,000.00) cash for the vehicle and spent three
thousand dollars ($3,000.00) for rims and a chrome kit for the vehicle.
Appellee Garza state[d] that the money came from the retirement fund that
was community money of his marriage to Appellant.
Appellee Garza indicate[d] that he took out approximately one
hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) from his retirement fund without
Appellant’s knowledge. Appellee state[d] that sixty nine thousand dollars
($69,000.00) [was] for the house that is under Appellee Cruz’s name.
Appellee Garza state[d] that he had the house painted inside and outside
[at the] cost of eight hundred dollars ($800.00), tile at [the] cost of
approximately one thousand two hundred dollars ($1,200.00), and a new
air conditioner and compressor. Appellee Garza state[d] he placed a new
sink, new faucet, and he purchased a refrigerator for the house. Appellee
Garza state[d] that Appellee Cruz did not contribute any money to the
house. Appellee Garza also state[d] the Appellee Cruz did not put any
money down on the Chrysler vehicle.
Appellee Garza stated that he talked to Appellee Cruz to transfer the
real property and the car back to his name, and that caused Appellee Cruz
to kick him out of the house. Appellee Cruz told Appellee Garza that he
was not going to get anything back, and that Appellee Cruz already had
plans to sell the house. Appellee Garza state[d] that he told Appellee Cruz
before he bought the house that he discussed with Appellee Cruz . . . his
intent to buy the house and put it under her name and then after the divorce
put it in his name.
[The evidence traced] the A.G. Edward Jones account and transfers
to the International Bank of Commerce account. Appellee [Garza]
demonstrated . . . [how] the funds [were] used to buy the house and the
personal property for Appellee Cruz, and that this money was from his
retirement from his place of employment. Appellee Garza stated that his
Edward Jones account only had money from his retirement from his
employment. Appellee Garza stated that Appellee Cruz [knew] that the
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money to make the purchases to her were [sic] coming from the A.G.
Edward’s Account. Appellee Garza[‘s] retirement fund in A.G. Edward
Jones would be transferred to his International Bank of Commerce account
to make the payments for Appellee Cruz. . . . Appellee Garza stated that
Yolanda Garcia placed the house under Appellee Cruz name because he
told Yolanda Garcia to do it.
Appellee Garza stated that his retirement was from the Wornick
Company in which he received six hundred five thousand dollars
($605,000.00) which was community property. The trial court questioned
Appellee Garza during the trial. The trial court stated that [it] had no doubt
that Appellee Garza purchase the house from Yolanda Garcia, and the trial
court stated that [it] had no doubt that Appellee Garza gave it [to] Janahi
Cruz. The trial court asked Appellee Garza why he gave the house to
Appellee Cruz, and Appellee Garza stated because he wanted to have it
after the divorce under his name. Appellee Garza stated he put it under
Appellee Cruz name because he was dating her at the time. The trial court
stated that “I don’t believe that Ms. Mercedes Garza (Appellant) ought to be
the loser from what would have been the community estate.”
Appellant stated at trial that she had no knowledge that Appellee
Garza bought a house during the marriage or the Chrysler motor vehicle
during the marriage. Appellant stated at trial that she was not aware of the
money transfers from the A.G. Edward’s account to [the] International Bank
of Commerce account. Appellant had to clarify at trial that the items
purchased for Appellee Cruz were purchased during the marriage and
before the divorce.
Appellee Cruz stated that she did have a relationship with Appellee
Garza, and that she was given a car, a house, and a few personal things.
