United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For the Fifth Circuit April 7, 2003
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 01-60580
ELAINE MCAFEE; ET AL.,
Defendants,
ELAINE MCAFEE ET AL.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
VERSUS
MURRAY OHIO MANUFACTURING, INC. ET AL.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Mississippi
(99-CV-19)
Before DeMOSS, STEWART, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
DENNIS, Circuit Judge.*
In this Mississippi product liability action, Elaine McAfee
and Michael McAfee sue Murray Ohio Manufacturing Company; Murray,
Inc.; and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (collectively “Murray”) for
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined that this
opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under
the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
1
injuries Ms. McAfee suffered when the riding lawn mower she was
operating overturned, caught fire, and severely injured her. A
jury found no liability on the part of the defendants. The McAfees
appealed, claiming the presiding magistrate judge made several
erroneous evidentiary rulings, improperly instructed the jury, and
allowed discovery abuses. We AFFIRM.
I.
Elaine and Michael McAfee purchased a riding lawnmower at a
Wal-Mart store. The mower was manufactured by Murray Ohio
Manufacturing Company. The mower’s battery was located under the
seat at the rear of the mower. The fuel tank was located at the
front of the mower.
On May 21, 1996, while Ms. McAfee was mowing a slope of her
lawn, the mower overturned and caught fire. Ms. McAfee was
severely burned and injured. She spent several months in various
hospitals recovering. Eventually, however, her lower right leg had
to be amputated. Mr. McAfee also suffered some injuries while
rescuing his wife.
The parties dispute several facts related to the accident:
whether Ms. McAfee was mowing across or up and down the slope;
whether the incline of the slope was six to seven degrees, as the
McAfees contend, or twenty-five to twenty-eight degrees, as the
defendants contend; whether Ms. McAfee was in the process of
turning to the left or right; and whether the mower tipped to the
left or right. It was undisputed that the mower instructions
2
warned users to mow up and down slopes and to avoid slopes steeper
than fifteen degrees, and that neither Ms. McAfee nor Mr. McAfee
had read the instructions.
The McAfees sought damages for their personal injuries based
on the theories of products liability and negligence.1 Under their
product liability theory, they claimed that the design of the mower
was unreasonably dangerous and defective because of design,
crashworthiness, and inadequate warnings.2 In regard to
crashworthiness, they argued (1) that the battery was not
adequately secured, (2) that gasoline was able to leak from the
fuel lines and the vent in the fuel tank cap, (3) such that when
the mower overturned the battery shifted, made contact with the
battery compartment, and created an electrical arc that ignited the
spilled gasoline, and (4) that the deck lever trapped Ms. McAfee’s
leg after the mower rolled over. In regard to warnings, they
argued that Murray failed to alert Ms. McAfee either to the risk of
the mower’s turning over on a shallow slope or to the consequences
of such a turnover. Under their negligence theory, the McAfees
1
Ms. McAfee’s insurance providers, Prudential Health Care Plan,
Inc., Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Mississippi, and the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, joined the lawsuit as
subrogee plaintiffs. They are not parties to the appeal.
2
In their complaint, the McAfees listed six bases supporting
their product liability theory: (1) the mower was unstable; (2) the
warnings failed to advise users of the risk and danger of that
instability; (3) the mower did not have a slope indicator; (4) the
instructions inadequately addressed the mower’s use on slopes;
(5) the mower was not crashworthy in the event of an overturn; and
(6) as otherwise adduced by the proof.
3
asserted that Murray’s negligent design of the mower caused their
injuries. Finally, the McAfees sought punitive damages premised on
their assertion of the defendants’ gross negligence.
Murray disclosed two experts, Raymond Elmy and David Sassaman.
Elmy is also the vice president of design/engineering at Murray.
The McAfees disclosed Lanny Rhoades, an accident
reconstructionist, as their expert witness. His written report set
forth his opinion that the battery mounting system on the mower was
defectively designed and that, when the mower overturned, its
battery made contact with its metal compartment, causing a spark
that ignited a fire. Rhoades based his opinion on his examination
of the physical evidence and the scene of the accident; on his
reconstruction of the accident, which he had recorded on videotape;
and on his survey of lawnmowers of approximately the same vintage
and model as the one involved in Ms. McAfee’s accident.
