Texas Department of Transportation v. Robyn Womac

NUMBER 13-11-00460-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, Appellant,

v.

ROBYN WOMAC, Appellee.

On appeal from the 361st District Court
of Brazos County, Texas.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Garza
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
This is an appeal by the Texas Department of Transportation (the Department)

from a jury verdict in favor of appellee Robyn Womac in which Womac was awarded

damages for injuries she incurred in a bicycle accident on a road in College Station,

Texas. By three issues, the Department argues that: its sovereign immunity from
Womac's suit was not waived because (1) the road condition that caused Womac's

accident was not a special defect or (2) a premises defect of which the Department had

actual knowledge; and (3) the jury's finding that the Department knew or should have

known of the road condition was not supported by sufficient evidence. We affirm.

I. Background1

On the night of June 17, 2008, Womac crashed her bicycle after riding over a hole

in the bicycle lane of George Bush Drive in College Station, Texas. Womac suffered a

broken right clavicle from the accident. Womac filed suit against the Department under

the Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA), alleging that the area of the road she rode over was in

an unreasonably dangerous condition and constituted a premises defect and special

defect caused by the Department's negligence.

Womac's claims were tried to a jury, which returned a verdict in her favor and

assessed damages totaling $332,735.57, including damages for past and future physical

pain, impairment, and disfigurement, medical expenses, and lost wages. The trial court

applied the statutory cap to the jury's award and issued a final judgment to Womac for

$250,000. This appeal followed.

II. Sovereign Immunity

By its first two issues, the Department argues that it is immune from Womac's suit

because the complained-of road condition did not constitute a special defect or a

premises defect of which the Department had actual knowledge.

1
This case is before the Court on transfer from the Tenth Court of Appeals in Waco pursuant to a
docket equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 73.001
(West 2005).
2
 When the determination of an immunity issue involves jurisdictional facts, we

review evidence relevant to those jurisdictional facts in making our immunity

determination. See City of Corsicana v. Stewart, 249 S.W.3d 412, 414 (Tex. 2008) (per

curiam). Although the Department did not raise its immunity from suit before the trial

court,2 we still address this issue as sovereign immunity may be raised for the first time on

appeal. See Manbeck v. Austin Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 11-0429, 2012 WL 3800876, at *1

(Tex. Aug. 31, 2012) ("[T]he defense of sovereign immunity from suit sufficiently

implicates subject matter jurisdiction . . . that the defense may be raised for the first time

on appeal."). We note that, "when the jurisdictional issues were not raised in the trial

court,"

a plaintiff may not have had fair opportunity to address jurisdictional issues
by amending its pleadings or developing the record . . . . Under such
circumstances appellate courts must construe the pleadings in favor of the
party asserting jurisdiction, and, if necessary, review the record for
evidence supporting jurisdiction.

Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, No. 10-0548, 2012 WL 3800218, at *6 (Tex. Aug. 31, 2012).

A. Applicable Law

The State's sovereign immunity is waived for suits based on either (1) special

defects in the State's premises that the State knew or should have known of and failed to

warn of or make safe, or (2) regular premise defects that constitute an unreasonably

dangerous condition that the State had actual knowledge of and failed to warn of or make

safe. Reyes v. City of Laredo, 335 S.W.3d 605, 606-07 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam); Tex.

2
Although the Department pled sovereign immunity as a defense in its answer to Womac's suit, it
did not file a plea to the jurisdiction or otherwise urge immunity at any point during the trial court
proceedings. We note that "[r]aising the [sovereign immunity] defense at the earliest opportunity is
certainly a preferred practice." Manbeck v. Austin Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 11-0429, 2012 WL 3800876, at *1
(Tex. Aug. 31, 2012).
3
Dept. of Transp. v. York, 284 S.W.3d 844, 846-47 (Tex. 2009); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 101.022 (West 2011).

