Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-13-00382-CR
Latoya MAYBERRY,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 437th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2010CR1138
Honorable Lori I. Valenzuela, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: August 27, 2014
AFFIRMED
Pursuant to the terms of a plea bargain, Latoya Mayberry pled guilty to burglary, was
placed on deferred adjudication for seven years, and was ordered to pay restitution, a fine of
$1,500, and court costs. On appeal, Mayberry challenges the trial court’s pretrial rulings. We
affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
During his investigation of Mayberry’s case, her counsel came to believe that Darrell Clark
would be a possible witness. In February 2009, Mayberry served a subpoena duces tecum on an
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officer with the parole office. The subpoena ordered the parole officer to deliver Clark’s parole
records, consisting of over two-hundred pages of documents, to an investigator for Mayberry’s
counsel at counsel’s office. The officer complied with the subpoena.
Almost a year later, the district attorney’s office learned about the subpoena and issued its
own subpoena duces tecum, requiring the parole officer to produce Clark’s parole records. The
officer contacted Mayberry’s counsel because she could not locate Clark’s records. 1 In March
2010, the State filed a motion to order Mayberry’s counsel to turn over the parole records to the
trial court. The State also served a subpoena duces tecum on Mayberry’s counsel’s investigator,
ordering him to produce the records in court for a hearing on the motion.
Mayberry filed a response and a motion to quash the subpoena on the investigator. He
represented that although he was willing to return a copy of the records to the parole officer, he
would decline to do so until the conclusion of Mayberry’s trial and potential appeals. He argued
the records sought by the subpoena constituted his work product and were not subject to discovery.
At a March 2010 hearing on the motions, the parole officer testified she had been unable
to locate Clark’s parole records when the State served its subpoena. She testified she needed the
records because a parole hearing was to be held in Clark’s case later that month and the records
were “vital” to her preparation for the hearing.
The trial court granted the State’s motion and ordered Mayberry’s counsel to turn over the
records to the court. The court informed the parties that it would then turn over the records to the
parole office and that she would ensure that Mayberry’s counsel had a copy of the records. The
State eventually obtained a copy of the records from the parole office.
1
The record does not conclusively show whether the parole office mistakenly turned over Clark’s original parole
records, or whether it simply misplaced them after turning over copies of the records.
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In October 2012, Mayberry filed a motion to disqualify the Bexar County Criminal District
Attorney and her entire office. Mayberry argued that disqualification was necessary because the
State had obtained her counsel’s notes about his potential questioning of Clark, which had been
handwritten on the parole records turned over to the court. Although the trial court denied the
motion, it ordered the State to substitute assistant district attorneys who had not previously been
assigned to the 437th District Court and who had not seen Mayberry’s counsel’s handwritten notes.
It also ordered that those attorneys, if they needed to review Clark’s parole records, would only be
provided copies that did not contain any of Mayberry’s counsel’s notes.
In May 2013, the State and Mayberry entered into a plea agreement through which she
preserved her right to appeal pretrial rulings.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Mayberry contends that the trial court erred by ordering her counsel to turn over
the parole records and by denying her motion to disqualify. Mayberry asks this court to reverse
the judgment below, remand the cause for new trial, and to direct the trial court to appoint a special
prosecutor.
A. ORDER TO TURN OVER PAROLE RECORDS
Mayberry contends the trial court’s order compelling her counsel to turn over his copies of
Clark’s parole records allowed the State to obtain improper discovery and violated the work-
product doctrine.
1) Discovery
Discovery in criminal cases has historically been quite limited. See Washington v. State,
856 S.W.2d 184, 187 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Article 39.14 governs what material and information
the defendant and the State may seek to discover from the other. See Act of May 21, 1999, 67th
Leg., R.S., ch. 578, § 1, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 3118 (amended 2005, 2009 & 2014) (current version
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at TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 39.14 (West Supp. 2014)). 2 Both parties are also authorized
to seek subpoenas to compel the appearance of a witness and subpoenas duces tecum to compel a
witness to produce in court materials in their possession. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
24.01; 24.02 (West 2009).
Mayberry argues the trial court’s order permitted the State to improperly obtain discovery.
We disagree. The records in Mayberry’s counsel’s possession were the only extant copies of
official government records that are supposed to remain confidential. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN.
§ 508.313 (West 2012). Those records or copies of them had been handed directly to Mayberry’s
counsel’s investigator at counsel’s office, rather than produced in court. See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 24.02 (“If a witness have in his possession any instrument of writing or other thing
desired as evidence, the subpoena may specify such evidence and direct that the witness bring the
same with him and produce it in court.”) (emphasis added). The parole officer testified that the
parole office independently needed the records because Clark had an upcoming parole hearing and
that they were vital to her preparation for the hearing. The State did not ask the trial court to order
Mayberry’s counsel to turn over the records to its assistant district attorneys, but to the parole
office. And the trial court did not order Mayberry’s counsel to produce the records to the district
attorney’s office, but rather to the court, with the understanding that the court would turn over the
records to the parole office. Under the unique circumstances of this case, we conclude that the trial
court’s order did not constitute “discovery.”
