NUMBER 13-13-00268-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
OVIDIO GARCIA JR., Appellant,
v.
OMAR ESCOBAR, RAMON DE LA CRUZ
AND UNKNOWN PERSONS AND/OR ENTITIES, Appellees.
On appeal from the 93rd District Court of
Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
We issued a memorandum opinion affirming the trial court’s judgment in this cause
on February 20, 2014. Appellant Ovidio Garcia Jr., pro se, filed a motion for rehearing
which we denied on March 17, 2014. However, we now withdraw our previous
memorandum opinion and judgment issued on February 20, 2014 and substitute the
following memorandum opinion and judgment in their place. See TEX. R. APP. P. 19.1(b)
(stating that our plenary power over a judgment generally expires 30 days after all timely
filed motions for rehearing are overruled).
In this restricted appeal, Garcia challenges the trial court’s judgment rendered in
favor of appellees, Omar Escobar1 et al., in a declaratory judgment action. We affirm in
part and reverse and remand in part.
I. BACKGROUND
In 1991, Garcia and Eustorgio Guzman Resendez were indicted for the capital
murders of Ruben Piña, Gregorio Piña, Alejandro Garcia, and Juan Arguelles. Garcia
pleaded guilty to capital murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment.2 Garcia v. State,
75 S.W.3d 493, 495 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d) (affirming conviction).
Garcia and Resendez filed the instant declaratory judgment action on January 20,
2011, in the 93rd Judicial District Court of Hidalgo County, Texas. 3 They sought a
declaration
stating that Defendants, Starr County Justice of the Peace Antonia Treviño,
Starr County Justice of the Peace Ramon de la Cruz and Starr County
District Attorney Heriberto Silva, have a duty, pursuant to Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure Chapter 49, to exhume the remains alleged to have
been those of Ruben Piña, Gregorio Piña, Alejandro Garcia and Juan
1 Escobar is the District Attorney for the 229th Judicial District.
2 Garcia pleaded guilty in 1992 to the murder of two of the victims as alleged in the indictment, and
the murder counts as to the remaining victims were dismissed. Garcia v. State, 75 S.W.3d 493, 496 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d). Resendez was convicted of capital murder after a trial and was
sentenced to life imprisonment. Resendez v. State, 860 S.W.2d 605, 606 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993,
pet. ref’d).
3 The lawsuit named Antonia Treviño, Ramon de la Cruz, Heriberto de la Silva, and “Unknown
Persons and/or Entities” as defendants. Escobar was not named as a defendant in the original petition, but
was named as a defendant in an amended petition filed after summary judgment was rendered. The original
petition—which was signed by Garcia and Resendez—named Garcia, Resendez and “Unknown Persons
and/or Entities” as plaintiffs.
2
Arguelles and to re-open an inquest, in conjunction thereto, for identification
and investigatory purposes . . . .
The petition alleged that the remains of the four victims were found “inside a burned
vehicle” in Starr County, Texas,4 and that the remains “had no hands, no legs and no
distinguishable features” and were “burned beyond recognition.” Garcia and Resendez
argued that an inquest should be reopened because an initial inquest was not performed
and because the remains “have not been identified as that of human origin, male or
female much less as those of specific individuals as it is alleged in the indictment . . . .”
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. ch. 49 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.).5
Garcia also filed a motion for notice by publication, which the trial court granted by
order dated March 2, 2011. On June 6, 2011, Garcia filed a “Motion to Compel Issuance
of Citation” asserting the following:
The District Cler[k] erroneously issued citation by notice by publication to
the KNOWN Defendants named in the petition for declaratory [judgment].
Plaintiff [l]ater requested that the District Clerk issued [sic] citation pursuant
to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 106. The District Clerk has failed to issue
citation and the Defendants have not been served in this case.
The record does not reflect that the trial court ruled on this motion. Garcia then filed two
petitions for writ of mandamus with this Court seeking to compel the trial court to rule on
4 The petition stated that venue was proper in Hidalgo County because the remains are buried
there.
5 Under chapter 49 of the code of criminal procedure, “[a] justice of the peace shall conduct an
inquest into the death of a person who dies in the county served by the justice if,” among other things, “the
body or a body part of a person is found, the cause or circumstances of death are unknown, and . . . the
person is unidentified.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 49.04(a)(3)(B) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d
C.S.). “A justice of the peace may reopen an inquest if, based on information provided by a credible person
or facts within the knowledge of the justice of the peace, the justice of the peace determines that reopening
the inquest may reveal a different cause or different circumstances of death.” Id. art. 49.041 (West, Westlaw
through 2013 3d C.S.). “If a body or body part subject to investigation . . . is interred and an authorized
person has not conducted an inquest required under this subchapter, a justice of the peace may direct the
disinterment of the body or body part in order to conduct an inquest.” Id. art. 49.09(a) (West, Westlaw
through 2013 3d C.S.).
