NUMBER 13-12-00234-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellant,
v.
WILLIAM STRICKLAND, Appellee.
On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4
of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Garza, Benavides and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
By one issue, the State appeals the trial court’s granting of appellee William
Strickland’s pre-trial motion to suppress. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In the late afternoon of December 10, 2011, Corpus Christi Police Officer Josie
Ressler received a “be on the lookout” (“BOLO”) alert over her police radio for a maroon
vehicle. At the suppression hearing, the State attempted to elicit more details from
Officer Ressler about the BOLO, but Strickland objected to the proposed testimony on
hearsay grounds. The trial court agreed, sustained Strickland’s objection, and did not
allow any more testimony about the BOLO. Officer Ressler was dispatched later that
day to a Stripes convenience store in Corpus Christi, Texas where a maroon vehicle,
with its back tire completely blown out, was parked. Officer Ressler approached the
vehicle and observed Strickland sitting in the driver’s seat. Officer Ressler asked
Strickland if he had been drinking, and Strickland responded in the affirmative. Officer
Ressler then “pulled [Strickland] out of the vehicle, patted him down for weapons, and . .
. secured him in [her] unit.” According to Officer Ressler, Strickland “didn’t talk much,”
but when he did, “his speech was slurred [and] his eyes . . . were red, bloodshot.” The
officer also stated that once outside the vehicle, Strickland “was very unsteady on his
feet.”
Officer Ressler then called another officer to the scene. The backup officer
arrived, administered field sobriety tests to Strickland, and eventually placed him under
arrest. Strickland was later charged by information with driving while intoxicated, a
Class A misdemeanor. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.04 (West 2011).
On February 2, 2012, Strickland filed a motion to suppress all evidence related to
his arrest. Strickland complained that his arrest was illegal due to the absence of a
lawful warrant. Strickland further argued that Officer Ressler lacked sufficient probable
cause to compensate for the lack of a warrant. The trial court agreed, granted
Strickland’s motion, and issued its findings of fact, inter alia, that “no evidence [was]
2
presented [which shows] that [Strickland] was driving or exercising any control over a
motor vehicle,” and conclusions of law, inter alia, that the State “failed to prove probable
cause for a lawful arrest.” This appeal followed. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
44.01(a)(5) (West Supp. 2011).
II. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
By one issue, with multiple sub-issues, the State contends that the trial court erred
by granting Strickland’s pre-trial motion to suppress.
A. Standard of Review
A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence is reviewed on appeal
under a bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007). We must give “almost total deference to a trial court's determination
of the historical facts that the record supports especially when the trial court's fact
findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Guzman v. State,
955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en banc). Additionally, we should afford the
same amount of deference to a trial court's rulings on “application of law to fact
questions,” also known as “mixed questions of law and fact,” if the resolution of those
ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. We review
de novo mixed questions of law and fact that do not depend on credibility and demeanor.
Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673.
B. Discussion
1. Nature of Strickland’s Motion
The State first argues that Strickland’s motion to suppress was really based upon
Strickland’s temporary detention and not an illegal arrest. As a result, the State asserts
3
that our review should focus on whether Officer Ressler had reasonable suspicion to act.
We disagree. The record expressly shows that Strickland was arrested and charged
with the offense of driving while intoxicated, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.04, on
December 10, 2011. Furthermore, the record of the suppression hearing reveals that
the parties understood that the basis of Strickland’s motion to suppress regarded his
arrest and not his detention by Officer Ressler:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Judge, it’s a motion to suppress the
arrest.
[TRIAL COURT]: All right.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: There was no—there was no warrant
issued by any magistrate to obtain this
arrest; therefore, the burden is on the
State to show that they had some legal
reason to do it.
[TRIAL COURT]: That’s right.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: So we would ask the Court to indulge us
in that issue.
[TRIAL COURT]: The burden has shifted to you, son.
[THE STATE]: State calls Officer Ressler to the stand,
Your Honor.
When a defendant seeks to suppress evidence on the basis of an illegal arrest,
the initial burden of proof is placed on the defendant to rebut the presumption of proper
conduct. Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 872 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing McGee v.
State, 105 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). The defendant may satisfy this
burden by establishing that he was arrested without a warrant. Young, 283 S.W.3d at
872. Once this is shown, the burden shifts to the State to either produce evidence of a
4
warrant or prove the reasonableness of the arrest. Id.
Strickland represented to the trial court that no warrant was issued prior to his
arrest. Moreover, Officer Ressler admitted that she did not obtain a warrant to arrest
Strickland. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that
Strickland’s motion to suppress was on the basis of an illegal arrest and that the burden
shifted to the State to prove the reasonableness of the arrest. See Young, 283 S.W.3d
at 872.
2. Dispatch Reports
Next, the State argues that the trial court erred by not allowing the State to elicit
testimony from Officer Ressler about the content of the BOLO alert by sustaining
Strickland’s hearsay objection. When a trial court’s ruling excluding testimony is
challenged on appeal, a party should properly preserve error by making a complete
record for review. See Moosavi v. State, 711 S.W.2d 53, 54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en
banc). One method is by making an informal bill as an offer of proof, if it includes a
concise statement of counsel’s belief of what the testimony would show. See Love v.
State, 861 S.W.2d 899, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc).
The record shows that the State never requested nor made an offer of proof.