Several months before trial, Murray moved the court to exclude
Rhoades’ testimony in whole or in part. It argued that Rhoades was
not an expert in lawnmower design; that his opinions were based on
a faulty re-creation of the accident; and that any probative value
of his testimony was substantially outweighed by its prejudicial
effect. In particular, Murray challenged what it said were
significant differences between the reconstruction and the
accident: (1) the fuel lines on the exemplar mower (i.e., the mower
used in Rhoades’ reconstruction) leaked, whereas there was no
evidence of such leaks on the McAfee mower; (2) the battery on the
4
exemplar mower moved freely in its compartment, whereas the battery
on the McAfee mower was anchored firmly in place the last time it
was serviced; (3) Rhoades allowed fuel to collect several minutes
before manually igniting it, whereas Ms. McAfee said the fire
started immediately after the mower turned over; and (4) the
exemplar mower’s fuel tank was three-quarters full, whereas the
evidence indicated that the McAfee mower was likely almost out of
gas at the time of the accident. The McAfees’ response to the
motion to exclude did not substantively address Murray’s contention
that the reconstruction was not true to the facts of the accident.
Rather, it enumerated Rhoades’ professional credentials; explained
Rhoades’ examination of the physical evidence and the accident
scene; and attacked Murray’s expert, Elmy. Nonetheless, the trial
court denied Murray’s motion on the briefs without hearing oral
arguments or additional evidence, concluding that the differences
between the reconstruction and the accident could be brought out
through examination.3
In a separate pretrial motion, Murray moved the court to
exclude testimony about Rhoades’ field survey of lawnmowers.
Rhoades surveyed various lawnmowers found in junkyards to check for
evidence of arcing within the battery compartment, battery
3
The court also found that Rhoades was qualified “by virtue of
his knowledge, education, and training”; that Murray had failed to
show that his theories had not been tested or were otherwise
unreliable; and that neither his testimony nor the videotape of the
accident reconstruction was overly prejudicial.
5
restraint system failure, fuel-line degradation, and alternative
design feasibility. The court ruled that Rhoades could not use the
survey to prove his arcing theory because there was no evidence
that the mowers surveyed were substantially similar to the McAfees’
mower. It allowed the survey to be used to show the availability
of other designs, however. In denying the McAfees’ motion for
reconsideration, the court further explained the basis for its
ruling: “Rhoades provided no evidence regarding the junkyard mowers
concerning their maintenance history, whether they had ever been
modified, or when and why they had been abandoned. Indeed, not all
the mowers examined were manufactured by Murray.”
On the third day of trial, during the McAfees’ case, the court
reversed its pretrial ruling and prohibited Rhoades from testifying
in any fashion about his reconstruction of the accident. It also
excluded the videotape of the reconstruction. The transcript shows
that the court based its revised ruling on the sworn testimony it
had heard during the trial. The court still allowed Rhoades to
testify and to offer his opinions, based on his examination of the
physical evidence, that the mower had rolled to the right, that the
deck lever had trapped Ms. McAfee, and that the fire was made
possible by the design of the fuel system and the battery restraint
system. Rhoades testified at length, beginning one afternoon and
finishing the following afternoon. His testimony takes up 246
pages of the trial transcript.
After the McAfees rested, Murray moved for judgment as a
6
matter of law. The court granted the motion as to the McAfees’
inadequate warning theory and their request for punitive damages.4
It denied the motion as to the McAfees’ crashworthiness theory and
their negligence theory.
Murray called only one witness, Elmy. After Murray rested,
the McAfees attempted to call Jimmy Dixon to rebut Elmy’s
contention that Murray had no knowledge of an arcing problem in its
lawnmowers. Dixon, who is a lawnmower repairman specializing in
Murray mowers, was not present in the courtroom at the time. The
court prevented the McAfees from calling Dixon, stating that he was
not a proper rebuttal witness and had not been identified as a
witness on the final pretrial order. The McAfees then attempted to
call Sassaman to rebut Elmy’s testimony that the mower had
overturned to the left. The court sustained the defendants’
objection, concluding Sassaman was not a proper rebuttal witness.
The parties then rested.