3
the motion. We denied the petitions. See In re Garcia, No. 13-12-00485-CV, 2012 WL
3136113 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 1, 2012, orig. proceeding) (mem. op. per
curiam); In re Garcia, No. 13-11-00731-CV, 2011 WL 5855110 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi Nov. 22, 2011, orig. proceeding) (mem. op. per curiam).
Appellees then filed a “Verified Answer and Motion for Summary Judgment” on
Friday, January 11, 2013. The motion argued that Garcia’s petition was moot under the
doctrine of res judicata. In particular, appellees noted that the San Antonio court of
appeals ruled in a 2010 case involving the same underlying offense that Garcia’s request
for DNA testing pursuant to code of criminal procedure article 64 was properly denied.
See Garcia v. State, 327 S.W.3d 269, 271–73 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. ref’d).
The San Antonio court noted that the term “identity” as used in article 64.03(a)(1)(B)—
which permits DNA testing only if, among other requirements, “identity was or is an issue
in the case,” see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 64.03(a)(1)(B) (West, Westlaw through
2013 3d C.S.)—“means the identity of the perpetrator, not the identity of the victim.”
Garcia, 327 S.W.3d at 273. Because uncertainty as to the identity of the victims—not the
perpetrator—was the basis of Garcia’s motion, he was not entitled to DNA testing. See
id. Appellees argued that this ruling compels summary judgment dismissing Garcia’s
declaratory judgment action.
Appellees also filed a separate motion to quash citation on January 11, 2013
making the same argument as their motion for summary judgment. The two motions,
which were verified by an assistant district attorney, stated that Garcia previously filed a
motion to exhume the remains of the victims “as a companion” to the motion for DNA
testing at issue in the San Antonio case. According to appellees, Garcia’s prior motion
4
argued that, “because of the burned condition of the [victims’ remains], the State, as a
matter of fact or law, or both, could not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [Garcia]
murdered the three (3) persons he confessed to having murdered by way of a jury trial in
the early 1990’s.”6 Appellees argued that Garcia “did not raise this claim on direct appeal,
and the Plaintiffs’ purported 2011 original Petition for declaratory judgment does not show
this Court how it can be properly[ ]used to establish legal insufficiency of evidence” or “to
establish one’s right to an exhumation under any extant theory of law.”
On Monday, January 14, 2013—the next business day following the filing of
appellees’ motions—the trial court rendered two separate orders: one granting the
summary judgment motion and another granting the motion to quash citation.7
Garcia filed a notice of restricted appeal on May 22, 2013, specifically challenging
the trial court’s order granting the motion to quash citation. The notice states that Garcia
6
As noted, a 2002 opinion by the San Antonio court stated that Garcia in fact pleaded guilty to two
murders and two other murder counts were dismissed. See Garcia, 75 S.W.3d at 496.
7
On February 28, 2013, Garcia filed a motion for default judgment based on Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 122, which states:
If the citation or service thereof is quashed on motion of the defendant, such defendant
shall be deemed to have entered his appearance at ten o’clock a.m. on the Monday next
after the expiration of twenty (20) days after the day on which the citation or service is
quashed, and such defendant shall be deemed to have been duly served so as to require
him to appear and answer at that time, and if he fails to do so, judgment by default may be
rendered against him.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 122. Garcia argued that, since the trial court’s order quashing citation was rendered on
January 14, 2013, the defendants were “deemed to have been duly served” at 10:00 a.m. on Monday,
February 4, 2013. Garcia further argued that default judgment should be awarded in his favor because the
defendants did not file an answer after the motion to quash was granted.
The record contains no ruling by the trial court on Garcia’s motion for default judgment; nor does it
show that Garcia complained about the trial court’s failure to rule. Accordingly, to the extent Garcia
contends on appeal that the trial court should have granted default judgment in his favor, no issue has been
preserved for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2) (“As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for
appellate review, the record must show that . . . the trial court: (A) ruled on the request, objection, or motion,
either expressly or implicitly; or (B) refused to rule on the request, objection, or motion, and the complaining
party objected to the refusal.”).
