AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed March 20, 2014.
S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-12-00551-CR
KEITH BRONSHA PAUL, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 7
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F10-42449-Y
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Moseley, Francis, and Lang
Opinion by Justice Lang
Following a plea of not guilty, appellant Keith Bronsha Paul was convicted by a jury of
aggravated robbery with a dangerous weapon. Punishment was assessed at thirty years’
confinement.
Appellant asserts two issues on appeal. Specifically, appellant contends the trial court
erred by (1) precluding appellant from questioning the venire regarding the enhanced range of
punishment and (2) commenting on the weight of the evidence in the court’s response to the
jury’s note.
For the reasons stated below, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The testimony at trial shows that on December 15, 2010, Ashleigh Price (“Price”) went
shopping with her sister-in-law, Christina Boykins (“Boykins”), and Boykins’s daughter. After
they drove back to Boykins’s apartment complex, Price got out of the passenger seat and was
approached by a man, who she later identified as appellant. Appellant asked Price where a
particular apartment was located within the complex. As Price responded, appellant reached into
his trousers and pulled out a gun. He pointed the gun at Price’s face and told her, “Give me your
bag.” Price complied.
Appellant then walked around the car to Boykins and her daughter. At this point,
Boykins had taken her daughter from the vehicle and had placed her in a carrier on the ground
between Boykins and appellant. Boykins also handed appellant her bag. Appellant told both
women, “Don’t call the police,” and then fled on foot, through a hole in a damaged fence nearby.
Shortly thereafter, Price and Boykins flagged down Mesquite Police Officer Peter
Velasquez, who was patrolling the area, and told him they had just been robbed. Price described
the assailant to the officer and stated the direction in which he had fled.
After leaving the scene and driving in the direction Price had described, Officer
Velasquez observed a vehicle driving away from the complex at a very high rate of speed. He
then pulled his vehicle behind the speeder, turned on his overhead lights, and initiated a traffic
stop. The speeding vehicle turned into an apartment complex and stopped. The driver jumped
out of that vehicle and fled on foot.
Officer Velasquez drove slowly past the vehicle he had pursued to verify that there was
no one else inside. He then followed the suspect, first in his car and then on foot, over a highway
and into a heavily wooded area. Velasquez followed the suspect for some time, but stopped his
pursuit when he reached the wooded area to wait for backup. Shortly thereafter, more officers
arrived at the scene, and the suspect was captured. Velasquez identified the suspect in open
court as appellant.
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In the vehicle appellant had abandoned, officers recovered appellant’s identification card,
Price’s purse and identification card, and Boykins’s purse and identification card. After
appellant’s arrest, Price identified appellant from a blind, sequential six-photo lineup.
II. ERROR IN QUESTIONING THE VENIRE ON ENHANCED RANGE OF
PUNISHMENT
A. Standard of Review
The trial court enjoys “broad discretion over the process of selecting a jury.” Fuller v.
State, 363 S.W.3d 583, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748,
755-56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (en banc)). Consequently, the reviewing court leaves to the trial
court’s discretion the propriety of a particular question and will not disturb the trial court’s
decision absent an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion is found where the trial court
“prohibits a proper question about a proper area of inquiry.” Id. “A question is proper if it seeks
to discover a juror’s views on an issue applicable to the case.” Id.
B. Applicable Law
To determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in prohibiting a voir dire
question, the reviewing court must decide “’if the appellant proffered a proper question’ - one
which is both ‘appropriately phrased and relevant.’” Dewalt v. State, 307 S.W.3d 437, 457 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2010, pet. ref’d) (quoting Caldwell v. State, 818 S.W.2d 790, 793-94 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991)). “If an appellant does not actually frame a question to the trial court, nothing is
preserved for review.” Id. Likewise, error is not preserved where an appellant merely informs
the trial court of the general subject area from which he seeks to propound questions. Id. (citing
Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 756). Consequently, to preserve error, an appellant “must show that he was
prevented from asking particular questions that were proper.” Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 756
(emphasis in original). “That the trial court generally disapproved of an area of inquiry from
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which proper questions could have been formulated is not enough because the trial court might
have allowed the proper question had it been submitted for the court's consideration.” Id. (citing
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A)).
Appellant waives “any error relating to the voir dire process” when he affirmatively
states he has no objection to the jury as seated. Harrison v. State, 333 S.W.3d 810, 812 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). For instance, where a trial court asked appellant
twice - once after he filed a pre-typed motion and once after he presented his offer of proof to the
trial court about what questions he would have asked - but the appellant affirmatively stated
twice that he had no objections to the seating of the jury, appellant was held to have waived any
error relating to the voir dire process. Id. at 812-13.