The [TTCA] does not define "special defect," but does give guidance
by likening special defects to "excavations or obstructions." See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.022(b). Thus, "[u]nder the ejusdem generis rule,
we are to construe ‘special defect’ to include those defects of the same kind
or class as [excavations or obstructions]." County of Harris v. Eaton, 573
S.W.2d 177, 179 (Tex. 1978). While these specific examples "are not
exclusive and do not exhaust the class," the central inquiry is whether the
condition is of the same kind or falls within the same class as an excavation
or obstruction. Id.; City of Grapevine v. Roberts, 946 S.W.2d 841, 843
(Tex. 1997) (per curiam). A special defect, then, cannot be a condition that
falls outside of this class. See [State Dep't of Highways & Pub. Transp. v.
Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 238-39 n.3 (Tex. 1992)] ("[T]o the extent [courts]
classify as 'special' a defect that is not like an excavation or obstruction on a
roadway, we disapprove of them."); Eaton, 573 S.W.2d at 179 ("The
statutes provide an under-standing of the kinds of dangerous conditions
against which the [L]egislature intended to protect the public. They are
expressed as such things 'as excavations or roadway obstructions.'").

York, 284 S.W.3d at 847. Specifically, the supreme court has

described the class of conditions intended by the statute as those which,
because of their size or "some unusual quality outside the ordinary course
of events," City of Dallas v. Reed, 258 S.W.3d 620, 622 (Tex. 2008) (per
curiam), pose "'an unexpected and unusual danger to ordinary users of
roadways.'" [York, 284 S.W.3d at 847] (quoting Payne, 838 S.W.2d at
238).

Reyes, 335 S.W.3d at 607. Whether a condition is a special defect involves statutory

interpretation and is therefore a question of law. Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 238.

To waive the government's immunity for a regular premises defect claim, the

plaintiff must show that there was an unreasonably dangerous condition that the

government knew of and the plaintiff did not and that the government failed to either warn

of or make safe the condition. Univ. of Tex. v. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex. 2010).

The plaintiff must show that the government had actual knowledge of the condition;

4
constructive knowledge is not enough. City of Dallas v. Thompson, 210 S.W.3d 601,

602-03 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). "[T]he actual knowledge required for liability is of the

dangerous condition at the time of the accident, not merely of the possibility that a

dangerous condition can develop over time." Id. at 603; see Stewart, 249 S.W.3d at

413-14. A plaintiff may establish the government's actual knowledge through

circumstantial evidence. City of Irving v. Seppy, 301 S.W.3d 435, 444 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). But "[c]ircumstantial evidence establishes actual

knowledge only when it either directly or by reasonable inference supports that

conclusion." Stewart, 249 S.W.3d at 415 (citations omitted).

B. Special Defect

By its first issue, the Department argues that the road condition that caused

Womac's accident was, as a matter of law, not a special defect. We agree.

The record contains evidence that the road condition that caused Womac's

accident was caved-in concrete surrounding two drain covers near the curb of the bicycle

lane. Photographs admitted at trial show that the caved-in area begins at the curb and

extends approximately two feet into the bicycle lane; the deepest part of the cave-in

appears to be four to five inches. The photographs also show an approximately one-foot

piece of rebar protruding from the caved-in concrete; the tip of the rebar extends several

inches above the surface of the road. The cave-in spans approximately one-third of the

bicycle lane; there is an approximately four to five feet area of undamaged roadway

between the cave-in and the line marking the boundary between the bicycle lane and the

roadway. There was testimony at trial that Womac rode this path every day.

