Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-14-00858-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF D.M., et al., Children
From the 57th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2013-PA-01692
Honorable Peter A. Sakai, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Jason Pulliam, Justice
Delivered and Filed: May 27, 2015
REVERSED AND RENDERED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART
This is an accelerated appeal from the trial court’s judgment terminating appellant’s
parental rights to her four children, C.G., Jr. (age 17), S.M. (age 15), R.M. (age 12), and J.R. (age
10). 1 On appeal, appellant asserts the evidence is insufficient to support a finding that termination
is in the children’s best interest. Because we agree, we reverse the judgment terminating
1
C.G., Jr.’s whereabouts were unknown at the time of trial; there was some speculation that he was living with his
girlfriend. The Department asked to dismiss as to C.G., Jr., but the trial court denied the request. Because C.G., Jr.
turned eighteen years old in March 2015, the question of C.G., Jr.’s conservatorship is now moot. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 101.003 (West 2014) (defining an adult as a person of at least 18 years of age who is not and has not
been married); id. § 161.206 (West 2014) (effects of termination order); In re N.J.D., No. 04–13–00293–CV, 2014
WL 555915, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 12, 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Appellant is also the parent of
D.M., who was 17 years old at the time the Department filed its petition for termination, but was almost 19 years old
at the time of trial. Thus, D.M. was not subject to the trial court’s order of termination.
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appellant’s parental rights and render judgment denying the Department’s petition for termination
of appellant’s parental rights.
BACKGROUND
Several witnesses testified at the termination hearing on October 31, 2014. Amber Shaw,
an investigator employed by the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the
Department”), testified that the family was referred in July 2013 for neglectful supervision. The
children were reported to have been left home alone; also, appellant was reported to have used
marijuana. A drug screen came back positive for cocaine; appellant denied using cocaine and
explained that her cousin had given her a painkiller for back pain. In seeking a safety plan for the
family, Shaw considered appellant’s history with the Department, which dated back several years. 2
Shaw testified that appellant had been referred to family-based services a total of four times and
that she had been “validated” for neglectful supervision and physical neglect. Shaw stated that
appellant was cooperative during the current investigation.
Psychologist Michelle Moran testified that she performed a psychological evaluation on
appellant on June 17, 2014. When asked whether appellant was “functional or dysfunctional as a
parent,” Moran answered that appellant had made a number of parenting errors and admitted as
much. However, “the parenting inventory . . . did not really result in big concerns about the way
she handled her children.” According to Moran, appellant has a pattern of being “too nice” and
yielding to the wishes of others. Although Moran was concerned about appellant’s April 2014
positive drug test for marijuana, she did not see appellant as an addict or drug dependent. Moran
met appellant on only one occasion, and never saw her interact with her children. Moran believed
that family counseling was necessary in order for appellant to be reunified with her children.
2
Shaw used an affidavit that she had prepared for removal in July 2013 to refresh her memory at trial; the affidavit
was not admitted into evidence and Shaw testified to no other details from the affidavit than what is elucidated above.
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S.M., R.M., and J.R. were placed at St. PJ’s Children’s Home upon removal from
appellant’s home and remained there during the pendency of the case, which was over a year.
Sarah Almendariz, S.M.’s therapist at St. PJ’s, testified that S.M. was diagnosed with an
adjustment disorder and takes medication to stabilize her mood and to help with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder. Almendariz stated that S.M. suffered trauma from seeing her younger
brothers physically abused by her mother’s boyfriend. 3 S.M. loves her mother and wishes to
remain with her. Almendariz could not answer whether it was in S.M.’s best interest to remain
with her mother because Almendariz did not know appellant’s “status.” Specifically, Almendariz
could not comment on whether appellant was capable of raising her children. Almendariz noted
that she would have liked to see appellant and S.M. in family therapy, but that family therapy was
not ordered because the Department did not plan for reunification and was requesting termination.
