NUMBER 13-11-00084-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JUAN HERRERA, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 148th District Court
of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Vela, and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rose Vela
Appellant, Juan Herrera, and co-defendants, Anthony Hernandez, Alfredo Garza,
and Israel Robali, were tried together in a single trial. The jury convicted appellant of
murder, a first-degree felony, see TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b), (c) (West 2011), and
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, a second-degree felony. See id. §
22.02(a)(2), (b). The jury assessed concurrent sentences of twenty-five years' and five
years' imprisonment, respectively. In nine issues, appellant argues the trial court erred
by: (1) denying him general voir dire; (2) excluding impeachment evidence; (3) admitting
evidence of gang problems; (4) failing to submit a separate charge for each defendant; (5)
accepting a fatally defective jury verdict; (6) allowing the State to reopen the case; (7)
denying his request to ask the medical examiner a question; (8) allowing the alternate
jurors to sit in with the jury during deliberations; and (9) denying his motion for new trial.
We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
In the evening of July 31, 2009, Brian Villarreal and his friends, Joel Pacheco,
Isabel Martinez, and John Sardie went to Burlington Coat Factory in Corpus Christi.
While inside the store, Pacheco had a minor confrontation with Anthony Hernandez.
Afterwards, Villarreal and his friends went outside and saw appellant drive up with two
passengers, Israel Robali and Alfredo Garza. Garza asked Villarreal and his friends if
they "had a problem." Villarreal testified that when Martinez approached their car,
appellant drove away and took a pipe out of the trunk. Appellant, Robali, and Garza
walked toward Villarreal and his friends while Hernandez and a juvenile approached the
four from behind. When Robali hit Pacheco in the head, everybody started fighting.
During the fight, Villarreal heard appellant say, "Fuck these fools, blast them already, fuck
them." Robali pulled a gun from his pocket and shot Martinez. When Martinez tried to
grab the gun, Robali shot him again. Undaunted, Martinez "threw" Robali over his
2
shoulder. When Robali hit the ground, the gun, which Robali held, went off, striking
Martinez. Villarreal kicked the gun out of Robali's hand and started choking him, but
stopped when he realized Martinez was dying.
John Sardie testified he was fighting someone and "heard a shot and then I heard
a second one and it shot me in the arm." He could not identify the person who shot him;
however, when the prosecutor asked him if the person who shot him "was one of those
three guys in the car [driven by appellant]?," he said, "Yes." After getting shot, Sardie
saw appellant pick up a gun that was on the ground. When appellant pointed the gun at
Sardie, Sardie hid behind a truck. He testified that "I saw him [appellant] shooting the
gun after I ran behind the truck and I looked back." He stated he "saw Herrera
[appellant]" grab Martinez "from the back of his head and like pop, like leaned him over
like that, on the side and just shot him three times."
Shortly before the fight started, Daniel Pulido was in his truck, which was parked
near the Burlington Coat Factory. He saw four men come out of the store and stand
against a wall at the entrance to the store. About five minutes later, appellant drove up in
a blue car and stopped near the four men. After a passenger in the blue car made "signs
with his hands," the men approached the car, which drove forward. Appellant and a
passenger got out, and appellant retrieved what appeared to be a silver-colored gun from
the trunk. Appellant and his passengers started fighting with the four men, who were
standing against the wall. Pulido testified he saw "Juan Herrera and [Israel] Robali
fighting about two guys." After Pulido lost sight of the fight, he "heard about three or four
rounds go off."
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Officer Jason Rhodes heard a dispatch about the fight at Burlington Coat Factory
and stopped the suspect vehicle, which had five occupants—Alfredo Garza, Anthony
Hernandez, Israel Robali, O.H.,1 and appellant, the driver of the vehicle. When Officer
Rhodes searched the vehicle, he found a small handgun underneath the backseat and a
pipe and a bat in the trunk.
Ray Fernandez, M.D., the Nueces County Medical Examiner who performed
Martinez's autopsy, testified Martinez's cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds.