5
 Under the facts of this case, we believe that the caved-in area does not constitute

a special defect. The determination of whether a particular road condition is unexpected

and unusual and, thus, a special defect "turns on the objective expectations of an

'ordinary user' who follows the 'normal course of travel.'" See Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116

(quoting Denton County v. Beynon, 283 S.W.3d 329, 332 (Tex. 2009)). Ultimately,

however, the unexpectedness or unusualness of a defect is not a relevant factor if the

defect is not of the same class as excavations or obstructions as contemplated by the

statute. See York, 284 S.W.3d at 847 ("[T]he central inquiry is whether the condition is of

the same kind or falls within the same class as an excavation or obstruction.") (citing

County of Harris v. Eaton, 573 S.W.2d 177, 179 (Tex. 1978)); Beynon, 283 S.W.3d at 332

("[T]he TTCA does not posit an alternative basis for special-defect liability when a

condition, while not an excavation or obstruction, is out of the ordinary."). The caved-in

area here was only four or five inches deep and about two feet wide. It comprised only a

small portion of the bicycle lane and could have been avoided by riding in the four- to

five-foot undamaged portion of the lane. In light of the foregoing, we cannot conclude

that the defect here is the sort of excavation or obstruction contemplated by the statute.

It was relatively small and did not physically impair Womac's ability to travel in the bicycle

lane. See York, 284 S.W.3d at 847; State v. Rodriguez, 985 S.W.2d 83, 85 (Tex. 1999)

(per curiam). Neither can we conclude that an ordinary user of the bicycle lane would

have found the defect to be unusual or unexpected in the normal course of travel. See

Hayes, 327 S.W.3d at 116; see also Hindman v. State Dep't of Highways & Pub. Transp.,

906 S.W.2d 43, 46 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1994, writ denied) (stating that special defects do

6
not include "every pothole or bump encountered on a public highway in Texas capable of

upsetting a cyclist"); City of Dallas v. Hughes, 344 S.W.3d 549, (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011,

no pet.) (holding that a reasonable bicyclist should expect imperfections and other

variations in a bicycle path).

Our analysis is supported by a recent case handed down by the Texas Supreme

Court. In City of Denton v. Paper, the plaintiff sued the City of Denton for injuries she

sustained when she was thrown over the handlebars of her bicycle after riding over a hole

in her residential street. No. 11-0596, 2012 WL 3537810, at *1 (Tex. Aug. 17, 2012) (per

curiam). The supreme court held that the pencil-length deep sunken area the plaintiff

rode over, which was located several feet into the right lane of the street from the curb,

was not a special defect. Id. at *3-4. In so holding, the court stated:

We have held . . . that variations in public roadways of a few inches are not
the same as the excavations or obstructions mentioned in the Act. See,
e.g., [City of Dallas v. Reed, 258 S.W.3d 620, 622 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam)];
City of El Paso v. Bernal, 986 S.W.2d 610, 611 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam)
(holding that a worn or depressed area of a sidewalk approximately three
feet by six feet in size with a depth of three inches was not a special defect).
Similarly, the sunken area or pot hole here, ranging from two inches to a few
inches more at its deepest point and located in the center of one lane of
traffic is not the excavation or obstruction contemplated by the statute.

Id. at *3. The court further stated that "ample room existed for a bicycle to navigate

around this hole without having to enter the opposing traffic lane," concluding that the

plaintiff's ability to travel on the road was not physically impaired and that such an

irregularity on the road should have been expected. Id. at *3-4.

Like the road defect in Paper, the defect in the bicycle lane in this case was only a

few inches deep. And like the area around the hole in the roadway in Paper, there was

7
ample room in the bicycle lane in this case in which Womac could have navigated around

the hole without driving into car traffic. The defect in this case is indistinguishable from

the defect in Paper.

In sum, having viewed the evidence in the record in the light most favorable to the

party asserting jurisdiction, see Rusk State Hosp., 2012 WL 3800218, at *6, we conclude

that the road condition that caused Womac's bicycle accident was not, as a matter of law,

a special defect as described by the TTCA and contemplated by the case law. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022; York, 284 S.W.3d at 847. The Department's

immunity was not waived on this basis. We sustain the Department's first issue.

C. Actual Awareness

By its second issue, the Department argues that because the hole in the bicycle

lane was not a special defect but merely a regular premises defect, Womac was required

to show that the Department had actual knowledge of the condition. The Department

argues that Womac failed to make this showing. We disagree.