The jury deliberated for about eight hours before sending the
court a message stating, “If we find that it was not Murray’s fault
that the mower turned over, do we deliberate further?” The court
told the jurors to reread the instructions given. Near the end of
the second day of deliberations, the jury indicated it was
4
The court also granted the motion as to any theory about the
mower’s stability or instability. In response to Murray’s motion
for judgment as a matter of law, the McAfees’s counsel stated that
the issue of stability was inherent in their other theories but did
not constitute “an independent ground of [design] defect.”
7
deadlocked. The judge gave an Allen-type supplemental charge.
Thirty minutes later, the jury returned a verdict finding no
liability on the part the defendants.
The court ordered that judgment be entered in favor of the
defendants. After the judge denied their motion for a new trial,
the McAfees appealed.
II.
The McAfees challenge six evidentiary rulings. These we
review for abuse of discretion.5 “We ‘will not disturb an
evidentiary ruling, albeit an erroneous one, unless it affects a
substantial right of the complaining party.’”6
A.
The McAfees contend that the magistrate judge improperly
limited the scope of their expert’s testimony in media res, after
qualifying him in a pretrial order. Minutes before Rhoades was to
have taken the stand, the court reversed its earlier ruling and
excluded the videotape of the reconstruction; the exemplar mower,
which the McAfees planned to bring into the courtroom; and any
testimony about the reconstruction. The court concluded that the
reconstruction altered the facts of the accident and relied on
speculation. The McAfees assert that the change of ruling not only
5
Guillory v. Domtar Indus., Inc., 95 F.3d 1320, 1329 (5th Cir.
1996).
6
Id. (quoting Polythane Sys., Inc. v. Marina Ventures Int’l,
Ltd., 993 F.2d 1201, 1208 (5th Cir. 1993)).
8
was unjustified but also introduced court-induced prejudice. We
reject both assertions.
The McAfees first contend that the court’s mid-stream revision
of its previous evidentiary ruling was not justified by the
evidence before it. We faced a similar situation in Guillory v.
Domtar Industries, Inc., a products liability case involving a
forklift accident. In that case, on the sixth day of trial, the
district court reversed its prior decision and disallowed certain
testimony by the defendants’ accident reconstruction expert.7 The
court had initially refused to exclude models, exhibits,
photographs, and a videotape prepared by the expert based on his
reconstruction, instead instructing the plaintiff to challenge the
reliability of the evidence through cross-examination. At the
time, the court informed the parties that it would revisit the
issue. After hearing some of the expert’s testimony at trial, the
court limited the scope of his testimony and excluded the
videotape. The court explained that the expert’s conclusions “were
not sufficiently grounded in scientific methodology or the facts as
presented in the testimony of other witnesses,” and that the
forklift model depicted in the reconstruction videotape “was not
sufficiently similar to the forklift which caused the accident.”8
We found no error, concluding that the court “properly excluded
7
Id. at 1331-32.
8
Id. at 1330.
9
[the expert’s] testimony, which was not based upon the facts in the
record but on altered facts and speculation designed to bolster
[the defendant’s] position.”9 Indeed, we stated that the court
would have abused its discretion if it had not reconsidered its
previous decision in the light of later-developed evidence that
demonstrated that the decision was erroneous.10
As in Guillory, the trial court in this case had a duty to
evaluate the relevance and reliability of all expert testimony
before allowing its presentation to the jury. Under the Federal
Rules of Evidence, expert testimony may be admitted if “(1) [it] is
based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) [it] is the product of
reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied
the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.”11
It is the duty of the trial court, acting as the gatekeeper of
evidence under Rule 702, to “ensure that any and all scientific
testimony . . . is not only relevant, but reliable.”12 This
gatekeeping rule applies to all expert testimony.13 In carrying out
its duty, the court must look to the particular circumstances of
9
Id. at 1331.
10
Id. at 1332 (citing Xerox Corp. v. Genmoora Corp., 888 F.2d
345 (5th Cir. 1989)).
11
Fed. R. Evid. 702.
12
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589 (1993).
13
Kuhmo Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 149 (1999).