Specifically, Martinez had a fatal gunshot wound that went through his aorta. He also
had gunshot wounds at the left back and on the left upper arm.
Forensic evidence showed that because the bullets removed from Martinez's body
had "insufficient detail," they could not be compared to test bullets fired from the .22
caliber pistol recovered from the car driven by appellant. However, the bullets were
consistent with being .22 caliber bullets. All of the casings recovered from the crime
scene came from the .22 caliber pistol.
II. DISCUSSION
A. General Voir Dire
In issue one, appellant contends the trial court erred by denying him a general voir
dire with questions that were critical to the issues.
1. Background
Appellant and his co-defendants were represented by a different attorney. On
May 10, 2010, the trial court conducted general voir dire examination of the
veniremembers. At the end of general voir dire, the trial court addressed the attorneys
1
Because this individual is a juvenile, we will not mention the first or last name.
4
for the State and the defendants as follows:
Gentlemen, I have reviewed my general notes that a Judge relies
upon in conducting voir dire. I have reviewed your notes. I may not have
addressed every single word and matter in your notes, but I have
addressed your notes. I now ask you if you have anything that you would
like me to further address.
When the prosecutor stated, "[W]e have a quick general voir dire about a few
things[,]" the trial court stated, "No, you're not going to do general voir dire. The next
phase is individual examination of the panel members. Today we'll conclude with the
general voir dire. Anything else that I should add to general voir dire?" When the trial
court asked appellant's defense counsel, "[A]nything additional?," he said, "Not at this
time, Judge." Afterwards, the trial court stated, "Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes
general voir dire." Appellant's defense counsel did not object and did not advise the
court he had any questions or information that the trial court needed to address during
general voir dire.
When individual voir dire began on May 12, 2010, the trial court announced to the
attorneys for the State and the defendants the following:
We had agreed that the Court would conduct voir dire. The Court
asked and received notes from counsel on questions and topics to ask
during that general voir dire. I made it clear to all counsel that general voir
dire concluded at the end of that session on Monday May 10th, 2010, . . . .
* * *
I am now told that counsel want to continue with general voir dire.
The door to general voir dire is closed. We're done. Today we pick up
with individual voir dire.
5
When appellant's defense counsel announced ready "subject to our request to the Court
to perform some additional voir dire in the general nature," the trial court replied, "General
voir dire has concluded . . . ."
2. Standard of Review
"The trial court has broad discretion over the process of selecting a jury." Barajas
v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d
146, 167 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988)); Boyd v. State, 811 S.W.2d 105, 115 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991); see Barnard v. State, 730 S.W.2d 703, 715 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (stating "the . .
. [trial] court has discretion to control the manner of voir dire with the exception that in
capital murder cases both the State and the defense must be accorded the right to
examine each prospective juror individually"). "A trial court's discretion is abused only
when a proper question about a proper area of inquiry is prohibited." Barajas, 93 S.W.3d
at 38; Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 345 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). "A question is
proper if it seeks to discover a juror's views on an issue applicable to the case." Barajas,
93 S.W.3d at 38 (citing Smith v. State, 703 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)).
"An otherwise proper question is impermissible, however, if it attempts to commit the juror
to a particular verdict based on particular facts." Id. (citing Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d
177, 181 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). "In addition, a voir dire question that is so vague or
broad in nature as to constitute a global fishing expedition is not proper and may be
prevented by the trial judge." Id. at 39 (citing Smith, 703 S.W.2d at 645). A trial court
may also limit voir dire when a question is repetitious. Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 345.
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3. Analysis
Upon agreement from the attorneys, and after taking into consideration their
"notes", the trial court conducted general voir dire. Toward the end of general voir dire
examination, when the trial court asked the attorneys for the State and the defendants if
they had "anything that [they] would like [the trial court] to further address[,]" appellant's
defense counsel stated, "Not at this time, Judge." When the trial court told the
veniremembers, "Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes general voir dire[,]" appellant's
defense counsel did not object to the trial court's decision to end general voir dire, and he
did not advise the court he still had questions for the court to ask on general voir dire.
