NUMBER 13-10-00576-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
GEORGE SIMMONS, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 148th District Court
of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Benavides and Longoria
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
Appellant, George Simmons, was convicted of unlawful possession of cocaine,
TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2010), and sentenced to ten years’
imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional Division
(TDCJ). By five issues, which we renumber as three, Simmons argues the trial court
erred in (1) not vitiating the warrant despite its failure to comply with statutory
requirements under the Code of Criminal Procedure, (2) admitting evidence during his
punishment hearing of two previous illegal arrests that were previously dismissed and,
(3) stacking Simmons’s current sentence consecutively to his previous sentence instead
of running them concurrently. We affirm as modifed.
I. BACKGROUND
On April 15, 2009, Simmons was arrested for unlawful possession of cocaine with
intent to deliver on Meandering Lane in Corpus Christi, Texas. Prior to his arrest,
Corpus Christi Police Department Officers Robert Perez obtained a search and arrest
warrant from a magistrate judge based on a tip from an unidentified informant.
Pursuant to the search of the home on Meandering Lane, the officers found an unknown
quantity of crack cocaine and a scale, which led to Simmons’s arrest. During a
pat-down following his arrest, officers found $1,460.00 in the pocket of Simmons’s
shorts. Officer Perez filed the return and inventory of the search and arrest warrant
approximately eight months after Simmons’s arrest.
Simmons complains of three alleged errors in the return warrant: (1) Officer
Perez failed to record the quantity of cocaine found, (2) Officer Perez failed to record the
scale in the inventory, and (3) Officer Perez erroneously listed a rifle in the inventory.
Simmons also argued in his motion to suppress that the search and arrest warrant was
void because it did not identify the specific municipal court judge as required by law.
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 15.02 (West 2005). The warrant only states,
“Judge Corpus Christi, Nueces County, Texas” under the signature line.
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The trial court overruled Simmons’s motion to suppress and the proceedings
continued. The State charged Simmons with possession of a controlled substance with
intent to deliver, TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.112 (West 2010), which was
reduced to a possession of a controlled substance by the jury. See TEX. HEALTH &
SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2010). During the punishment phase of the trial,
the trial court overruled Simmons’s objection requesting that the court ignore in the
sentencing determination two of Simmons’s previous arrests that were dismissed as
illegal arrests. Simmons was sentenced to ten years’ confinement in the TDCJ, to run
consecutive with another unrelated sentence Simmons was serving at the time of the
trial. This appeal followed.
II. CHALLENGE TO WARRANTS
Simmons argues the search and arrest warrant authorizing in Simmons’s arrest is
invalid because of the three errors in the return inventory listed above, the unexplained
delay between the execution and the return of the warrant, and the unclear identification
of the municipal court judge that granted the warrant.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
We apply a bifurcated standard of review to a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
suppress, giving “almost total deference to a trial court's determination of historical facts”
and reviewing de novo the court's application of the law of search and seizure.
Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88–89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
Chapters 15 and 18 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure respectively set
forth the necessary requirements for arrest and search warrants. Chapter 15 provides
that: "It must be signed by the magistrate, and his office be named in the body of the
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warrant, or in connection with his signature." TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 15.02
(West 2005). Article 18 provides that the search warrant must be “dated and signed by
the magistrate” to be valid. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.04 (West 2005).
Article 18.06(A) requires that a peace officer to whom a search warrant is delivered shall
execute it without delay and forthwith return it to the proper magistrate. TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.06(A) (West 2005).
A combination search and arrest warrant is valid under Texas law. Pecina v.
State, 516 S.W.2d 401, 403 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). An arrest warrant
incorporated within a search warrant is no different than an arrest warrant issued
separate and independent of a search warrant. Id. Evidence observed during the
execution of a lawful search warrant may give the police probable cause to arrest and
search a suspect found in close proximity to the evidence. Gish v. State, 606 S.W.2d
883, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). Ministerial violations do not require suppression of
the seized evidence absent a showing of prejudice, such as a challenge to the
authenticity of the evidence seized or proof that such evidence was somehow changed.
Roberts v. State, 963 S.W.2d 894, 903 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998, no pet.). An
arresting officer’s erroneous return on a warrant to the magistrate, or even the failure to
make a return at all, will not vitiate the warrant. Id. at 904. A reviewing court should
disregard a non-constitutional error that does not affect the substantial rights of the
defendant. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2. A substantial right is affected when the error had a
substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. King v.