Chelsea Ball Uranga is also a counselor at St. PJ’s who worked with R.M. and J.R. She
testified that the children had observed drug use and domestic violence and endured physical abuse
by their mother’s boyfriend in the home. She stated that the children exhibit verbal and physical
aggression and have shown improvement since they arrived at St. PJ’s. Both boys take medication
for mood stabilization and/or regulation. Both boys want to be reunited with their mother. Uranga
could not make an assessment as to whether termination would be in the children’s best interest
because she did not have enough information about appellant’s current state. Uranga opined that
in order to reunify the family, appellant would need stable housing and income. Uranga also
opined that the family would need continued therapy, both individual and family. However,
Uranga stated that the children were never enrolled in family therapy because “it was proposed to
3
The allegations of physical abuse were never validated by the Department.
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us that termination was going to be what we were going for.” Uranga agreed that the children need
an answer one way or the other as to termination of parental rights.
Nicole Curel, the Department caseworker supervisor, explained that appellant has
participated in family-based services on four previous occasions dating back to 1999 and that, in
her opinion, appellant has not changed. Curel testified that although appellant had completed all
of the tasks required of her under the service plan, she had not “met the goals” of her service plan,
and therefore Curel recommended that appellant’s parental rights be terminated. Curel stated that
appellant’s drug use had not been appropriately addressed and that she tested positive for
marijuana in May, methadone in July, and cocaine in August 2014; all three tests occurred after
appellant had completed drug treatment. In addition, Curel noted that appellant has a history of
being with inappropriate paramours, many of whom used drugs. Appellant also communicated
with her children in an inappropriate manner, i.e., cursing. Curel stated that the children have the
“possibility” of being adopted if parental rights are terminated. According to Curel, the primary
reason the Department was seeking termination of parental rights was so that the children could
get “closure” and be able to be adopted.
On cross-examination, Curel admitted that she had supervised only one visit between
appellant and the children and conceded that cursing was not a reason to terminate parental rights.
Curel also admitted that appellant was joking when she called one of her sons a crude name during
the visit. Curel acknowledged that appellant has stable housing and employment, and that she is
in drug treatment and has had no positive drug tests since starting treatment for a second time
during the pendency of the case.
Appellant testified that she is employed full time as a home care provider. She is currently
leasing a three-bedroom house. Appellant is still engaged in counseling, therapy, and drug
treatment, and had been sober for 85 days at the time of trial.
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Linda Davila, a licensed chemical dependency counselor, who treats appellant at Lifetime
Recovery, testified that appellant had not had a single positive drug test during her 85 days in
treatment. Davila stated that her counseling addresses relapse prevention, and that appellant is
aware she has made mistakes in the past and is working very hard to address them at this time.
Davila meets with appellant three times a week for three hours and appellant has not missed any
appointments. According to Davila, appellant is better able to handle difficult situations and make
better choices at this point. Appellant also has alternatives to drug use and a support system.
Davila claimed that appellant is doing everything she can to improve and that she has a sponsor.
Davila stated that she is willing to work with appellant as long as necessary. When asked if there
was any reason that appellant should not have her children back, Davila replied that she would
have no concerns if the children were sent home with their mother and that appellant “has worked
very hard to turn it around.” Davila further stated that she did not see “any problem” with appellant
relapsing.
In closing argument, Maureen Llanas, the children’s ad litem, acknowledged that this case
is a “really tough one.” Llanas acknowledged that appellant had completed all her services. Llanas
asked the trial court to reserve its decision regarding termination until the children had a chance to
participate in family therapy with their mother and to see whether appellant has really changed.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court terminated appellant’s parental rights,
stating that “the children need closure.” The trial court gave appellant “no credit for the last minute
effort” she made and stated, “I just don’t trust you.” The order of termination was based upon
findings that appellant (1) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of the children, and (2) used a
controlled substance in a manner that endangered the health or safety of the children, and (a) failed
to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program; or (b) after completion of a court-
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ordered substance abuse treatment program continued to abuse a controlled substance. TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(O), (P) (West 2014). The order also contained the trial court’s finding
that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the best interest of the children. Id.
§ 161.001(2).