The trial court did not prohibit appellant's defense counsel from asking a proper question
about a proper area of inquiry before the conclusion of general voir dire. Therefore, we
hold the trial judge did not abuse her discretion when she decided to end general voir dire
examination. See Barajas, 93 S.W.3d at 38; Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 345. Issue one is
overruled.
B. Exclusion of Impeachment Evidence
In issue two, appellant contends the trial court erred by excluding impeachment
evidence consisting of a photograph of John Sardie aiming a handgun. Specifically,
appellant argues that by "excluding proper impeachment evidence," the trial court denied
him (1) the right to present a defense i.e., that he was not the aggressor in the fight, and
(2) the right to confront adverse witnesses against him.
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1. Standard of Review
"An appellate court reviews a trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence
under an abuse of discretion standard." Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006) (citing Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).
"The trial court abuses its discretion when the decision lies outside the zone of
reasonable disagreement." McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238, 239 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). "[I]f the trial court's evidentiary ruling is correct on any theory of law applicable to
that ruling, it will not be disturbed even if the trial judge gave the wrong reason for his [or
her] right ruling." De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
2. Background
The evidence did not show that Sardie used any weapon during the fight with
appellant and his alleged accomplices. However, during Sardie's cross-examination,
appellant's defense counsel asked him, "Have you held a gun in your hand and pointed it
at somebody, Mr. Sardie?" To this, he replied, "Never." Afterwards, appellant's
defense counsel showed Sardie defendant's exhibit twenty one, which Sardie identified
as a photograph of himself, holding his sister's gun. He testified his sister took the photo
and that he "wasn't pointing at her." He testified he "was just pos[ing] for a photo[.]"
When appellant's defense counsel offered defendant's exhibit twenty one into evidence2
for impeachment purposes, the prosecutor objected on the basis of "relevancy," and the
trial court sustained the objection.
2
This photograph was admitted as part of a bill of exceptions. It is listed as defendant's exhibit
twenty-one and is included in volume fifteen of the reporter's record.
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3. Analysis
We note that defense counsel's question—"Have you held a gun in your hand and
pointed it at somebody"—is potentially misleading because holding a gun in one's hand is
a prerequisite to pointing it at a person, but Sardie could have held the gun without
intending to point it at anyone, including the person who took the photo. With respect to
defendant's exhibit twenty-one, Sardie testified he was posing for a photo and was not
pointing the weapon at his sister, who took the photo. Therefore, Sardie's negative
response to the question—"Have you held a gun in your hand and pointed it at
somebody"—was not untruthful.
Generally, the Sixth Amendment3 right to present evidence and to cross-examine
witnesses does not conflict with the corresponding rights under state evidentiary rules.
Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Thus, we can resolve
most questions regarding cross-examination by looking to the Texas Rules of Evidence.
Id. "In those rare situations in which the applicable rule of evidence conflicts with a
federal constitutional right, rule 101(c) [of the Texas Rules of Evidence] requires that the
Constitution of the United States controls over the evidentiary rule." Id. In Hammer,
however, the court of criminal appeals stated, "The Confrontation Clause mandate of
Davis v. Alaska[4] is not inconsistent with Texas evidentiary law. Thus, compliance with
3
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees that, "[i]n all criminal prosecutions
the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him." U.S. CONST. amend.
VI.
4
See Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974). In Hammer v. State, the court of criminal appeals
stated the Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses includes the right to cross-examine them to attack
their general credibility or to show their possible bias, self-interest, or motive in testifying. 296 S.W.3d 555,
561 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Davis, 415 U.S. at 316). "This right is not unqualified, however, the trial
judge has wide discretion in limiting the scope and extent of cross-examination." Id.
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a rule of evidence will, in most instances, avoid a constitutional question concerning the
admissibility of such evidence." Id. at 566.
Here, in an attempt to impeach Sardie's credibility and refute his claim that he
never held a gun and pointed it at somebody, appellant's defense counsel offered a photo
of Sardie holding and aiming his sister's handgun. Texas Rule of Evidence 607 states
that "the credibility of a witness may be attacked by any party . . . ." TEX. R. EVID. 607.
