NO. 12-09-00396-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
TIMOTHY B. CHOICE, § APPEAL FROM THE 7TH
APPELLANT
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE § SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS
OPINION
Timothy B. Choice appeals his conviction for theft of copper wire. A jury found him
guilty and sentenced him to sixteen years of imprisonment and a fine of $2,500.00. He contends
the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction and the trial court erred by denying his
requested instruction on a lesser included offense. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
James Smith stores rolls of copper wire on his property for use in his work as an electrician.
One afternoon, he and his wife returned to their home and saw a vehicle parked in front of their
house. Smith attempted to speak to the driver, Appellant, but Appellant drove away. Two or
three partial rolls of copper wire were on the ground near where the car had been parked. Smith
returned to his vehicle and followed Appellant until Appellant stopped in a neighbor’s driveway.
Smith again attempted to speak to Appellant, but Appellant drove around the Smiths’ vehicle and
got away. The trunk of Appellant’s car was not closed, and Smith saw rolls of copper wire in the
trunk.
LEGAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support his
conviction. Specifically, he argues that the State did not prove that the wire stolen had a copper
consistency of at least fifty percent.
Applicable Law
In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we consider all
the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether the jury was rationally
justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99
S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). It is the jury’s duty to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.
Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The appellate court determines
whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of
all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. Hooper v. State, 214
S.W.3d 9, 16–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
A person commits theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the
owner of the property without the owner’s effective consent. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a),
(b)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2010). The offense is a state jail felony if the value of the property stolen is
less than $20,000.00 and is insulated or noninsulated wire or cable that consists of at least fifty
percent copper. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(4)(F)(iii) (Vernon Supp. 2010).
Discussion
The value and copper content of stolen wire determine the applicable penalty and thus must
be alleged and proven. See id. Appellant was indicted for unlawfully appropriating insulated
and noninsulated wire that consisted of at least fifty percent copper, valued at less than $20,000.00,
from James Smith without Smith’s effective consent and with intent to deprive Smith of the
property. Smith testified that he had been an electrician for about nine years and is familiar with
copper wire. He explained that all of his wire is insulated and one hundred percent copper.
On cross examination, Smith said, “Everything I got behind my shed is copper, 100
percent.” Defense counsel asked what it said on the box and whether it stated a percentage.
Smith answered that it says “copper wire” and does not say what percentage. At this point, Smith
seemed less certain. Counsel asked, “So I mean, for all you know, it could be 49 percent copper?”
Smith replied, “I don’t think so; but, yeah, for all I know, it could.” On redirect, Smith agreed
with the prosecutor that there is no way to test the wire Appellant stole to determine its copper
content because that wire is gone. Smith again stated, however, that all the wire on his property is
one hundred percent copper. On recross examination, counsel again asked Smith “what
percentage it was,” and Smith replied, “I told you I didn’t know. But I’m sure it’s --”
Apparently, counsel cut him off to ask, “You think it might be, but you don’t know?” Smith
replied that he really did not know. On redirect, the prosecutor asked Smith if he knew for sure
the “percentage copper” of the wire in the trunk. Smith said he did not know.
When he was recalled by the State later in the trial, Smith explained that if a wire is less
than fifty percent copper, it is called copper coated, and if it is more than fifty percent copper, it is
copper. Smith stated that the rolls on his property are copper and, at the time he purchased the
wire he had at his home, it indicated on it that it was copper. Smith reiterated that the wire in
Appellant’s trunk belonged to Smith. On recross, Smith explained that earlier, when counsel
asked about the percentage, he did not know and was guessing about the copper content of the wire
in the trunk. So over the lunch break he contacted a company that sells copper wire and found
out. At that point, he was able to say what was in the trunk because he knows what type of wire he
had. He also explained that he did not see a tag on the wire in Appellant’s trunk indicating what
copper percentage those spools were.