BEST INTEREST
A trial court may order termination of the parent-child relationship only if the court finds
by clear and convincing evidence one or more statutory grounds for termination and that
termination is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1), (2); § 161.206(a)
(West 2014). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of proof that will
produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations
sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2014). We review the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the termination of parental rights under the well-established
standards for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266
(Tex. 2002). There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best
interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, when the court considers factors
related to the best interest of the child, “the prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe
environment is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a)
(West 2014). In determining whether a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child with
a safe environment, the court should consider: (1) the child’s age and physical and mental
vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of out-of-home placements; (3) the magnitude,
frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child; (4) whether the child has been the victim
of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention by the Department or other agency; (5)
whether the child is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of
psychiatric, psychological, or developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other
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family members, or others who have access to the child’s home; (7) whether there is a history of
abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have access to the child’s home;
(8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access
to the child’s home; (9) whether the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the
willingness and ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services
and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness
and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes within a
reasonable period of time; (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills;
and (13) whether an adequate social support system consisting of an extended family and friends
is available to the child. Id. § 263.307(b).
Courts may also apply the non-exhaustive factors enumerated in Holley v. Adams, 544
S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976), to shape their analysis. These include, but are not limited to, (1)
the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future,
(3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future, (4) the parental abilities
of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote
the best interest of the child, (6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency
seeking custody, (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the acts or omissions of
the parent that may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and (9)
any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Id.
Moreover, evidence that proves one or more statutory grounds for termination may
constitute evidence illustrating that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d
17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding same evidence may be probative of both section 161.001(1) grounds
and best interest, but such evidence does not relieve the State of its burden to prove best interest).
A best-interest analysis may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the totality
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of the evidence as well as the direct evidence. In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2013, pet. denied). A trier of fact may measure a parent’s future conduct by her past
conduct and determine whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Id.
A. Section 263.307(a) Factors
The children, who were aged 15, 12, and 10 at the time of trial, do not exhibit significant
physical and mental vulnerabilities. All three are in therapy and take medication to regulate their
mood. Although the Department had been involved with the family since 1999, the children had
never been removed from the home prior to July 2013. Prior to July 2013, each time that family-
based services were initiated, appellant successfully completed her service plan and the case was
closed. There was no evidence of physical harm to the children at the time of removal. The
children all wanted to return to their mother’s home, and the children’s ad litem asked that they be
given an opportunity to participate in family counseling with appellant before a decision regarding
termination was made. The psychological evaluation conducted on appellant highlighted her past
drug use and problems in her previous romantic relationships. Appellant admitted to the drug use
and to making poor choices in her personal relationships. Since appellant has engaged in drug
counseling with Davila, she has not had a positive drug test and had been sober almost three months
at the time of trial. Appellant attends drug counseling several times a week and has not missed
any appointments. The psychologist as well as the children’s counselors recommended family
therapy, but because the Department had apparently determined that it was working towards
termination and not reunification, none was arranged. Appellant did not miss any visits with her
children. The Department supervisor, Curel, who only observed one visit, opined that appellant’s
communication with her children was inappropriate because the children played on their social
media devices and one child said curse words; also, appellant called one child a crude name. Curel
later admitted that appellant was obviously joking when she used the crude term, and that foul
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language is not a reason to terminate the parent-child relationship. Curel also believed that
appellant communicated with her children in an inappropriate manner because appellant forced
her daughter to talk to her new boyfriend, but appellant later clarified that her daughter had asked
to speak to her father, not appellant’s boyfriend. Finally, appellant testified that in addition to her
drug counselor and sponsor, she has the support of her aunt and her sister.
B. The Holley Factors
Again, evidence was presented that all three children wished to return home with their
mother. All three children were undergoing individual counseling and were taking medication to
stabilize their mood. There was no evidence presented of emotional and physical danger to the
children now or in the future. Although the Department expressed concern over appellant’s past
paramours, it did not appear that she was romantically involved with anyone at the time of trial
and acknowledged in therapy that her past relationships had an impact on her children. The
Department also expressed concern over appellant’s past drug use; however, evidence was
presented that appellant had been sober for almost three months at the time of trial, that she was
actively participating in substance abuse counseling, and that she had a sponsor who would help
her to avoid relapse. There was no evidence indicating that appellant’s past drug use interfered
with her parenting abilities. Testimony demonstrating that appellant was currently employed and
had obtained stable housing for herself and her children was unrefuted. The Department
representative acknowledged that appellant completed her service plan, which included a parenting
skills course, domestic violence classes, empowerment class, and drug treatment and therapy.