5
and Resendez were not served with a copy of the motion to quash and that the trial court
did not notify them that the “motion to quash was filed and would be considered and ruled
upon.” Garcia filed an unsworn “Affidavit and/or Bill of Exceptions” on June 14, 2013 in
which he stated that he first received a copy of the motion to quash citation on January
23, 2013, some nine days after the motion was granted. On July 26, 2013, Garcia filed a
verified amended notice of appeal with this Court, see TEX. R. APP. P. 25.1(g), specifically
challenging the summary judgment order and stating that he was “never served” with a
copy of appellees’ motion for summary judgment, nor was he “given notice by the Court
or the District Clerk that the motion . . . was filed and would be considered and ruled
upon . . . .”
II. IDENTITY OF APPELLANTS
As an initial matter, we note that Garcia, the only signatory to the notice of appeal
and appellant’s brief, purports to bring this appeal on behalf of himself and Resendez, his
co-plaintiff. Garcia is not an attorney and is appearing pro se. Accordingly, Garcia may
not seek relief on behalf of Resendez. See, e.g., TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 81.101–.102
(West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.) (defining unauthorized practice of law); TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 38.123 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.) (explaining that the
unauthorized practice of law is a Class A misdemeanor); Crain v. Unauthorized Practice
of Law Comm. of the Sup. Ct. of Tex., 11 S.W.3d 328, 332–34 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (explaining that a person who is not a licensed attorney may not
represent other persons in legal matters); see also In re Garcia, 2011 WL 5855110, at *1.
Resendez is therefore not a party to this appeal.
6
III. RESTRICTED APPEAL
To attack an order by restricted appeal, the appellant must show: (1) he was a
party who did not participate in the hearing that resulted in the judgment complained of;
(2) he filed a notice of appeal within six months after the order was signed; (3) he did not
timely file a post-judgment motion or request findings of fact and conclusions of law; and
(4) error is apparent on the face of the record. TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1(c), 30; Tex. Dep’t of
Pub. Safety v. Fredricks, 235 S.W.3d 275, 278 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, no pet.).
There is no dispute as to the first three elements.8 The only issue, therefore, is whether
error is apparent on the face of the record.
IV. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Garcia identifies three potential errors on the face of the record: (1)
the trial court erred by granting summary judgment because he received insufficient
notice; (2) the trial court erred by granting summary judgment because his suit is not
barred by mootness, res judicata, or collateral estoppel; and (3) the trial court erred by
granting the motion to quash citation.
Garcia argues specifically by his first issue that the order granting summary
judgment was void because (1) he did not receive notice of any hearing on the motion,
and (2) the motion was granted without twenty-one days’ notice. Rule of civil procedure
166a governs summary judgment motions and provides that, “[e]xcept on leave of court,
with notice to opposing counsel, the motion and any supporting affidavits shall be filed
and served at least twenty-one days before the time specified for hearing.” TEX. R. CIV.
P. 166a(c). “The right to summary judgment was unknown to common law and exists in
8The record reflects that there was no “hearing that resulted in the judgment complained of.” TEX.
R. APP. P. 30. Because there was no such hearing, Garcia could not have participated in such a hearing.
7
this State only by virtue of [Rule 166a]”; therefore, “[i]n order to be entitled to the benefits
of the rule all of its terms must be complied with.” Tobin v. Garcia, 316 S.W.2d 396, 400
(Tex. 1958). Under Rule 166a, “an oral hearing on a motion for summary judgment is not
required” but “[n]otice of hearing or submission of a summary judgment motion . . . is
required” because “the hearing date determines the time for response to the motion” and
“without notice of hearing, the respondent cannot know when the response is due.” Martin
v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. 1998) (per curiam); see
Winn v. Martin Homebuilders, Inc., 153 S.W.3d 553, 556 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2004, pet.
denied) (“The notice provisions of Rule 166a are intended to prevent rendition of summary
judgment without the non-movant having full opportunity to respond on the merits of the
motion.”). Absence of actual or constructive notice of the submission of a summary
judgment motion violates a party’s due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment
to the United States Constitution. See Smith v. Mike Carlson Motor Co., 918 S.W.2d 669,
672 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, no writ) (citing Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485
U.S. 80, 84–85 (1988) (“An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in
any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under the
circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them
the opportunity to present their objections.”); Lopez v. Lopez, 757 S.W.2d 721, 723 (Tex.
1988)); see also U.S. CONST. amend. XIV.