State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Searches of a person and the area
within his immediate control are excepted from the warrant requirement when incident to
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lawful arrest. Rogers v. State, 774 S.W.2d 247, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). Where
an officer recklessly or knowingly includes false information in his application for a
warrant, the remedy is to strike the false portions. Spencer v. State, 672 S.W.2d 451,
453 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). As long as the search warrant was valid, the defendant
must establish his standing before he can complain about search. State v. Brady, 763
S.W.2d 38, 42 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, no pet.).
B. Discussion
Simmons first argues that the warrant is void because of the erroneous inventory
records in the return warrant. The errors made in the return and inventory of the
warrant do not vitiate the warrant as long as the errors did not come as a surprise to the
defendant. Roberts, 963 S.W.2d at 904. These particular errors were not
constitutional errors because they did not have injurious effect in determining the jury’s
verdict. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2; King, 953 S.W.2d at 271. The omission of the scale
and the amount of cocaine, if it had any effect at all, would have probably helped
Simmons in the jury verdict as the jury charged him with the lesser-included offense of
mere possession of controlled substances. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §
481.115 (West 2010). The officers subsequently admitted their mistakes on the
erroneous entry of the rifle in the inventory during the witness testimony. The
non-constitutional errors in the inventory, therefore, could not have adversely affected
the defendant when the trial court acknowledged them prior to the jury verdict.
Simmons’s second argument is that the delay in return vitiates the warrant that
had already been executed. Although the statute states the warrant must be executed
within a certain period of time after it has been signed by the magistrate judge, there is
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nothing in the statutory language that directs how soon the warrant must be returned.
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.06 (West 2005). The Court of Criminal
Appeals stated in Roberts that even a failure to return the warrant does not vitiate the
warrant, which implicitly removes any time limits on the return. Roberts, 963 S.W.2d at
903. Therefore, Simmons’s second argument is without merit.
Finally, Simmons argues that the warrant did not meet the statutory requirement
because the magistrate judge who issued the warrant could not be clearly identified from
it, in violation of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 15.02. See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 15.02 (West 2005). Based upon our review of the record, we conclude
that an inference can be made from the designation “Judge, Corpus Christi, Nueces
County, Texas” that the judge who signed the warrant was a municipal judge for the city
of Corpus Christi. The Court agrees with the State that appending the title of a city next
to the title “judge” clearly conveys that the judge’s office is connected to the city, and the
only logical and reasonable connection is that the judge is in fact a municipal judge of
that city. Regardless of the implication, however, the lack of clear identification vitiates
only the “arrest” part of the warrant, leaving the “search” portion valid because a type of
warrant incorporated within the other type of warrant is not different from a warrant
issued separately and independently. Pecina, 516 S.W.2d at 403. The search of the
Meandering Lane property, which yielded the cocaine seizure, was authorized
independently from the arrest warrant. According to Gish, evidence observed during
the execution of a lawful search warrant may give the police probable cause to arrest
and search a suspect found in close proximity to the evidence. Gish, 606 S.W.2d at
885. The only item produced following the actual arrest of Simmons was $1,460.00
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from his pants pocket. Assuming without deciding the arrest portion of the warrant was
void, the money is inadmissible as evidence but the cocaine is admissible because it
was discovered during the initial search process. Officers could then rightfully arrest
Simmons based on the discovery of cocaine. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §
481.115 (West 2010). Accordingly, Simmons’s first issue is overruled.
III. CHALLENGE TO PUNISHMENT EVIDENCE
By his second issue, Simmons asserts that the trial court should not have
considered Simmons’s previous two illegal arrests during the punishment hearing.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
The trial court acts as a fact finder in determining whether the extraneous offense
evidence was proved beyond a reasonable doubt, which a fact finder must determine
before it can properly consider that evidence in assessing punishment. Ortega v. State,
126 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d). We review a
trial court’s decision to admit extraneous offense evidence during punishment for an
abuse of discretion. Mitchell v. State, 931 S.W.2d 950, 953 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure states:
Evidence may be offered by the state and the defendant as to any matter
the court deems relevant to sentencing, including but not limited to the prior
criminal record of the defendant, his general reputation, his character, an
opinion regarding his character, the circumstances of the offense for which
he is being tried, and, notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of
Evidence, any other evidence of an extraneous crime or bad act that is
shown beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence to have been committed by
the defendant or for which he could be held criminally responsible,
regardless of whether he has previously been charged with or finally
convicted of the crime or act.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 (West 2005). A reviewing court should disregard
a non-constitutional error that does not affect the substantial rights of the defendant.