10
the case to determine “how to test an expert’s reliability.”14 In
this respect, “the law grants the trial judge broad latitude.”15
We conclude that the trial court’s revised ruling comported
with its duties under Rule 702. As the court explained, the
reconstruction altered the facts of the accident in four
significant respects. The exemplar mower had leaks in its fuel
lines, although there was no evidence that the McAfees’ mower had
such leaks. Rhoades jiggled the exemplar battery, even though
there was no evidence that the McAfees’ battery could move about in
its compartment. He allowed fuel to accumulate for several minutes
before igniting the fire, whereas Ms. McAfee testified that the
fire started instantaneously. And he manually lit the fuel because
he was unable to start it with a spark. These altered facts
justified the court’s ruling on the merits. Indeed, the fact that
Rhoades manually started the fire is particularly significant,
given that the most fundamental premise of his theory of the
accident was that an electrical arc sparked the fire.
Furthermore, the record shows that the court changed its
ruling only after hearing sworn testimony that contradicted the
factual assumptions underlying Rhoades’ reconstruction. The trial
transcript indicates that it based its revised ruling on the
testimony that had been developed at the trial:
14
Id. at 150, 152.
15
Id. at 153.
11
At the time I ruled on the motion I, of course,
considered the defendants’ arguments that the reenactment
was not substantially similar to what happened in this
case. But at that time I also did not have in front of
me the sworn testimony that I have now.
Thus, we must reject the McAfees’ suggestion that the court had
nothing new before it when it changed its ruling.
The McAfees also contend that the court’s last-minute reversal
introduced court-induced prejudice. In Prudhomme v. Tenneco Oil
Co., we recognized that under certain circumstances the actions of
a trial court can be so prejudicial to a party as to merit
reversal. We concluded in Prudhomme, for example, that the trial
court unfairly prejudiced the defendant when, on the morning of
trial, it allowed the plaintiffs to amend their complaint to allege
a strict liability claim—even though it had three months earlier
dismissed the motion to amend. There the court’s order had induced
the defendant to refrain from preparing a defense to a strict
liability cause of action, such that the timing of its new ruling
caused prejudice worthy of reversal.16
Unlike Prudhomme, the court’s change of ruling in this case
was not so prejudicial as to merit reversal. The trial transcript
shows that the court allowed Rhoades to testify at great length.
He was able to explain that his examination of the physical
evidence supported his opinions about how the accident happened,
and he was allowed to articulate the critical aspects of his arcing
16
955 F.2d 390 (5th Cir. 1992).
12
theory. Thus, the value of Rhoades’s testimony to the McAfees’
case was not irreparably diminished by the limitations imposed by
the court.
Finally, we note that the McAfees did not ask for a
continuance after the court issued its revised ruling and do not
now argue that the court should have ordered a continuance sua
sponte. At best, we could review (on our own initiative) the
court’s decision not to continue the trial for plain error.17 The
facts do not support such a finding. As we concluded above, the
court’s ruling limited the scope of Rhoades’ testimony but neither
excluded it nor eviscerated it. While counsel stated at the time
that the court’s ruling had “a particular implication” for the
plaintiffs’ case, the transcript shows that Rhoades nonetheless
presented his opinion over the course of an entire afternoon and
morning and part of a second afternoon. We cannot say, therefore,
that the trial court committed error, let alone error that cast
doubt on the fairness of the proceeding or that seriously affected
the McAfees’ substantial rights.18
17
See United States v. Kizzee, 150 F.3d 497, 500-501 (5th Cir.
2000) (explaining that when a party does not move for a continuance
in the trial court, “his assertion [of error] is reversed for plain
error only”).
18
In a footnote to their principal brief and again at oral
argument, the McAfees also accused the trial court of informing
Murray of its revised ruling outside of their presence. By quoting
a lawyer’s words out of context, the McAfees have rested on too
slim a reed. Our reading of the transcript in no way supports the
McAfees’ accusation.
13
B.
Second, the McAfees contend that the court improperly
prevented them from using Rhoades’ survey to prove that other
Murray mowers exhibited signs of arcing; to impeach Elmy’s
testimony that Murray had no prior knowledge of arcing; and to show
Murray’s awareness of a dangerous condition. We disagree.