The State argues, however, that the trial court did not allow the State to make an offer of
proof and that the State’s prosecutor was “under the direction of the trial court.” We
disagree. While it is true that the trial court did not allow the State’s prosecutor to
respond immediately to his hearsay ruling, nothing in the record shows that the State
requested that the trial court allow it to make an offer of proof about the dispatch report’s
contents. As a result, the State failed to preserve any issue regarding the trial court’s
5
evidentiary ruling. See Mercado, 972 S.W.2d at 78.
3. Invited Error
Next, the State argues that through the doctrine of invited error, Strickland is
estopped from complaining that the State did not have reasonable suspicion to detain
him because due to defense counsel’s purported erroneous hearsay objection, the State
was unable to prove the legality of Strickland’s detention or arrest. The doctrine of
invited error applies where a party claiming error also seeks to base a claim for relief on
the very error the party created. If a party affirmatively seeks action by the trial court, that
party cannot later contend that the action was error. Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491,
505–06 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Just as the law of entrapment estops the State from
making an offense of conduct that it induced, the law of invited error estops a party from
making an appellate error of an action it induced. Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 532
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Strickland does not bring forth appellate error in this case.
Therefore, the doctrine does not apply.1
4. Probable Cause
Finally, the State argues that its failure to prove that Strickland was driving the
vehicle cannot support the trial court’s granting of the motion to suppress. Again, we
disagree. The trial court found that “no evidence [was] presented [which shows] that
[Strickland] was driving or exercising any control over a motor vehicle.” Consequently,
the trial court concluded that the State “failed to prove probable cause for a lawful arrest.”
Generally, a warrantless arrest is, pursuant to the Fourth Amendment,
1
Had the trial court ruled the same way on Strickland’s hearsay motion, but denied Strickland’s
motion to suppress, and in turn, Strickland chose to appeal the denial of the motion to suppress on grounds
that the State failed to prove the legality of his detention, arrest, or search, then the doctrine of invited error
would apply. See Vennus v. State, 282 S.W.3d 70, 72–73 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
6
unreasonable per se unless the arrest fits into one of a few specifically defined and well
delineated exceptions. Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (en
banc) (citing Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 372 (1993)). Thus, a police officer
may arrest an individual without a warrant only if probable cause exists with respect to
the individual in question and the arrest falls within one of the exceptions set out in the
code of criminal procedure. Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 901; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 14.01–.04 (West 2005). One such exception to the general rule against warrantless
arrests is if the offense is committed in the presence of or within the view of a peace
officer. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 14.01(b). Under this exception, probable
cause exists when facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge or about which
he or she has reasonably trustworthy information are sufficient to warrant a person of
reasonable caution to believe that an offense was or is being committed. Torres, 182
S.W.3d at 901–02 (holding that both personal knowledge and trustworthy information are
not required to support probable cause). The totality of the circumstances test applies
in Texas for determining probable cause for a warrantless arrest. Amores v. State, 816
S.W.2d 407, 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc). An unarticulated “hunch,” a
suspicion, or the good faith of the arresting officer is insufficient to support probable
cause to justify a warrantless arrest. Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 902 (citing McDougald v.
State, 547 S.W.2d 40, 42 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)).
After our de novo review of the trial court’s determination of probable cause,
based on the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that the State did not carry its
burden to justify the warrantless arrest. The trial court found that Officer Ressler did not
conduct an investigation into Strickland’s intoxication and that no evidence was
7
presented that Strickland was driving the car.2 A person commits the offense of driving
while intoxicated if the person is intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle in a public
place. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.04(a). A defendant “operates” a vehicle when the
totality of the circumstances demonstrates that the defendant took action to affect the
functioning of his vehicle in a manner that would enable the vehicle’s use. Kirsch v.
State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 650–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
The State relies on the following evidence to advance its argument that sufficient
probable cause existed to justify Strickland’s warrantless arrest, namely: (1) Strickland
was found in the driver’s seat of a maroon vehicle; (2) Strickland appeared intoxicated;
(3) the vehicle’s tire was blown out to the point that the rim was exposed; and (4) the
car’s engine and hood were warm to the touch. This is insufficient because, even
looking at the totality of the circumstances, Officer Ressler lacked personal knowledge
about whether Strickland drove the vehicle. See Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 902.
Officer Ressler did not: (1) witness Strickland operate the vehicle; (2) question
Strickland about: whether he had operated the vehicle, whether anyone else had
operated the vehicle, the circumstances surrounding how the tire blew out, or whether he
consumed alcohol prior to arriving at the Stripes store; nor (3) investigate: how, or under
what circumstances, he arrived at the Stripes store, or how long the vehicle had been
immobile. These facts, if developed, may have given Officer Ressler enough personal
knowledge to establish probable cause that Strickland operated the vehicle. However,
2
The State appeared to concede this point at the suppression hearing as illustrated by the
following exchange during the suppression hearing, after Officer Ressler testified:
THE COURT: Do you have any proof that he was driving?
[STATE]: Not today, Your Honor.
8
based on the totality of the circumstances of the record before us, we conclude that the
State did not meet its burden to establish probable cause to justify Strickland’s
warrantless arrest. See generally Torres, 182 S.W.3d at 903. The State’s sole issue
is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s granting of Strickland’s motion to suppress.
__________________________
GINA M. BENAVIDES,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).
Delivered and filed the
25th day of July, 2013.
9
State v. William Strickland
Combined Opinion