And, "[u]nder Rule 404(a)(3) of the Texas Rules of Evidence, a defendant may always
offer evidence of a pertinent character trait—such as truthfulness—of any witness. But,
under rule 608, the witness's general character for truthfulness may be shown only
through reputation or opinion testimony." Hammer, 296 S.W.3d at 563. Our state
evidentiary rules permit a party to cross-examine a witness "on specific instances of
conduct when they are used to establish his specific bias, self-interest, or motive for
testifying." Id.
Rule 608(b) provides in part: "Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for
the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness' credibility, other than conviction of
crime as provided in rule 609, may not be inquired into on cross-examination of the
witness nor proved by extrinsic evidence." TEX. R. EVID. 608(b). Accordingly, whether
the photo in this case was admissible is at least subject to reasonable disagreement.
We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the photo from evidence.
Issue two is overruled.
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C. Admission of Evidence Concerning Gang Problems
In issue three, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting evidence of the
current gang problems in Corpus Christi, Texas because the evidence was irrelevant to
the issues in the case, and there is no evidence the incident was gang related.
1. Background
During the State's guilt-innocence case-in-chief, Detective Crispin Mendez, a
former gang investigator for the Corpus Christi Police Department's Gang Unit, testified
Corpus Christi has a criminal street gang known either as "Cuarenta" or "Cuare." When
the prosecutor asked him, "Do we have any problems with gangs here in Corpus
Christi?," he said, "Yes." At that point, appellant's defense counsel stated, "Object to the
relevance, Your Honor." The trial court overruled the objection, and appellant's defense
counsel did not ask for a running objection. Next, the prosecutor asked Detective
Mendez, "What are some of the problems we have with these gangs in Corpus?"
Without objection, he stated, "Some of the problems we have are . . . robberies,
burglaries, thefts, drug dealing, aggravated assaults, homicides, home invasions."
2. Preservation of Error
"As a prerequisite to presenting a complaint on appeal, a party must have made a
timely and specific request, objection, or motion to the trial court." Grant v. State, 345
S.W.3d 509, 512 (Tex. App.—Waco 2011, pet. ref'd) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A)).
"An objection is timely if it is made as soon as the ground for the objection becomes
apparent, i.e., as soon as the defense knows or should know that an error has occurred."
Id. (citing Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). "If a party fails to
11
object until after an objectionable question has been asked and answered, and he can
show no legitimate reason to justify the delay, his objection is untimely and error is
waived." Id. (citing Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 355).
In the instant case, appellant's defense counsel did not object to the question
posed to Detective Mendez until after the objectionable question had been asked and
answered. Appellant has shown no reason, legitimate or otherwise, to justify the delay.
Thus, the objection is untimely, and error is waived. See id.
In addition, "[i]t is also necessary that the objecting party must continue to object
each time the objectionable question or evidence is offered, obtain a running objection, or
request a hearing outside the jury's presence in order to preserve a complaint for
appellate review." Id.; see Martinez v. State, 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003); Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Here, appellant's
defense counsel did not object to the second question posed to Detective Mendez, and
he did not obtain a running objection or request a hearing outside the jury's presence.
Thus, error, if any, is not preserved for appellate review. See Grant, 345 S.W.3d at 512;
Martinez, 98 S.W.3d at 193; Fuentes, 991 S.W.2d at 273. We hold the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by admitting the testimony. Issue three is overruled.
D. Failure to Separate the Charge For Each of the Four Co-Defendants
In issue four, appellant contends the trial court erred by denying his request to
submit separate charges to the jury for himself and his three co-defendants. Herrera and
his three co-defendants were tried together in a single trial. At the conclusion of the
guilt-innocence phase, and over objection from appellant's defense counsel, the trial
12
court submitted a single charge to the jury.
1. Preservation of Error
Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1(i) states the appellate "brief must contain
a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to
authorities and to the record." TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). Appellant's brief contains no
citation to any authority that might support an argument that when multiple defendants
are tried together in a single trial, each defendant is entitled to a separate jury charge.