Rule 703, as we explained previously, requires the trial court
“(1) to ensure that an expert’s testimony rests upon a reliable
foundation, (2) to ensure that all scientific testimony or evidence
is reliable and relevant, and (3) to exclude scientific evidence
‘if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice.”19 The survey showed that other Murray
lawnmowers of the same vintage and/or model exhibited signs of
arcing. To the extent that its findings concerned Murray
lawnmowers of the same vintage but not the same or a substantially
similar model, the survey was irrelevant.20 To the extent that its
findings concerned Murray mowers of the same or a substantially
similar model, however, the survey was possibly relevant.
The McAfees contend that the surveyed mowers were
substantially similar to the accident mower because all used the
19
Guillory, 95 F.3d at 1330-31 (citing Marcel v. Pladic Oil Co.,
11 F.3d 563, 567 (5th Cir. 1994)); see also Daubert, 509 U.S. at
589.
20
There is no evidence suggesting that the battery restraint
system on those mowers was identical to that used on the McAfees’
mower.
14
same type of battery restraint system and had similarly designed
grills, headlights, steering wheels, seat mechanisms, deck levers,
decks, and fenders. The one relevant feature in this list is the
battery restraint system. But considering the integrated accident
theory advanced by Rhoades, this one characteristic cannot fairly
be said to make a group of lawnmowers substantially similar.
Moreover, the trial court determined that the McAfees could not
account for the maintenance, modification, and abandonment
histories of the surveyed lawnmowers—factors that the court deemed
to be critical to ascertaining the relevance and reliability of the
survey. According the trial court the deference it is due under
the abuse standard, we find no error here. Indeed, because Rhoades
was still allowed to explain his arcing theory to the jury, albeit
without referring to his survey, we cannot say that the McAfees’
substantial rights would have been affected even if the trial court
had erred in excluding the survey.
The McAfees also assert that the survey should have been
admitted to impeach the testimony of Murray’s expert, Elmy, and to
prove Murray’s awareness of a dangerous condition. The survey
evidence would not have contradicted Elmy’s testimony or shown that
Murray was aware of any arcing problem. Elmy testified that he had
no experience with accidents involving battery defects in Murray
mowers. Even assuming the survey showed evidence of a history of
arcing, it would not prove that Murray was aware of that problem or
that Elmy had testified falsely. The one case that the McAfees
15
cite does not support their argument. In Shields v. Sturm, Ruger
& Company, we stated that reports of product-related accidents
submitted to the manufacturer could be introduced to show awareness
of a product defect on its part, even if the accidents were not
substantially similar to the one at issue.21 There is no evidence
in this case, however, that Murray had any awareness of the history
of the mowers surveyed by Rhoades, let alone that any reports of
arcing problems in those or other mowers had been submitted to it.
In short, the survey showed nothing about Murray’s knowledge.
C.
Third, the McAfees contend that the court erroneously allowed
Elmy to offer a previously undisclosed opinion that the mower
overturned to the left—not to the right, as Elmy had initially
stated. The record belies this representation of Elmy’s testimony.
Elmy stated at his first deposition that he assumed that the mower
had overturned to the right. At his second deposition, however, he
stated that “It’s more likely it turned to the left than to the
right, based on the facts as I understand them.” Furthermore, the
transcript of the second deposition shows that the McAfees’ counsel
acknowledged receiving notice of the updated basis of Elmy’s
opinion: “[Y]ou have given me now what I take to be a thorough set
of facts that lead you to believe it turned to the left.”
21
864 F.2d 379, 381 (5th Cir. 1989).
16
Accordingly, there was no abuse of discretion here.22
D.
Fourth, the McAfees contend that the court improperly
prevented them from calling Sassaman, who was listed by Murray as
a “will call” witness in the final pretrial order,23 to rebut Elmy’s
opinion that the mower rolled over to the left. Rebuttal evidence
is generally allowed to counter new facts presented in the
defendant’s presentation of proof or to rebut evidence unavailable
earlier through no fault of the plaintiff.24 In this context, “new
22
The McAfees changed tacks in their reply brief, arguing that
Elmy’s testimony was unreliably speculative. We will not consider
an argument raised for the first time in a reply brief because it
deprives the appellee of the opportunity to respond to it . See
Whitehead v. Food Max of Miss., Inc., 163 F.3d 265, 270 (5th Cir.
1998); Knighten v. Commissioner, 702 F.2d 59, 60 n.1 (5th Cir.
1983).
23
The McAfees accuse Murray of trickery with regard to Sassaman.