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TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial
and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953
S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A criminal conviction should not be
overturned for non-constitutional error if the appellate court, after examining the record
as whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight
effect. Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
B. Discussion
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure clearly provides the trial court the
authority to hear the previous illegal arrest records as long as it can be shown beyond a
reasonable doubt that the crime or bad act has been committed by the defendant. See
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 (West 2005). Even though a trial court can
admit previous arrests, the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
crimes had been actually committed by Simmons in the two arrests. The trial court,
therefore, should not have considered these two arrests in Simmons’s sentence.
Although they were considered erroneously, Simmons must still prove this
non-constitutional error significantly influenced the jury’s verdict. See TEX. R. APP. P.
44.2. Error of admitting case summaries of prior offenses and disciplinary records is
harmless and non-constitutional. King, 953 S.W.2d at 271. Likewise, the two arrest
records out of Simmons’s previous thirty-five arrest records filed under Texas Rules of
Evidence 404(b) would only have a slight, if any, effect on jury’s verdict. Despite the
erroneous admission of the two previous illegal arrest records, we decline to reverse the
trial court’s ruling because it was a harmless error. Accordingly, Simmons’s second
issue is overruled.
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IV. CHALLENGE TO STACKING THE SENTENCES
By his third issue, Simmons argues that the trial court judge’s oral cumulation
order was ambiguous and thus must be void. Whereas the trial court judge orally
ordered the sentence to run consecutively with another unspecific sentence, the written
judgment has the two sentences running concurrently.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
The oral pronouncement of sentence controls if it conflicts with the written
judgment. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.01 (West 2005). Therefore, the written
sentence should be reformed to reflect the record of the proceedings in the event of
discrepancy. Banks v. State, 708 S.W.2d 460, 462 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The Court
of Appeals has authority to reform and correct the judgment or may enter any other
appropriate order, as the law and nature of the case may require. Id. A proper
cumulation order must have the following: (1) the trial court number of the prior
conviction; (2) the correct name of the court where the prior conviction was held; (3) the
date of the prior conviction; (4) the term of years of the prior conviction; and (5) the
nature of the prior conviction. Id. at 461. A valid cumulation order specifically
describes the previous conviction(s) and the order in which the sentences are to be
served. Ex parte San Migel, 973 S.W.2d 310, 311 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). An
appellate court uses a common sense interpretation of the order. Stokes v. State, 688
S.W.2d 539, 541–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure
allow this Court to modify judgments sua sponte to correct typographical errors and
make the record speak the truth. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); French v. State, 830 S.W.2d
607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Rhoten v. State, 299 S.W.3d 349, 356 (Tex.
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App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.); Gray v. State, 628 S.W.2d 228, 233 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 1982, pet. ref'd).
B. Discussion
Even though Simmons concedes that the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
article 42.01 states that the oral pronouncement controls when it varies from the
sentences given in the written judgment, he argues that the oral pronouncement fails in
this case because the trial court’s articulation of sentencing was ambiguous and unclear
with respect to which sentence would run consecutively with the present case.
Although orders containing less than the recommended elements of a cumulation
order can be upheld, see Banks, 708 S.W.2d at 461, it must be clear which previous
sentence the trial court was referring to in its order. See San Migel, 973 S.W.2d at 311.
During the punishment phase, the trial court made an oral pronouncement to run the
sentences consecutively but failed to specify the second case:
After taking into consideration your past history and… all the evidence in
this case, I’m gonna sentence you to ten years in the penitentiary. And
these ten years are not gonna go concurrent… They’re gonna run
consecutive. So whatever you got on the other one is gonna be – I’m
gonna add this ten to that. You’re gonna have to serve that time, plus
these ten.
The record shows, however, that the trial court was referring to cause No.
06-CR-3139-E, which involves a revocation of community supervision and subsequent
sentencing for possession of a firearm by a felon. This judgment was admitted into
evidence at Simmons’s punishment hearing. Simmons was serving the two years of
sentence from that previous case at the time of trial in this case. Therefore, we
conclude that the trial court’s written judgment improperly ordered Simmons’s sentence
to run concurrently with his possession of a firearm conviction. The Texas Rules of
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Appellate Procedure allow this Court to modify judgments sua sponte to correct
typographical errors and make the record speak the truth. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b);
French, 830 S.W.2d at 609; Rhoten, 299 S.W.3d at 356; Gray, 628 S.W.2d at
233. Thus, we modify the judgment to correctly reflect the trial court’s judgment to run
the sentence consecutively with that from cause No. 06-CR-3139-E. We overrule
Simmons’s third issue.
V. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.
__________________________
GINA M. BENAVIDES,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).
Delivered and filed the
27th day of June, 2013.
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