Therefore, we hold this issue is inadequately briefed and presents nothing for review as
this Court is under no obligation to make appellant's arguments for him. Lucio v. State,
351 S.W.3d 878, 896 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Busby v. State,
253 S.W.3d 661, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (affirming that court of criminal appeals has
no obligation "to construct and compose" a party's "issues, facts, and arguments with
appropriate citations to authorities and to the record") (internal quotes omitted));
Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393–94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (deciding in a capital
case that the defendant's points complaining of the lack of a jury instruction on the
voluntariness of the defendant's statements to the police, were inadequately briefed "by
neglecting to present argument and authorities" in support of them). Even assuming
appellant had not waived this complaint, we conclude he has suffered no harm.
2. Standard of Review for Charge Error
"[A]n appellate court's first duty in evaluating a jury charge issue is to determine
whether error exists. Then, if error is found, the appellate court should analyze that error
for harm." Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). If, as in
13
this case, an error is preserved with a timely objection, then the jury-charge error requires
reversal if the appellant suffered "some harm" as a result of the error. Sanchez v. State,
No. PD-0961-07, 2012 WL 1694606, at *6 (Tex. Crim. App. May 16, 2012); see Almanza
v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). "The harm caused by the error
must be considered 'in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including
the contested issues and the weight of probative evidence, the argument of counsel and
any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.'" Sanchez,
2012 WL 1694606, at *6 (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171); see TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 36.19 (West 2006).
In the instant case, appellant argues that "[b]ecause there was some contradictory
evidence at trial that [he] shot the gun, it was harmful for [him] not to have his own charge
submitted to the jury, separate and apart from the other co-defendants." He claims that
"[a] separate charge for each defendant would have created more of a sense of
separation of the evidence from each of the different defendants in the case, so that each
defendant's conviction could stand on its own." In addition to the fact that appellant cites
no authority for this argument, "[a]n appellate court may assume that the jury will follow
the instruction as given, and will not reverse a conviction in the absence of evidence that
the jury was actually confused by the charge." Cagle v. State, 23 S.W.3d 590, 594 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. ref'd); see Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 490 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996). In the instant case, there is no evidence that the jury was confused by
the submission of a single charge for all four defendants. Thus, appellant's argument
falls into the category of theoretical harm. To obtain reversal for jury-charge error, an
14
"[a]ppellant must have suffered actual harm, not merely theoretical harm." Sanchez,
2012 WL 1694606, at *6; see Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 352 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986). Issue four is overruled.
E. Acceptance of a Fatally Defective Jury Verdict
In issue five, appellant contends the trial court erred by accepting a fatally
defective jury verdict, which was inconsistent with the application of the law of parties in
the charge.
1. Applicable Law of Parties
Section 7.01(a) of the Texas Penal Code provides: "A person is criminally
responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own conduct, by the
conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both." TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 7.01(a) (West 2011). Section 7.02(a) provides, in relevant part, that a "person is
criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if: . . . (2)
acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits,
encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense . . . ."
Id. § 7.02(a)(2).
2. Analysis
Appellant argues that under the law of parties, the jury found two of the
co-defendants, himself and Robali, guilty of murder, and it found the other two
co-defendants, Hernandez and Garza, guilty of the lesser-included offense of criminally
negligent homicide. See Jackson v. State, 248 S.W.3d 369, 371 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref'd) (stating criminally negligent homicide is a lesser-included
15
offense of murder). Appellant argues the verdict is inconsistent with the theory under the
law of parties because by finding Hernandez and Garza guilty of the lesser-included
offense, by definition, they acted with a lower culpable mental state than required for
murder. If the jury found the defendants guilty under the theory of the law of parties, they
would have all been required to all have the same culpable mental state, to aid,
encourage, solicit or attempt to aid in the commission of the offense. Appellant argues
that "[b]y finding different culpable mental states of mind for each of the defendants, the
application of the law of parties is violated as to how they aided and encouraged in a
different crime."