They suggest that Murray improperly released him without notice in
order to prevent them from examining him. This accusation is
baseless. Murray was under no obligation to call Sassaman, despite
its designation of him as a “will call” witness. The final
pretrial order states: “The listing of a WILL CALL witness herein
constitutes a representation, upon which opposing counsel may rely,
that the witness will be present at trial in the absence of
reasonable written notice to opposing counsel to the contrary.”
The court explained, however, that “all that means is that they
have to have him here ready at the courthouse. That doesn’t mean
that they have to call him.” The facts show that Murray failed to
accord the McAfees’ counsel professional courtesy; however, they do
not show trickery.
24
Tramonte v. Fibreboard Corp., 947 F.2d 762, 764 (5th Cir.
1991); see also Morgan v. Commercial Union Assurance Co., 606 F.2d
554, 555 (5th Cir. 1979) (“Rebuttal is a term of art, denoting
evidence introduced by a Plaintiff to meet new facts brought out in
his opponent's case in chief.”).
17
facts” are those matters that are new to the trier of fact.25 This
follows from the rule that “rebuttal evidence is designed to meet
facts not raised before the defendant’s case in chief, not facts
which could have been raised.”26 The purpose of this rule is to
allow the plaintiff to present whatever evidence it deems necessary
to making its prima facie case without requiring it to anticipate
and negate the defendant’s case in its own case in chief.27 Within
these parameters, “[t]he scope of rebuttal testimony is ordinarily
a matter to be left to the sound discretion of the trial judge.”28
The issue we face is not whether the McAfees had a right or an
opportunity to overcome Elmy’s testimony but whether Elmy’s
testimony about the direction of the roll raised a new matter.29
The record shows that it did not. Rhoades testified at length in
the McAfees’ case in chief about the topic, carefully explaining
his opinion that the mower had rolled to the right. It was the
McAfees, therefore, who first placed the matter before the jury.
Murray obviously used Elmy to respond to Rhoades’ testimony about
25
Rodriquez v. Olin Corp., 780 F.2d 491, 496 (5th Cir. 1986)
(“[E]vidence is new if, under all the facts and circumstances, the
court concludes that the evidence was not fairly and adequately
presented to the trier of fact before the defendant's case in
chief.”).
26
Id.
27
See id.
28
Tramonte, 947 F.2d at 764.
29
See Rodriquez, 780 F.2d at 495.
18
the direction of the roll, among other matters. In any event, on
cross-examination, the McAfees had the opportunity to question Elmy
about the evolution of his opinion. In addition, because Elmy’s
opinion was known to the McAfees well before the trial, Sassaman’s
testimony was not required to rebut any previously unavailable
fact. In short, Sassaman was not a proper rebuttal witness.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding his testimony.30
E.
Fifth, the McAfees contend that the court erroneously
prevented them from calling Dixon to counter Elmy’s testimony that
Murray had no prior knowledge of any arcing problem with the
lawnmower model owned by the McAfees. As we explained in the
previous section, a court has broad discretion over the
presentation of rebuttal evidence. This discretion is not without
bounds and must be tempered “where the probative value of proffered
evidence is potentially high and where such evidence, though
admissible on the case in chief, was unnecessary for the plaintiff
to establish in its prima facie case.”31
30
Because we find that Sassaman was not a proper rebuttal
witness, we need not consider the merits of the McAfees’ further
assertion that they should have been allowed to call him as an
adverse witness even though he had been retained by Murray as an
expert.
31
Weiss v. Chrysler Motors Corp., 515 F.2d 449, 457-58 (2d Cir.
1975) (internal citations omitted), cited in Rodriquez, 780 F.2d at
496.
19
Dixon apparently would have testified that Murray was aware of
arcing problems. Such testimony would certainly have been
probative. But it also was a necessary element of the McAfees’
prima facie case under Mississippi product liability law.32
Accordingly, Dixon would not have been a proper rebuttal witness,
although he (or someone else) would have been a necessary and
proper witness in the McAfees’ case in chief. Furthermore, the
McAfees failed to disclose Dixon as a possible witness in the
pretrial order.33 For these reasons, and because Dixon was not even
available to testify when the McAfees attempted to call him, the
court did not abuse its discretion in excluding his testimony.
F.