Photographs of the accident scene admitted at trial show a black, tar-like material

in the cave-in. Womac's father testified that he took the photographs a week after

Womac's accident, but his testimony established that the condition of the bicycle lane

depicted in the photographs taken a week after the accident matched photographs

Womac had taken and sent to him the morning after the accident.

Testimony by several Department maintenance employees established that the

black material in the photographs is a sealant used in the process to repair cracks in the

roadway. The crack-sealing process was described by one employee as follows:

8
[Counsel for Womac]: And how would you go about doing a crack seal
repair?

[Maintenance Employee]: Go through with the air compressor and blow
out the cracks and all the dirt. Then you lay
over.

[Counsel for Womac]: So going by a step-by-step process, you
actually blow out the crack first?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

....

[Counsel for Womac]: And is that with a wand-type instrument?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, it's like a pipe attached to an air hose.

[Counsel for Womac]: And then someone follows with the beading
type material?

[Maintenance Employee]: Crack seal?

[Counsel for Womac]: Crack seal.

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: Is that also a wand?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: Okay. And does someone walk literally along
the cracks and blow them out?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: And then someone — either the same person or
someone else walks along with the bead-type
material —

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir, they're behind a good ways, the crack
seal behind the air compressor a little ways.

[Counsel for Womac]: And is that typically a different person that does

9
 the beading?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: And then as I believe the previous witness
described, does someone come along and
squeegee the material after that?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

[Counsel for Womac]: So if we see crack seal material on the ground in
a certain location, can we assume that
someone came through with an air gun-type
device and blew out the area?

....

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: And then we can also assume that another
employee . . . would come through and put
down the bead-type material, correct?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: And then a third, or maybe a third and a fourth
would come through and actually squeegee the
material into the crack?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir, just to smooth it out.

The employee then testified that every employee involved in this process would be

looking down and scanning the area for other problems. Another employee later testified

more specifically about the crack sealant in the cave-in:

[Counsel for Womac]: Would you agree with me that there is crack
seal material all around the [caved-in area]?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

[Counsel for Womac]: How did that crack seal material get there?

10
[Maintenance Employee]: I guess we put it there.

[Counsel for Womac]: Okay.

[Maintenance Employee]: I wasn't there at that time, so I'm not sure if we
put it there or, you know —

[Counsel for Womac]: Well, would anybody have put it there other than
a [Department] employee?

[Maintenance Employee]: No.

[Counsel for Womac]: Don't many people go out —

[Maintenance Employee]: No.

[Counsel for Womac]: — and do that sort of thing. So can we also
assume if the crack seal was laid pursuant to
the policy or the steps that we discussed before
that a bunch of people, number one, with some
type of air gun was going through here; number
two, material beaded; and then someone
squeegeeing it after that?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

....

[Counsel for Womac]: And all these people are looking down as
they're doing that?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: And looks like we have tar material inside the
hole; would you agree with me?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

[Counsel for Womac]: The person who is walking along squeegeeing
this material should have seen the hole?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

....

11
 [Counsel for Womac]: Can you think of any way that this tar would
have gotten there if it wasn't squeegeed in that
process we described?

[Maintenance Employee]: No, sir.

[Counsel for Womac]: So some employee of [the Department]
following the procedures that you discussed
knowingly pushed this material, this crack seal
material into a dangerous condition?

[Maintenance Employee]: Yes.

We believe that the foregoing is circumstantial evidence that the Department had

actual knowledge of the cave-in that caused Womac's accident. The photographs and

testimony by road maintenance employees about the crack-sealing process and the

presence of the crack seal in this cave-in, in particular, establish circumstantially that at

least three employees observed the hole in the bicycle lane in this case—one used an air

compressor to blow the dirt and other debris out of the crack, one put down the crack

sealant, and one squeegeed it into the hole. The Department suggests that because no

employee who testified at trial could say that he, personally, had ever seen the cave-in in

this case, Womac cannot prove the Department's actual knowledge. But actual

knowledge may be established by circumstantial evidence. Seppy, 301 S.W.3d at 444.