Appellant's brief contains no citation to any authority that might support this
argument. Therefore, we hold this issue is inadequately briefed and presents nothing for
review as this Court is under no obligation to make appellant's arguments for him. Lucio,
351 S.W.3d at 396; see TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i); Busby, 253 S.W.3d at 673; Cardenas, 30
S.W.3d at 393–94. Nevertheless, "[i]t is well-established that one accomplice may be
found guilty of a different, more serious offense than other accomplices." Ex parte
Thompson, 179 S.W.3d 549, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). "What matters under Section
7.02(a) is the criminal mens rea of each accomplice; each may be convicted only of those
crimes for which he had the requisite mental state." Id. at 554 (emphasis in original).
The Thompson court stated:
To determine the kind of homicide of which the accomplice is guilty, it is
necessary to look to his state of mind; it may have been different from the
state of mind of the principal and they thus may be guilty of different
offenses. Thus, because first degree murder requires a deliberate and
premeditated killing, an accomplice is not guilty of this degree of murder
unless he acted with premeditation and deliberation. And, because a
16
killing in a heat of passion is manslaughter and not murder, an accomplice
who aids while in such a state is guilty only of manslaughter even though
the killer is himself guilty of murder. Likewise, it is equally possible that the
killer is guilty only of manslaughter because of his heat of passion but that
the accomplice, aiding in a state of cool blood, is guilty of murder.
Id. at 554–55 (quoting 2 W AYNE R. LAFAVE, SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW § 13.2(c) at
346–47 (2d ed. 2003). Issue five is overruled.
F. Admission of Rebuttal Testimony
In issue six, appellant contends the trial court erred by allowing the State to reopen
its case and admit improper rebuttal testimony.
1. Background
During the punishment phase, Officer Jeremy Loftin testified on direct-examination
that on February 14, 2009, he was dispatched to 803 Duncan Street in Corpus Christi in
reference to drug activity. While at the residence, police detained Israel Robali and two
other individuals who are not co-defendants in the instant case. According to Officer
Adrian Dominguez, a search of the residence turned up 131.63 grams of crack cocaine
and 17.20 grams of heroin.
After appellant and his co-defendants finished presenting their evidence at the
punishment phase, the prosecutor told the trial court he wanted to call Officer Bill
Livingston as a rebuttal witness. However, when Officer Livingston's name was called,
he did not appear in the courtroom. Thereafter, the prosecutor and the defense
attorneys rested and closed. The next day, but prior to closing arguments, the trial court
announced the State had asked to reopen the case on the issue of punishment. With
regard to the basis for reopening the case, the prosecutor stated that one of the fathers
17
and some of the witnesses testified "they are good boys, they never get in the [sic] trouble
with the law. There has been evidence already that he [Israel Robali] was at a
residence, one of the guys was at a residence where there was a large amount of
narcotics found when he was present there. . . ." He further stated that Officer Livingston
is "going to testify that the amount of narcotics here are not for personal use. These are
the amounts that are used by people that supply the street level dealers. . . ."
In response, appellant's defense counsel objected that Officer Livingston's
testimony was not proper rebuttal testimony, but additional evidence on the issue of
co-defendant Robali's involvement. After the trial court overruled the objection, Officer
Livingston, a detective in the Vice and Narcotics Division of the Corpus Christi Police
Department, testified that during 2009, the price of cocaine ranged from $50 to $100 per
gram and that heroin sold for $70 to $100 per gram. When the prosecutor asked him,
"Would you consider somebody having 130 grams of cocaine for personal use?", he said,
"No. It would be indicative of someone who is trafficking or distributing narcotics." He
said that person "would be a mid-level dealer the ones who are supplying the street level
dealers."