Finally, the McAfees assert that the judge “subtly over the
course of the trial” and erroneously limited evidence of feasible
alternative designs to designs available as of 1989, the year the
mower was manufactured. This argument is meritless, not least
because the McAfees fail to identify any particular adverse
32
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63 (2002) (“In any action alleging that
a product is defective because of its design . . . , the
manufacturer or product seller shall not be liable if the claimant
does not prove by the preponderance of the evidence that at the
time the product left the control of the manufacturer or seller:
(i) [it] knew, or in light of reasonably available knowledge or in
the exercise of reasonable care should have known, about the danger
that caused the damage for which recovery is sought. . . .”).
33
See Lirette v. Popich Bros. Water Transp., Inc., 660 F.2d 142,
144-45 (5th Cir. 1981) (“The trial judge is granted broad
discretion in modifying pre-trial orders to admit witnesses not
listed in the order.”).
20
evidentiary ruling for us to review. In any event, contrary to the
McAfees’ argument, the record shows that the court explicitly ruled
in a pretrial order that evidence of any design or modification
available through the year of the accident, 1996, would be
admitted.
III.
The McAfees next contend that the trial court made two errors
in instructing the jury. First, they argue that the instruction on
design defect was erroneous. Second, they argue that the court
gave an improper Allen charge. We disagree on both accounts.
A.
The McAfees complain that the court’s charge relating to their
design defect claim was abstract and failed to specify the
particular defects they alleged. When a party fails to object to
the jury instructions given, as here, we review for plain error.34
“Failure to object to the jury charge in the trial court precludes
review on appeal unless the error is so fundamental as to result in
a miscarriage of justice.”35 When a party complains about the
court’s failure to give a proposed instruction, it
must show as a threshold matter that the proposed
instruction correctly stated the law. If a party makes
this threshold showing, [it] must then demonstrate that
34
Russell v. Plano Bank & Turst, 130 F.3d 715, 721 (5th Cir.
1997); Barber v. Nabors Drilling U.S.A., Inc., 130 F.3d 702, 710
(5th Cir. 1997).
35
Barber, 130 F.3d at 710 (quoting Farrar v. Cain, 756 F.2d
1148, 1150 (5th Cir. 1985)).
21
the actual charge as a whole creates substantial and
ineradicable doubt whether the jury has been properly
guided in its deliberations. But if the charge correctly
states the substance of the law, we will not reverse.36
Because the McAfees cannot make their required initial
showing, we find no error. The McAfees’ proposed instructions
merely presented their theory of the case—not the applicable law.
Even if they had made the threshold showing, however, they could
not show error, for the court’s instruction correctly states the
substance of Mississippi product liability law.37 We cannot say,
therefore, that we harbor a “substantial and ineradicable doubt”
that the jury was properly guided by the court’s instructions.38
B.
We review the trial court’s decision to give a supplemental
Allen-type charge in this civil case for abuse of discretion.39 A
court has wide discretion to determine whether an Allen charge will
coerce the jury into returning a verdict it would not otherwise
36
Julian v. City of Houston, Tex., 314 F.3d 721, 727 (5th Cir.
2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
37
Miss. Code Ann. § 11-1-63; Daniels v. GNB, Inc., 629 So.2d
595, 600 (Miss. 1993) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 402A
(1965)).
38
The McAfees rely on the jury’s question to the court—“If we
find that it was not Murray’s fault that the mower turned over, do
we deliberate further?”—in their argument that the instruction was
erroneous. While the question reveals some confusion on the part
of the jury, it does not alone establish that the instruction was
erroneous.
39
North Tex. Producers Ass’n v. Metzger Dairies, Inc., 348 F.2d
189, 193 (5th Cir. 1965); see also Allen v. United States, 164 U.S.
492 (1896).
22
reach.40 The McAfees assert that the charge given was coercive
under the circumstances. In particular, they note that only thirty
minutes elapsed between the charge and the verdict. Considering
that the charge was given towards the end of the second day of
deliberations, we do not find the timing of the charge inherently
coercive. Furthermore, considering that we have approved of Allen
charges given within seventeen minutes of the verdict, we do not
find the rapidity of the verdict after the charge inherently
indicative of coercion.41 Accordingly, we find no abuse.42
IV.