Appellee Cruz denie[d] that Appellee Garza told her that he was buying her
the property to harm or defraud Appellant. Appellee Cruz stated that she
did not put any money [toward] the purchase of the real property given to
her by Appellee Garza. Appellee Cruz stated that for the 2008 Chrysler 300
she did not put any money down for the purchase. Appellee Cruz stated
that Appellee Garza purchased the real and personal property for her as
gifts. Appellee Cruz stated that she knew Appellee Garza for a short time
before the house was given to her. Appellee Cruz state[d] the “short time”
was maybe six, seven, or eight months. Appellee Cruz stated that during
this time from of six, seven, or eight months she knew that Appellee Garza
was married and that Appellee Garza and Appellant were going through a
divorce. Appellee Cruz knew that Appellee Garza was going to court to
finalize his divorce. Appellee Cruz stated that Appellee Garza got the
money to purchase the house and the car from his retirement. Appellee
Cruz state[d] that she earned the house and car because she was the
girlfriend of Appellee Garza. Appellee Cruz state[d] that the car and house
were just given to her and that she didn’t ask for anything. . . . [T]he house
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was tax appraised at seventy nine thousand dollars ($79,000.00)
and . . . Appellee Cruz was putting the house [up] for sale.
After Cruz testified, the trial court commented as follows:
Ms. Cruz . . . the question here is not whether there was a fraud
committed, because there was. I'm absolutely positive that Mr. Garza
sought to defraud Mrs. Garza. . . . I don't know that there may have been a
genuine relationship growing between you and Mr. Garza. Whatever it is,
Mr. Garza did convey this to you, and you are the lawful owner but for the
fraud.
I can do a number of things. One is that I can do what the lawyers
are asking me to do and find it was a fraudulent transfer vis-a-vis Ms.
Mercedes Garza, in which case Mr. Garza would have somehow made
amends to Mrs. Garza and you'd be out whatever you did to earn, as
[counsel] asked you, for the love and affection that this gift was conveyed
to you. Or I could find that there was fraud and order this property sold, not
as you have it for sale but by the Court, and try to do equity.
. . . . And the other thing is to put the blame where it lies, with Mr.
Garza. And your windfall would be to the detriment of Mr. Garza's share of
the community estate, not Mrs. Garza, in which case the question does
become did whatever you did for this relationship with Mr. Garza amount to
the level where you ought have received this as a gift, because I have
conflicting testimony. You tell me it was a gift to you, and maybe the love
and affection was so great that it warranted such a gift. Mr. Garza tells me
that it wasn't a gift but rather a conspiracy between you and him to defraud
Mrs. Garza.
What I do know is that Mrs. Garza ought not be on the losing end of
whatever it is that occurred between Mr. Garza and yourself. . . .
Okay. Both sides want it all. I understand that. Should the Court
consider doing something other than ruling for one or the other, I want you
to write me a letter, each side, proposing something either way, recognizing
that there are arguments to be made for Ms. Mercedes Garza's position and
also for Ms. Cruz's position. It actually does help the Court that Ms. Cruz
already has the property up for sale. Probably she's unable to afford the
upkeep. I don't know. And then I'll decide. I'll be deciding this case in ten
days.
The trial court did not, however, issue a written order until November 18, 2013. On
that day, following counsels’ arguments and without further testimony, the trial court orally
denied Paredes the relief she sought, commenting that she had “Mr. Garza to look to for
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what he did to you.” The trial court’s written order, dated November 18, 2013, generally
denied Paredes’s petition and then specifically ordered the following:
[T]he Original Petition for Rescission of Fraudulent Transfer of
Community Property and Post-Divorce Division of Property is DENIED as
to Respondent, JANAHI CRUZ.
[T]he General Warranty Deed dated December 2, 2009, wherein the
Grantor is Yolanda Garcia and the Grantee is Janahi Cruz is VALID and the
following property shall remain as Respondent, JANAHI CRUZ’ sole and
separate property, and Petitioner, SERGIO GARZA and Respondent,
MERCEDES D[.] GARZA, are hereby divested of all rights, title, interest and
claim in which to such property located at: 5104 N. 38th St. McAllen, Texas
....
[T]he following property shall remain Respondent, JANAHI CRUZ’
sole and separate property, and Petitioner, MERCEDES D. GARZA and
Respondent, SERGIO GARZA, are hereby divested of all rights, title,
interest and claim in and to such property: 2008 Chrysler 300 VIN #
2C3KA43R38H122015.
Paredes filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law.
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 296, Paredes filed her timely request
for findings of fact and conclusions of law on December 6, 2013. The trial court failed to
file findings and conclusions. On January 7, 2014, pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 297, Paredes filed her notice of past-due findings of fact and conclusions of
law, which was brought to the trial court’s attention on January 29, 2014. The trial court
did not respond to this second request.
II. APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
After a bench trial, a trial court must file written findings of fact and conclusions of
law when timely requested by a party. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 296, 297; Cherne Indus., Inc.
v. Magallanes, 763 S.W.2d 768, 772 (Tex. 1989). We presume that the trial court's failure
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to respond to a timely request is harmful error unless the record affirmatively shows that
the complaining party has suffered no harm. Cherne Indus., 763 S.W.2d at 772. An
appellant is harmed if there are two or more possible grounds on which the court could
have ruled and the appellant is left to guess the basis of the trial court's ruling. See Liberty
Mutual Fire Ins. v. Laca, 243 S.W.3d 791, 794 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2007, no pet.);
Anzaldua v. Anzaldua, 742 S.W.2d 782, 783–84 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ
denied). Generally, the proper remedy in that situation is to abate the appeal and direct
the trial court to correct its error. Cherne Indus., 763 S.W.2d at 773; Zieba v. Martin, 928
S.W.2d 782, 786 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no pet.).
III. FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
Paredes contends that she has been harmed because she has been forced to
guess the reason or reasons why the trial court ruled against her. See Laca, 243 S.W.3d
at 794; Limbaugh v. Limbaugh, 71 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, no pet.);
Anzaldua, 742 S.W.2d at 783–84. Specifically, Paredes argues that she does not know
whether “a fraudulent transfer . . . occurred by Appellee Garza to Appellee Cruz in order
to defraud Appellant.” Although the trial court awarded the property to Cruz, it made no
determination of fraud on the part of any party. And now, Paredes claims that, based on
the trial court’s statements at trial, she could only assume that the conveyance of the real
and personal property to Cruz by Garza was fraudulent. Yet she “does not know whether
the fraud committed involved only Appellee Garza or Appellee Cruz or both.” Paredes
also asserts that she does not know “if the court disagree[d] with the facts alleged by her
concerning whether community funds [were] used to pay for the real and personal
property; whether the real or personal property was purchased during the marriage or
after the marriage; [whether] Appellee Cruz earned the real and personal property[; or
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whether] the house or motor vehicle [were] properties not divided at the time of the
divorce.” Paredez contends that she “does not know whether to focus her appellate
claims against Appellee Cruz or Appellee Garza or both.” She claims that “[t]he trial court
further confuse[d] [her] by stating that she should not be the losing party because of the
actions of Appellee Garza and Appellee Cruz. The trial court ma[de] a final ruling that
completely befuddle[d] [her].”
In sum, Garza testified that he committed fraud against Paredes by taking
approximately $100,000 from his retirement fund, placing it in his bank account, and then
buying a house and motor vehicle under Cruz’s name—all without Paredes’s knowledge
or permission. Paredes testified similarly. And Cruz was aware that Garza was married
when Garza obtained the money and that the money came from Garza’s retirement
account. Also, at the end of the testimony on September 6, 2011, the trial court concluded
that it was “absolutely positive that Mr. Garza sought to defraud Mrs. Garza.” The trial
court stated that Cruz was “the lawful owner but for the fraud.” The trial court recognized
conflicting testimony: Cruz saying the real property and the personal property given to
her by Garza were gifts; and Garza saying that it was a conspiracy to defraud Paredes.
The court said that it could try to do equity by finding fraud and ordering the property sold
by the trial court. It stated that Paredes should not be the losing party because of the
actions of Cruz and Garza. The statements by the trial court at this September 2011
hearing provide no support for the court’s final November 18, 2013 written order, which
provided no explanation for granting the property to Cruz and for denying all other
requested relief. Instead, after the trial court announced its ruling at the November 18
hearing, it commented, “And, Ms. [Paredes], you know this was Mr. Sergio Garza’s doing.
I’m signing the Final Order Denying Petitioner’s Original Petition for Rescission of
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Fraudulent Transfer of Community Property and Post-Divorce Division of Property,” and
“You have Mr. Garza to look to for what he did to you.”