2. Applicable Law & Analysis
"[W]e review a trial court's decision on a motion to reopen for an abuse of
discretion." Smith v. State, 290 S.W.3d 368, 373 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009,
pet. ref'd). Article 36.02 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure governs a party's right
to reopen a case. It states: "The court shall allow testimony to be introduced at any
time before the argument of a cause is concluded, if it appears that it is necessary to a
18
due administration of justice." TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.02 (West 2007). In
Peek v. State, the court of criminal appeals stated that "[a] trial judge is required to reopen
a case under Art. 36.02 only if the proffered evidence is 'necessary to a due
administration of justice'" and "conclude[d] that a 'due administration of justice' means a
judge should reopen a case if the evidence would materially change the case in the
proponent's favor." 106 S.W.3d 72, 79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). In addition, the Peek
court stated, "'Due administration of justice' requires a showing that the evidence is more
than just relevant—it must actually make a difference in the case." Id. A party can
reopen his case to admit additional evidence even if the evidence is not rebuttal evidence.
Id. at 78.
We are unable to conclude that Officer Livingston's testimony would not have
materially changed the case in the State's favor with regard to Robali's punishment. The
State sought to reopen the case in order to admit testimony, showing the amount of
narcotics was not for personal use; rather, it indicated the person possessing the
contraband was involved in trafficking or distributing narcotics. Thus, the testimony
would materially change the case in the proponent's favor with regard to Robali's
punishment because it showed he was not using the narcotics. Instead, he was involved
in the distribution of narcotics. We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
granting the motion to reopen the case. Issue six is overruled.
G. Exclusion of Evidence
In issue seven, appellant contends the trial court erred by preventing his defense
counsel from asking Dr. Ray Fernandez a relevant and legal question.
19
1. Background
Dr. Fernandez, the medical examiner who performed Martinez's autopsy, testified
the toxicology report showed the amount of marihuana in the victim's system indicated he
had used the drug within at least two hours of his death. However, he stated the
marihuana in Martinez's system did not contribute to his death.
On cross-examination, appellant's defense counsel asked Dr. Fernandez, "Of
those persons you perform postmortem examination who died of violent deaths, do a very
high percentage of them have narcotics in their system?" At that point, the prosecutor
said, "What's the relevancy with other people, Your Honor?" Appellant's defense
counsel stated the relevancy of the question is that "Dr. Fernandez is their expert, Your
Honor. I think he—"At that point, the trial judge stated, "Relevancy of your question,
[defense counsel]? And if that's your response, I'm ready to answer." Appellant's
defense counsel replied, "That's my response, Your Honor." The trial court sustained
the objection, and appellant's defense counsel passed the witness.
2. Applicable Law & Analysis
To preserve a ruling excluding evidence for appellate review, the record must
contain an offer of proof. See TEX. R. EVID. 103; Fairow v. State, 943 S.W.2d 895, 905
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Hambrick v. State, 11 S.W.3d 241, 243 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
1999, no pet.). Appellant's defense counsel failed to make either a formal bill of
exceptions or request permission to make an informal offer of proof (i.e., either in
question-and-answer form or in the form of a concise statement by counsel). Without an
offer of proof, we do not know what testimony the trial court excluded when it limited
20
cross-examination.
Nevertheless, based upon the record, defense counsel's question to Dr.
Fernandez would, in all probability, not have elicited any relevant testimony. Texas Rule
of Evidence 401 defines relevant evidence as "evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." TEX. R. EVID. 401.
"Furthermore, except as otherwise provided by statute or rule, a jury is entitled to have
before it 'all possible relevant information about the individual defendant whose fate it
must determine.'" Shuffield, 189 S.W.3d at 793 (quoting Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748,
766 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). "Even when the evidence is relevant, the trial court may be
within its discretion to exclude it pursuant [to] Texas Rule of Evidence 403." Id. "Under
Rule 403, relevant evidence may be excluded if 'its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the
jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or negligent presentation of cumulative
evidence.'" Id.
The percentage of people who die from violent deaths while having narcotics in
their bodies does not, by itself, make appellant more or less culpable for Martinez's
murder. Nor does it, by itself, make a jury's finding of mitigation any more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence. Looking at the entirety of the record, we
are unable to say the trial court abused its discretion by excluding the complained-of
testimony. Issue seven is overruled.