Although the children’s counselors testified that family therapy would have been beneficial, it was
never authorized by the Department. The Department planned to place the children for adoption;
there were no plans to place the children with relatives. The children had been at St. PJ’s, which
Shaw testified was intended to be a temporary placement, for 15 months at the time of trial.
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C. Other Considerations
Appellant’s parental rights were terminated on the grounds that she failed to complete her
service plan and that she continued to abuse a controlled substance after completion of a court-
ordered substance abuse treatment program. The Department representative, however, testified
that appellant did in fact complete all of the tasks required by her service plan. There was evidence
that appellant tested positive for drugs during the pendency of the case, but that since engaging in
drug counseling with Davila, she had not tested positive and had maintained sobriety for almost
three months. See in re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (evidence proving one or more statutory grounds
for termination does not relieve the State of its burden to prove best interest). Curel argued that
appellant’s long-standing pattern 4 with the Department mandated termination and that the children
“need to be liberated from this parent and have the right to move on with their lives.” She went
on to argue that “closure” would be in the children’s best interest.
D. Application
Reviewing the record in its entirety, we conclude that the Department failed to meet its
burden to establish by clear and convincing evidence that termination of appellant’s parental rights
is in the children’s best interest. Appellant demonstrated that she was willing and able to seek out
and accept services, including counseling and drug treatment. She cooperated with the Department
by completing all the tasks required by her court-ordered service plan. She also showed that she
was willing and able to effect positive changes by securing stable employment and housing. The
Department, in contrast, had no plans to seek kinship adoption for the children and had allowed
4
The State devotes a portion of its appellate brief to summarizing appellant’s prior referrals as described in Shaw’s
July 15, 2013 “removing” affidavit which was included in the clerk’s record. Shaw, however, did not present
testimony about the dates and circumstances of each referral, and the trial court may not take judicial notice of the
truth of the allegations in its record. See In re J.E.H., 384 S.W.3d 864, 870 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, no pet.).
Thus, the allegations contained in Shaw’s affidavit cannot support the termination order.
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them to remain in a temporary facility for over a year. Curel’s testimony that the children have
the “possibility” of being adopted was unsubstantiated. Almost every witness testified to the need
for and benefit of family therapy, but none was authorized by the Department. The only witness
to testify that termination of appellant’s parental rights was in the children’s best interest was the
Department supervisor, Curel. The children’s therapists both reserved any opinion on the issue
without knowing more about appellant’s current status. Davila, the chemical dependency
counselor, had no concerns regarding the return of the children to their mother. The children’s ad
litem urged the trial court to reserve any decision regarding termination until appellant and the
children had the opportunity to engage in family therapy. Ultimately, the Department based its
plea for termination on the children’s need for “closure,” but Curel’s opinion in that regard was
conclusory. See In re A.H., 414 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.) (holding
that “conclusory testimony, such as the caseworker’s, even if uncontradicted does not amount to
more than a scintilla of evidence [, a]nd, ‘[a]lthough [a parent’s] behavior may reasonably suggest
that a child would be better off with a new family, the best interest standard does not permit
termination merely because a child might be better off living elsewhere.’”). Accordingly, we
conclude the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support the trial court’s best interest
finding.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing analysis, we reverse that portion of the trial court’s judgment
terminating appellant’s parental rights and render judgment denying the Department’s petition for
termination of appellant’s parental rights. We affirm that portion of the trial court’s judgment
terminating the children’s father’s parental rights. Because appellant’s challenge to the
Department’s Family Code section 153.131 conservatorship was not subsumed within her appeal
of the termination order and was not challenged on appeal, we also affirm the trial court’s
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appointment of the Department as the managing conservator of the children pursuant to section
153.131. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.131 (West 2014); see In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 617
(Tex. 2007) (explaining procedure to be followed by a parent, the Department, and the trial court
when a judgment terminating parental rights is reversed by the court of appeals but the
Department’s conservatorship pursuant to section 153.131 is affirmed); see also In re R.S.D., 446
S.W.3d 816, 822-23 n.5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.).
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
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