C. Application of the Law to the Facts
In the case before us, appellant was charged by indictment with aggravated robbery with
a deadly weapon, a felony punishable by confinement for life or for a term of between five and
ninety-nine years. The indictment also included an enhancement paragraph alleging a prior
felony conviction. Were the enhancement paragraph proven true, the applicable punishment
range would be increased from five to ninety-nine years to fifteen to ninety-nine years.
Appellant complains the trial court prevented him from questioning the venire about this
enhanced range of punishment. Specifically, appellant contends, since he was “unable to
determine if the venire had any concerns or prejudice as to whether 15 years was too much or not
enough time, as the case may have been,” he was “denied the opportunity to intelligently
exercise his jury challenges.” The State responds, inter alia, that appellant failed to preserve his
voir dire complaint for review for two reasons. First, the State contends appellant did not
articulate for the record what questions he was prevented from asking the venire regarding the
enhanced punishment range. Also, appellant did not object to the jury as seated.
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The record reflects a bench conference occurred during the defense’s portion of the voir
dire. Appellant requested permission to voir dire the panel on the enhanced punishment range,
but the trial court denied that request. However, appellant’s counsel did not state for the record
any particular questions he intended to ask the panel. Additionally, after his request for
permission to question was denied, appellant affirmatively stated he had no objection to the jury
as it was seated.
We agree with the State that appellant has not preserved his voir dire complaint for
review. Nothing in the record shows what particular questions appellant was prevented from
asking. See Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 756. The trial court generally disapproved of questioning about
the enhanced punishment range. This is a subject regarding which proper questions could have
been formulated. However, appellant’s request alone is not enough to preserve error. See id.
Moreover, appellant waived any objections to the voir dire process by stating on the record that
he had “no objections” to the jury as seated. See Harrison, 333 S.W.3d at 812-13; see also
Wright v. State, No. 05-10-00186-CR, 2012 WL 3104381, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 11,
2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding appellant failed to preserve
error by affirmatively stating “no objection” when the trial court asked if either side had any
objections to seating the jury).
We conclude appellant has failed to preserve his voir dire complaint for review.
Consequently, we decide against appellant on his first issue.
III. COMMENT ON THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE
In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by commenting on the weight
of the evidence in its response to a note from the jury.
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A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
“[A]s a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must show
that the complaint was made to the trial court by a specific and timely, request, objection, or
motion.” Gillenwaters v. State, 205 S.W.3d 534, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (“As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the
record must show that…the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection,
or motion that…stated the grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial
court with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific
grounds were apparent from the context.”). Generally, a complaint is “adequately specific” if the
appellant lets the trial court know what he wants and why he is entitled to it. Id. (citing Lankston
v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).
In a criminal trial, “if the jury disagree as to the statement of any witness they may, upon
applying to the court, have read to them from the court reporter's notes that part of such witness
testimony or the particular point in dispute, and no other.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
36.28. “The jury must disagree about a specified part of testimony before the statement of a
witness may be read to them.” Moore v. State, 874 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
The statute does not require that the jury use any particular words to express its disagreement.
Howell v. State, 175 S.W.3d 786, 793 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
“This disagreement must be made known to the trial judge by the jury so that it is proper
to read the testimony and so that the judge will know what testimony is in dispute. That is how a
trial court determines a request is proper.” Moore, 874 S.W.2d at 673. If the request is proper,
the trial court must then “interpret the communication, decide which sections of the testimony
will best answer the inquiry, and then limit the rereading accordingly.” Render v. State, 316
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S.W.3d 846, 854 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. ref’d), cert. denied, 131 S.Ct. 1533 (2011)
(citing Brown v. State, 870 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)).
Additionally, “the general rule that prohibits the court from singling out a particular piece
of evidence in its instructions to the jury given prior to jury deliberations does not necessarily
apply when the court merely responds to the jury's question concerning a subject identified by
the jury alone.” Lucio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 873, 877 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). For example, in
Lucio, during sentencing deliberations, the jury sent two notes to the trial court, the last of which
read, “Does the law prevent a family member from speaking during the sentencing phase, for the
defendant?” Id. at 874. Over defense counsel’s objection, the trial court submitted the following
instruction to the jury:
The law does not prohibit a family member from testifying on behalf of a defendant so
long as the witness has relevant evidence related to an issue in the case. You have heard
all of the witnesses who have been called to testify. Please continue your deliberations.
Id. at 874. The Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that nothing in the trial court’s answer
focused the jury on that subject of dispute. Id. at 877. “Rather, the jury alone focused on that
fact, which prompted its note to the trial court” in that case. Id. Thus, the trial court’s answer
was not an improper comment on the weight of the evidence, but was instead a “correct
statement of the law without expressing any opinion as to the weight of the evidence or assuming
the existence of a disputed fact.” Id.