In response, appellees merely state that “[t]his Issue must be overruled because,
contrary to its characterization of the original Defendants’ summary judgment Motion as
such, the mandates of [rule of civil procedure] 166a(c) establish that as a matter of law it
8
was not such a Motion.”9 We disagree. The motion at issue was entitled “Motion for
Summary Judgment” and sought exactly the type of relief contemplated by Rule 166a—
i.e., dismissal of the action on grounds that appellees were “entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” See TEX. R. APP. P. 166a(c). Accordingly, Rule 166a applied to the motion
and the trial court erred by granting it without giving at least twenty-one days’ notice to
Garcia.10 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Tobin, 316 S.W.2d at 400; Smith, 918 S.W.2d at
672. Because error has been shown on the face of the record, Garcia has met all the
requirements necessary for a restricted appeal with respect to the summary judgment
order. See Fredricks, 235 S.W.3d 275, 278. We therefore sustain Garcia’s first issue.11
By his third issue, Garcia appears to argue that the trial court erred in granting
Escobar’s motion to quash citation because “[i]t is well established that the only relief
available under [Texas Rule of Civil Procedure] 122 is additional time to answer; dismissal
of the action is not available.”12 Onda Enters. v. Pierce, 750 S.W.2d 812, 813 (Tex.
9 Appellees cite State Bar of Texas v. Heard, in which the Texas Supreme Court noted that “[w]e
look to the substance of a plea for relief to determine the nature of the pleading, not merely at the form of
title given to it.” 603 S.W.2d 829, 833 (Tex. 1980) (orig. proceeding). In Heard, the Court found that a
motion filed by the State Bar captioned as a motion for summary judgment was not in fact such a motion
because it sought an interlocutory order immediately suspending the law license of the real party in interest
while the case for disbarment was pending. Id. Therefore, the Court held that “it is clear from reading the
instrument that the State Bar was not asking, at that point, for summary judgment.” Id. Those
circumstances are simply not present in this case.
10 Garcia emphasizes in his brief that he never received a copy of the summary judgment motion.
We do not express an opinion on whether Garcia ever received a copy of the motion, but merely note that
he could not have received twenty-one days’ notice, as required by the rules, because the motion was
granted on the business day following the filing of the motion. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).
11 Because of our conclusion that the trial court erred in granting the motion for summary judgment
without the required notice, we do not reach Garcia’s second issue arguing that the trial court erred on the
merits in granting the motion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; see also Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485
U.S. 80, 86–87 (1988) (noting that, where a person has been deprived of due process, “it is no answer to
say that in his particular case due process of law would have led to the same result because he had no
adequate defense upon the merits. . . . [O]nly wiping the slate clean would have restored the petitioner to
the position he would have occupied had due process of law been accorded to him in the first place”).
12 Garcia does not complain on appeal that the trial court’s order granting the motion to quash
9
App.—Tyler 1988, no writ). However, the trial court’s order granting the motion to quash
did not state that Garcia’s action was dismissed. In any event, Garcia has not shown that
there was a hearing on the motion, that he was not provided notice of any such hearing,
or that he was entitled to a hearing or notice. We therefore cannot say that the first
element required in a restricted appeal has been met with respect to the motion to quash
citation. See Fredricks, 235 S.W.3d 275, 278. Accordingly, we overrule Garcia’s third
issue.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment granting Escobar’s
motion to quash citation but reverse the trial court’s summary judgment order, and we
remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. See Diles v.
Henderson, 76 S.W.3d 807, 811 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.) (affirming
judgment on restricted appeal upon concluding that no error was apparent on the face of
the record); LCS Corr. Serv. Inc. v. Chavera, No. 13-12-00591-CV, 2013 WL 1384884, at
*3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Apr. 4, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (same); but see In re
Baby Girl S., 353 S.W.3d 589, 591 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.) (dismissing
citation was erroneous because Garcia was not served with the motion. We note that, even if he did make
that argument, it would lack merit. “An appellant who alleges error apparent from the face of the record
due to the absence of notice carries a heavy burden because the record will usually be barren of affirmative
proof of the error claimed.” Robert S. Wilson Invs. No. 16 Ltd. v. Blumer, 837 S.W.2d 860, 861 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ); see Prihoda v. Marek, 797 S.W.2d 170, 171 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
1990, writ denied) (en banc); see also In re S.T.A., No. 13-10-00180-CV, 2011 WL 1204009, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi Mar. 31, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). As noted, Garcia filed a document entitled
“Plaintiff’s Affidavit and/or Bill of Exceptions” on June 14, 2013, stating that he was not timely served with
Escobar’s motion to quash citation. However, this document was not sworn and did not comply with the
requirements of unsworn declarations as provided by statute. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 132.001(c)(2), (e) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). The document therefore cannot be considered
in evaluating whether error was shown on the face of the record.
10
restricted appeal for lack of jurisdiction upon concluding that no error was apparent on
the face of the record).
DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
Justice
Delivered and filed the
15th day of April, 2014.
11