And it defies logic to suggest that the employees who performed the repairs to the area

immediately surrounding the cave-in did not see the hole into which the crack sealant was

pushed. According to the testimony of the Department employees at trial, whichever

Department employees who performed the repairs were looking down while they

performed their work, and in order for crack sealant to be present in the hole, it must have

12
been pushed into the hole. The only reasonable inference from all of the foregoing is

that the employees performing the repairs saw the hole. In other words, it is of no

consequence that the employees testifying at trial did not personally observe the

hole—the evidence establishes that some other Department employees must have seen

the hole, which imputes actual knowledge to the Department. See Tex. S. Univ. v.

Gilford, 277 S.W.3d 65, 67, 71 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (holding

that evidence of the actual knowledge of the alleged defect by a governmental employee

is sufficient to raise a fact issue on the governmental unit's actual knowledge); Simons v.

City of Austin, 921 S.W.2d 524, 528 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, writ denied) (same).

The Department argues that the testimony about the crack sealant is not sufficient

to show its actual knowledge of the condition because the same witnesses also testified

that they would never have used crack sealant to repair this type of hole in the road. The

Department also points to testimony that the crack sealant is at a very hot temperature

when it is put down and it is possible that it could have flowed into the hole. But this

testimony does not negate the above testimony that, in order for the crack sealant to be

present in the hole, an employee of the Department must have knowingly pushed the

crack sealant into the hole. At the most, there was conflicting testimony by the

Department employees at trial. However, we are required to view the evidence in the

light most favorable to Womac. See Rusk State Hosp., 2012 WL 3800218, at *6.

The Department also argues that the crack sealant evidence is not sufficient

evidence of actual knowledge because it does not establish the Department's knowledge

of the condition at the time of Womac's accident. The Department argues that the

13
photographs only serve to show what the hole looked like after the accident. The

testimony of Womac's father established that the photos he took the week after accident

depicted the condition of the road at the time of the accident. We believe that this

testimony, combined with the testimony that the only way crack sealant would have been

present in the hole is if it had been pushed into the hole during that process, constituted

sufficient circumstantial evidence that Department employees had actual knowledge of

the condition of the hole as it appeared in the photographs. In other words, there was

evidence that the hole as depicted in the photographs existed at the time the employees

pushed the crack sealant into it, and the employee's observation of the hole at that time

imputed actual knowledge of the condition to the Department. As stated above, the jury

could have reasonably inferred from the foregoing circumstantial evidence that the

Department had actual knowledge of the dangerous condition.

Finally, the Department argues that Womac failed to prove actual knowledge

because there was no evidence that the Department had received any reports of the

dangerous condition in the three years preceding Womac's accident. But reports of a

dangerous condition are but one factor courts consider in assessing whether the

government had actual knowledge of a complained-of condition. See Hayes, 327

S.W.3d at 118 (citing Univ. of Tex.-Pan Am. v. Aguilar, 251 S.W.3d 511, 513 (Tex. 2008)

(per curiam)). And in light of the circumstantial evidence that Department employees

had actual knowledge of the hole in the bicycle lane, we cannot conclude that the lack of

reports about the hole is dispositive of this issue.

Having viewed the evidence at trial in the light most favorable to the party asserting

14
jurisdiction, we conclude that Womac established the Department's actual knowledge of

the hole in the bicycle lane. See Stewart, 249 S.W.3d at 414. The Department's

immunity to Womac's premises defect claim was therefore waived. See Reyes, 335

S.W.3d at 606-07; see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.022. We overrule

the Department's second issue.

III. Insufficient Evidence

By its third issue, the Department argues that the evidence at trial was legally and

factually insufficient to establish that the Department knew or should have known of the

condition. Again, we disagree.