Finally, the McAfees contend that the trial court allowed and
even “aided” and “endorsed” various discovery abuses on the part of
Murray. Although their brief chiefly complains about Murray’s
behavior during discovery, the McAfees implicitly (if only
peripherally) challenge four discovery orders. But they make no
effort to identify or analyze the court’s errors. Rather, they
merely identify four adverse orders in the course of their
narrative about the discovery phase of the lawsuit. Consequently,
we must consider their claims of error related to the trial court’s
40
United States v. Gordon, 780 F.2d 1165, 1177 (5th Cir. 1986).
41
See Bryan v. Wainwright, 511 F.2d 644, 645 (5th Cir. 1975);
see also Lowenfeld v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 240 (1988) (finding a
supplemental charge given within thirty minutes was not coercive);
Montoya v. Scott, 65 F.3d 405, 411 (5th Cir. 1995) (finding that a
charge within forty minutes of verdict was not coercive).
42
We reject the McAfees’ additional indication of coercion—that
the instruction was generally confusing—based on our previous
conclusion that the jury instruction was not erroneous.
23
discovery orders to be abandoned for being inadequately briefed.43
Despite our holding grounded in procedure, we have examined
the four adverse orders and are satisfied that they present no
reversible error on the merits. Each of the orders concerned a
request made after the close of discovery on January 21, 2000.
Accordingly, they would be reviewed for abuse of discretion.44
The first order, issued on February 8, 2000, prohibited the
McAfees from continuing their deposition of Elmy for a fourth day.
The court concluded that, in the light of its order allowing
additional (out-of-time) depositions of other Murray personnel, it
was “unnecessary and repetitious for plaintiffs to continue
deposing Elmy.” It noted that “[p]laintiffs have repeatedly asked
the same questions of Elmy which he has been unable to answer.”
Given the court’s assessment of the futility of the McAfees’
request, and considering that discovery had already closed, we
cannot say that the court’s order was an abuse.
The second and third orders, issued on March 15, 2000 and
September 21, 2000, denied the McAfees’ motion to compel filed on
February 9, 2000, and their nearly identical supplemental motion to
compel filed on March 1, 2000. The motions complained that Murray
had failed to adequately respond to requests for document
43
L&A Contracting Co. v. Southern Concrete Servs., Inc., 17 F.3d
106, 113 (5th Cir. 1994) (“[W]e consider the challenge abandoned
for being inadequately briefed.”).
44
Gulf Guar. Life Ins. Co. v. Connecticut General Life Ins. Co.,
304 F.3d 476, 488 (5th Cir. 2002).
24
production dated August 3, 1999, and December 20, 1999. On appeal,
the McAfees fail to identify any particular aspect of these orders
that was in error. In any event, our review has revealed no abuse
in either order.
With respect to the August 3 requests, the trial court
concluded that the McAfees had waited too long to seek an order to
compel production. This decision was not an abuse of the court’s
discretion to reopen discovery or its authority under its local
rules to control discovery. The McAfees received Murray’s
responses and objections to the August 3 requests on September 3,
1999. Thus, they waited over five months to file their motions to
compel. More significantly, they filed the motions after discovery
had closed.
The remainder of the motions concerned the requests issued on
December 20, 1999. The trial court granted the motions in part and
denied them in part. With regard to the portions it denied, the
court first explained that it could not compel the disclosure of
certain documents that Murray denied existed. Because the McAfees
failed to prove that the requested documents did exist, the court
did not abuse its discretion. Finally, the court explained that
the McAfees’ remaining requests were overbroad. Because the
McAfees altogether fail to explain how their requests were not
overbroad, we find no abuse.
The fourth order, issued on September 22, 2000, granted
Murray’s motion for a protective order relieving it of any
25
obligation to respond to the multiple discovery requests the
McAfees served on February 7, 2000. The court explained that the
requests were made after the close of discovery; that the McAfees
had long known that Murray’s responses to their requests may have
been inadequate and therefore could not show cause for their
untimely requests; and that the McAfees’ fifty-two requests far
exceeded the court-ordered limit of thirty discovery requests per
side. Again, we find no abuse here.45
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
AFFIRMED.
45
Lastly, we reject the McAfees’ claim of cumulative error.
Because there were no individual errors, we find no cumulative
error.
26