“The trial court’s decision will not be disturbed unless a clear abuse of discretion and
harm are shown.” Id. A trial court abuses its discretion when “its decision is so clearly wrong as
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to lie outside the zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.” Id. (citing Howell, 175
S.W.3d at 790). 1
B. Application of the Law to the Facts
During its deliberations, the jury sent the following note:
We are disputing what information Ashleigh Price left off her witness statement. We
dispute whether she left of (sic) the fact that there was a baby on the ground, a gun
involved, or both. This was discussed during cross examination.
Before issuing its response, the trial court noted on the record, “I’m going to answer the
question as follows with the cross-examination in it’s [sic] entirety…And I will augment it with
there may have been discussion during the direct examination that could further resolve your
issues but that is not the question that has been asked.” Appellant objected to the trial court’s
“augmentation.” Overruling appellant’s objection, the trial court ultimately responded to the
note as follows:
There was no testimony during cross examination pertaining to “a gun involved.” There
may have been discussion of the gun during direct examination that might resolve any
additional questions that you might have. You are reminded again that you are entitled to
inspect any exhibits that were admitted in evidence.
1
For example, where a jury’s note stated they were in disagreement concerning a particular topic of the witness’s testimony, but the note only
specifically mentioned the direct examination, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in interpreting the sentence “we are in disagreement
concerning this matter” as an expression of disagreement concerning the witness’s entire testimony related to that topic and thus allowing the jury
to hear both the witness’s direct and cross-examination, but related only to that topic. Iness v. State, 606 S.W.2d 306, 314 (Tex. Crim. App.
1980) (en banc). In contrast, a trial court did abuse its discretion when the jury requested only the date and time of a particular incident, and the
court responded by ordering all of the testimony of the arresting officer to be read, none of which related to the date and time of the incident as
requested by the jury. Id. (citing Pugh v. State, 376 S.W.2d 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964)).
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Attached to the trial court’s response was a copy of Price’s cross-examination testimony. The
jury did not request, nor was the jury provided with a copy of the direct examination testimony
referred to by the trial court’s response.
Appellant asserts specifically the trial court “suggested the weight of the evidence” by
instructing the jury to compare Price’s direct testimony, which was not requested by or provided
to the jury, to her cross-examination testimony, which was. Appellant argues that, in providing
this response to the jury’s note, the trial court “invaded the jury’s role of fact finder.”
The State responds that the trial court properly provided the jury with the means
necessary to resolve its factual dispute. The State also contends the trial court’s response to the
jury’s note was not a comment on the weight of the evidence.
In the trial court, counsel for appellant made no specific objection to the trial court’s
response to the jury note, but only a general comment and objection as to the trial court’s
“augmentation” and the trial court’s “additional statement that disputes involving a firearm could
have been in the direct examination.” This general comment was insufficient to preserve error
on this point. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A).
Nevertheless, we cannot conclude the trial court erred. First, the jury’s note read, “We
are disputing what information Ashleigh Price left off her witness statement.” This language is
similar to the note language in Iness, which stated “we are in disagreement concerning this
matter.” See Iness, 606 S.W.2d at 314. In that case, as in ours, despite the reference to a specific
point during the witness’s examination, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in interpreting
this note as “an expression of disagreement concerning the witness’s entire testimony related to
that topic.” See id. The Iness court even permitted the jury to hear both the witness’s direct and
cross-examination testimony on the topic in question, despite the jury’s specific reference to only
the witness’s direct testimony. See id. In the case before us, the trial court did not provide both
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Price’s direct and cross-examination testimony, but only indicated in its answer there “may have
been” discussion of a gun during Price’s direct examination. See id. Consistent with Iness, by
providing the jury only with Price’s cross-examination testimony, as the jury requested, and
limiting its response about Price’s direct testimony related to that topic, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in its ultimate response to the jury. See id.
Second, the trial court’s response to the jury’s note was not an improper comment on the
weight of the evidence. Following the general rule stated in Lucio, the trial court merely
responded to a “subject identified by the jury alone”; that is, the testimony about the presence of
a gun involved and/or a baby on the ground. See Lucio, 353 S.W.3d at 877. Since the jury itself
inquired about these specific subjects and because the trial court’s response merely addressed
those subjects, the trial court did not provide an improper comment on the weight of the
evidence. See id.
Consequently, we decide against appellant on his second issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
We decide against appellant on his two issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Douglas S. Lang/
DOUGLAS S. LANG
JUSTICE
Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)
120551F.U05
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
KEITH BRONSHA PAUL, Appellant On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
No. 7, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-12-00551-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. F10-42449-Y.
Opinion delivered by Justice Lang. Justices
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Moseley and Francis participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 20th day of March, 2014.
/Douglas S. Lang
DOUGLAS S. LANG
JUSTICE
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