After reviewing the record and briefs, we agree with Paredes that, in light of rules
296 and 297, the trial court’s failure to make the requested findings of fact and conclusions
of law was error and harmful, since the record does not affirmatively show no injury to
Paredes. See Cherne Indus., 763 S.W.2d at 771–72. There are two or more possible
grounds on which the court could have ruled. See Laca, 243 S.W.3d at 794; Anzaldua,
742 S.W.2d at 783–84. Paredes has been left to guess the basis for the trial court’s
ruling.2 See Laca, 243 S.W.3d at 794; Anzaldua, 742 S.W.2d at 783–84. We sustain
Paredes’s second issue.
Although Paredes requests reversal and remand for a new trial upon the sustaining
of this issue, the proper remedy in this instance is to abate the appeal and direct the trial
court to correct its error so that the appeal can be handled in a normal manner. See
Cherne Indus., 763 S.W.2d at 773; Zieba, 928 S.W.2d at 786. However, if the trial court
cannot forward findings and conclusions to this Court “due to loss of the record, problems
with memory, passage of time, or other inescapable difficulties, reversal and remand for
a new trial is a proper remedy.” Brooks v. Hous. Auth. of City of El Paso, 926 S.W.2d
316, 321 (Tex. App.1996). “This solution should avoid unnecessary judicial delay while
protecting the rights of the litigants to pursue meaningful review of the trial court
judgment.” Id.
IV. FINALITY OF JUDGMENT
Unless an interlocutory appeal is authorized by statute, an appeal may only be
2 We do not suggest by this order that the findings of fact and conclusions of law should be limited
to those discussed herein.
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taken from a final judgment. Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 205 (Tex. 2001).
“[W]hen there has not been a conventional trial on the merits, an order or judgment is not
final for purposes of appeal unless it actually disposes of every pending claim and party
or unless it clearly and unequivocally states that it finally disposes of all claims and all
parties.” Id.
The order from which Paredes appeals specifically denied the petition as to Cruz.
It concluded that the general warranty deed was valid as to Cruz, and it divested Garza’s
and Paredes’s “rights, title, interest and claim in” the real property at issue. It ordered
that the personal property was Cruz’s sole and separate property and divested Garza’s
and Paredes’s “rights, title, interest and claim in” it. Although the order continued by
generally denying all relief requested and not expressly granted, unlike Paredes’s claims
against Cruz, the order did not specifically address the claims that Paredes asserted
against Garza, including but not limited to her allegations of fraud and her request for a
post-divorce division of any previously undivided community property. Under these
circumstances, we may abate the appeal to permit clarification by the trial court. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 27.2, 44.3, 44.4; Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 206.
V. CONCLUSION
We ABATE and REMAND this cause to the trial court for the issuance of findings
of fact and conclusions of law. Upon remand, the trial court is directed to: (1) immediately
cause notice to be given and conduct a hearing regarding findings of fact and conclusions
of law; (2) make and file appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law and cause
them to be included in a supplemental clerk's record; (4) cause the hearing to be
transcribed and included in a supplemental reporter's record; and (5) have these
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supplemental records forwarded to the Clerk of this Court within thirty days from the date
of this order.
We further ABATE and REMAND the cause to the trial court for clarification of its
final order. Upon remand, the trial court shall address whether it intended the November
18, 2013 order to completely dispose of all claims and all parties. The trial court shall
cause its findings and recommendations, together with any orders it may enter, to be
included in a supplemental clerk’s record, and any record of such proceedings shall be
included in a supplemental reporter’s record. The supplemental clerk’s record and
supplemental reporter’s record, if any, shall be filed with the Clerk of this Court on or
before the expiration of thirty days from the date of this order.
If the trial court requires additional time to comply, the trial court should so notify
the Clerk of this Court. The appeal will be reinstated upon receipt of the foregoing
materials and upon further order of this Court.3
IT IS SO ORDERED.
PER CURIAM
Delivered and filed the 17th
day of November, 2014.
3Deadlines for any necessary supplemental briefing will be determined upon reinstatement of this
appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.7 (“A brief may be amended or supplemented whenever justice requires,
on whatever terms the court may prescribe.”).
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