In an attempt to be completely truthful, Smith, who did not have the opportunity to inspect
the wire in Appellant’s trunk, and did not see a label or tag on it, testified that he did not “know”
the copper content of that wire. When he was recalled to the stand, Smith was no longer
uncertain. Smith also stated several different times during his testimony, on direct and cross
examination, that the only kind of wire he had on his property was copper wire. He phrased it in
various ways: “copper wire,” “solid copper,” “100% copper,” and “not copper coated.” He never
wavered on this point. To the extent Smith’s testimony was conflicting, the jury was entitled to
resolve those conflicts. See Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. Even though Smith said he did not
know how much copper was in the wire in Appellant’s trunk, there was evidence that the only type
of wire Smith had at his home was one hundred percent copper. Therefore, the jury was rationally
justified in inferring that Appellant necessarily stole wire that was one hundred percent copper.
See id. The evidence is legally sufficient to support the conviction. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at
319. We overrule Appellant’s first issue.
LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE INSTRUCTION
In his second issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by denying his request for a
jury instruction on the lesser included offense of theft. He argues that, in order to prove its
indictment, the State had to prove all of the elements of simple theft and one additional
jurisdictional element that the item stolen was wire consisting of at least fifty percent copper. He
further argues that, based on Smith’s testimony that he did not know if the stolen wire was greater
than fifty percent copper, the record contains evidence that supports a finding that Appellant was
guilty of only simple theft. He asserts that he was harmed because the punishment range for
simple theft is much lower than the punishment range for theft of copper.
Applicable Law
An offense is a lesser included offense if it is established by proof of the same or less than
all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 37.09(1) (Vernon 2006). A defendant is entitled to a lesser included offense instruction
in the jury charge if (1) the requested charge is a lesser included offense of the offense charged;
and (2) there is some evidence that would permit a rational jury to find that if the defendant is
guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser offense. Feldman v. State, 71 S.W.3d 738, 750 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2002) (op. on reh’g). In making our determination, we evaluate the evidence in the context
of the entire record. Hall v. State, 158 S.W.3d 470, 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). However, the
appellate court does not consider whether the evidence is credible, controverted, or in conflict with
other evidence. Id. Regardless of its strength or weakness, if any evidence raises the issue that
the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense, the charge must be given. Saunders v. State,
840 S.W.2d 390, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc, per curiam).
Except in certain circumstances, a theft offense is a Class A misdemeanor if the value of
the property stolen is $500.00 or more but less than $1,500.00. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 31.03(e)(3) (Vernon Supp. 2010). The offense is a state jail offense if the property stolen is
wire or cable that is valued at less than $20,000.00 and consists of at least fifty percent copper.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(4)(F). Thus, the copper content is not an element of the
offense; rather, just as property value does, copper content determines the penalty grade. See
Campbell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 693, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (en banc).1
1
Strictly speaking, theft of copper wire is a theft under Section 31.03(a),(b)(1). We have found no cases
involving a conviction for theft of copper wire and a complaint that the trial court erred in failing to include a lesser
included offense instruction on a theft carrying a lighter penalty. We note, however, that other courts treat theft
offenses carrying a lesser penalty as lesser included offenses of theft offenses carrying a greater penalty. See
Discussion
Smith’s testimony that Appellant stole wire valued at $1,200.00, without proving that the
wire was at least fifty percent copper, would be sufficient to establish Class A misdemeanor theft.
Thus, the first prong of our inquiry is satisfied. See Feldman, 71 S.W.3d at 750. Regarding the
second prong, the question is whether there is any evidence that, if believed, would indicate that
the wire was something less than fifty percent copper. Smith testified that he did not know the
percentage of copper in the wire in Appellant’s trunk, and he said that for all he knew, it could be
forty nine percent copper. To say that one does not know the percentage of copper in the wire is
not the same as saying it was less than fifty percent copper. Smith’s testimony is not evidence
that the wire Appellant stole was not copper wire. Furthermore, Smith also testified that all the
wire on his property was one hundred percent copper. Thus, there is no evidence in the record
that the wire was not at least fifty percent copper. Therefore, there is no evidence that would
permit a jury rationally to find that if Appellant is guilty, he is guilty only of Class A misdemeanor
theft. See id. We overrule Appellant’s second issue.
DISPOSITION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BRIAN HOYLE
Justice
Opinion delivered April 20, 2011.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
(PUBLISH)
Franklin v. State, 219 S.W.3d 92, 96 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); Martinez v. State, 171 S.W.3d
422, 427-28 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).