We will sustain a legal-sufficiency or no-evidence challenge if the record shows:

(1) the complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) that the court is barred by the

rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital

fact; (3) that the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) that

the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact. City of Keller v. Wilson,

168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005). When reviewing a no-evidence challenge, we view

the evidence in the light favorable to the finding, crediting favorable evidence if a

reasonable fact-finder could and disregarding contrary evidence unless a reasonable

fact-finder could not. Id. at 807. The ultimate test for legal sufficiency is whether the

evidence would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to make the finding under

review. Id. at 827.

In reviewing a factual-sufficiency challenge to a jury finding on an issue on which

the appellant did not have the burden of proof, we consider and weigh all of the evidence

15
and set aside the verdict only if the evidence that supports the jury finding is so weak as to

make the verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176

(Tex. 1986) (per curiam); Ins. Network of Tex. v. Kloesel, 266 S.W.3d 456, 469-70 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied).

The jury was charged as follows with regard to liability:

With respect to the condition of the roadway at the site of the
accident, the [the Department] would not be negligent unless it is shown by
a preponderance of the evidence that:

1) there existed a condition that posed an unreasonable risk of harm
for ordinary users of the roadway in question;

2) [The Department] knew or should have known of such dangerous
condition;

3) Robyn Womac did not have knowledge of the dangerous condition,
if any;

4) That [the Department], within a reasonable time after it knew or
should have known of such condition, both failed to warn of the
condition and failed to make the condition safe.

Did the negligence, if any, of [the Department] proximately cause the
accident in question?[3]

The jury answered "yes" to the liability question. On appeal, the Department challenges

the sufficiency of the evidence as to the second element.

The same evidence discussed above that created a fact issue as to the

Department's actual knowledge for immunity purposes was also sufficient to support the

jury's verdict that the Department knew of the hole in the bicycle lane. The photographs

3
The Department did not object to the jury charge, so we are guided by the law as set out in the
charge. See Romero v. KPH Consolidation, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex. 2005) (holding that in the
context of a jury trial, the sufficiency of the evidence is reviewed in light of the charge submitted if no
objection is made to the charge); Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 715 (Tex. 2001) (same).
16
and testimony admitted at trial circumstantially established that a crew of Department

employees must have seen the hole when performing crack seal repairs in the bicycle

lane. The photographs showed crack sealant present in the hole, and there was

testimony that the only way crack sealant would have been in the hole was if a

Department employee pushed it in there during the crack sealing process.

The Department points to the testimony of several Department employees who

stated that they had never seen the hole in the bicycle lane when performing repairs in

that area and would have repaired it if they had seen it. The Department also points to

testimony by these employees that they would not have used the crack sealing procedure

to repair the type of hole that caused Womac's accident. The Department argues that

the foregoing is evidence that no Department employee was aware of the condition prior

to Womac's accident and that Womac produced no direct evidence to the contrary. But

the Department's argument ignores the circumstantial evidence, discussed above, that

some Department employees must have seen the hole as crack sealant would not have

been present in the hole unless a Department employee pushed the sealant into the hole

during repairs in the area. There was conflicting testimony, and we will not disturb the

jury's weighing of the evidence in that regard. See Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v.

Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003).

The Department also argues that there was no evidence about when the

dangerous condition in the bicycle lane came into existence, and without such temporal

evidence, Womac could not prove constructive knowledge. See Brookshire Grocery Co.

v. Taylor, 222 S.W.3d 406, 409 (Tex. 2006) (holding that dangerous condition must have

17
existed for some time before a defendant can be charged with constructive knowledge of

the condition). We find the Department's argument unpersuasive as the evidence was

sufficient to show that the Department had actual knowledge of the hole in the bicycle

lane, not merely constructive knowledge.

In sum, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to allow reasonable and

fair-minded jurors to find that the Department knew of the hole in the bicycle lane that

caused Womac's accident. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827. We also conclude

that the evidence was not so weak as to make the verdict clearly wrong and manifestly

unjust. See Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176; Kloesel, 266 S.W.3d at 469-70. The

Department's third issue is overruled.

IV. Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
Justice

Delivered and filed the 11th
day of October, 2012.

18