2) Work Product
“The work-product doctrine is designed for the benefit of the lawyer by protecting the
lawyer from being compelled to disclose ‘the fruits of his labor to his adversary.’” Carmona v.
2
This opinion discusses the law of discovery as it existed prior to January 1, 2014, when the Michael Morton Act
became effective and significantly changed discovery procedure.
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State, 941 S.W.2d 949, 953 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (quoting STEVEN GOODE, OLIN GUY
WELLBORN III & M. MICHAEL SHARLOT, 1 TEXAS PRACTICE GUIDE TO THE TEXAS RULES OF
EVIDENCE: CIVIL AND CRIMINAL 231 (West 1988)). “The work product doctrine creates a
privileged area within which attorneys can analyze and prepare a case without fear that the fruits
of their labor will be disclosed for the other side’s use . . . .” Adams v. State, 969 S.W.2d 106, 114
(Tex. App.—Dallas 1998, no pet.).
Mayberry argued to the trial court that the parole records became her counsel’s work
product once he subpoenaed them. We disagree. In Adams v. State, the State had permitted the
defendant to make a copy of the State’s recording of the defendant while he was at the police
station following his arrest. 969 S.W.2d at 112. The State accidentally destroyed its original
recording before trial. Id. at 112–13. It then compelled through subpoena the defendant to produce
his copy in court and introduced it into evidence in its case-in-chief. Id. at 113. The Dallas court
of appeals rejected the defendant’s complaint that the subpoena violated the work-product
doctrine, holding “[t]he notion that information which is tendered as a result of court ordered or
statutorily mandated discovery, can be converted into privileged information, though it has not
been altered since tendering, enhanced by fruits of an attorney’s labor since tendering, or added to
with communicative actions after tendering is a novel one . . . [A]nd we reject it out of hand.” Id.
at 114. We agree, and hold that Clark’s parole records were not transformed into protected work
product merely because Mayberry’s counsel acquired them through subpoena.
However, Mayberry argues that the trial court’s order violated the work-product doctrine
because the records turned over to the court contained her counsel’s handwritten notes concerning
his potential questioning of Clark. Yet the record shows that Mayberry never informed the trial
court at the March 2010 hearing that her counsel’s notes were on the records. The first time she
drew the court’s attention to this fact was almost a year-and-a-half later when she filed her motion
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to disqualify the Bexar County Criminal District Attorney’s Office. In order to preserve a
complaint that the trial court ordered her counsel to turn over his work product because his notes
were on the records, Mayberry’s counsel was required to inform the trial court of that basis for her
objection at a time when the trial court could have protected her counsel’s notes from disclosure.
See Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (“As regards specificity, all a
party has to do to avoid the forfeiture of a complaint on appeal is to let the trial judge know what
he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge to
understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something about it.”).
Because Mayberry handed over the records without making such a complaint, she did not preserve
her complaint that the trial court’s order to turn over the parole records would disclose her
counsel’s notes.
B. DISQUALIFICATION OF THE BEXAR COUNTY CRIMINAL DISTRICT ATTORNEY
Mayberry complains the trial court erred by not disqualifying the Bexar County Criminal
District Attorney and her entire office from prosecuting Mayberry’s case. Mayberry argues
disqualification was necessary to ensure her counsel’s notes were not used against her.
The Code of Criminal Procedure allows for the disqualification of an elected district
attorney in two limited cases, neither of which applies here. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
2.08 (West Supp. 2014). However, the Court of Criminal Appeals has indicated in dicta that a trial
court may also have the limited authority to disqualify an elected district attorney if her continued
representation of the State would amount to a violation of due process. State ex rel. Young v. Sixth
Judicial Dist. Court of Appeals at Texarkana, 236 S.W.3d 207, 211 n.15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Mayberry is unable to show a due-process violation in her case. After she brought her
complaint that the State had inadvertently obtained her counsel’s notes to the trial court’s attention,
the State offered to substitute assistant district attorneys on Mayberry’s case who had not seen the
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notes. The court ordered the State to do so and ordered that the new assistant district attorneys not
receive a copy of Clark’s parole records that contained counsel’s notes. There is no evidence in
the record that the State did not comply with the court’s order. Because the record does not show
that Mayberry’s counsel’s notes were used by the District Attorney to obtain Mayberry’s
conviction, there was no due-process violation.
CONCLUSION
We overrule Mayberry’s two points of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Do Not Publish
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Latoya Mayberry v. State
Combined Opinion