21
H. Alternate Jurors
In issue eight, appellant contends the trial court erred by allowing the alternate
jurors to sit in with the jury during deliberations on guilt-innocence, in violation of article
36.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. This article provides: "No person shall
be permitted to be with a jury while it is deliberating. No person shall be permitted to
converse with a juror about the case on trial except in the presence and by the permission
of the court." TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.22 (West 2006).
1. Background
After the jury returned its guilty verdicts, but before the jury heard any punishment
evidence, Robali's defense counsel moved for a mistrial, stating:
Judge, procedurally on the issues of jury conduct, I am moving for a
mistrial based on the Court has two alternates that have been part of the
proceedings. Prior to receiving the verdict, the two alternates were
allowed to go into the jury pool room which is designated for the twelve
jurors, and under 36.22, its contact with jurors, there are still—
* * *
Our problem here is, is that these jurors, the two alternates, have not
had a role in the deliberation issues, but they are still been standing by in
case something happened to the twelve jurors. Where violations occurred
is where the juror before receiving the verdict had all come together again
for thirty minutes or so, stayed in the jury room while waiting security to be
secured for the receiving of the verdict.
I think that's a contamination because we're still in the process of
continuing this jury for punishment issues, and as a result of that, we don't
know what conversed in there. We're going to have to develop that later,
but I think that's sufficient ground of violation of 36.22.
The trial court overruled the request for a mistrial. Appellant concedes that none of the
jurors, including the alternate jurors, were questioned about any specific misconduct.
22
2. Preservation of Error
In order to preserve error for appellate review, "a party's point of error on appeal
must comport with the objection made at trial.'" Grant, 345 S.W.3d at 512 (quoting
Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)); see also Broxton v. State,
909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (point of error raised on appeal must
correspond to objection made at trial). In the instant case, defense counsel moved for a
mistrial regarding "the issues of jury conduct." However, appellant's point of error on
appeal does not refer to the request for a mistrial. Therefore, the issue is not preserved
for appellate review. Even assuming error had been preserved, we conclude the trial
court did not err by denying the mistrial.
3. Mistrial
"A violation of article 36.22, once proven by the defendant, triggers a rebuttable
presumption of injury to the accused, and a mistrial may be warranted." Ocon v. State,
284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). "A mistrial is an appropriate remedy in
'extreme circumstances' for a narrow class of highly prejudicial and incurable errors." Id.
"A mistrial halts trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial that expenditure of further
time and expense would be wasteful and futile." Id. "Whether an error requires a
mistrial must be determined by the particular facts of the case."
"A trial court's denial of a mistrial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion." Id. "An
appellate court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling,
considering only those arguments before the court at the time of the ruling." Id. "The
ruling must be upheld if it was within the zone of reasonable disagreement." Id.
23
4. Analysis
The record contains no evidence showing that (1) an alternate juror was with the
jury while it was deliberating, or (2) that an alternate juror conversed with any of the twelve
jurors about the case on trial. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.22. Thus,
appellant has not proven a violation of article 36.22. Therefore, we hold the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by denying a mistrial. Issue eight is overruled.
I. Motion for New Trial
In issue nine, appellant contends the trial court erred by denying his motion for new
trial because his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to call two material witnesses,
Michael Estrada and Brianna Garza.
1. The New-Trial Hearing
Michael Estrada testified that on the date in question, he and his front-seat
passenger, Brianna Garza, turned into the Burlington Coat Factory parking lot and saw
two men jump over the hood of their car. Both men started fighting with some other men.
During the fight, the man who was fighting with Israel Robali pulled "something" out of his
pocket and went towards Robali, who was trying to get into a car that had pulled up. The
man "attacked" Robali, who pushed him away. When Estrada "heard something pop,"
he looked back towards the fight and "saw that guy going towards" Robali. When the
prosecutor asked Estrada, "Did Israel shoot before or after that car got there?", he said,
"After." However, when Estrada was asked if he had seen "the shooting itself?", he said,
"Not really."
24
Brianna Garza saw the men fighting and testified Robali "was getting beaten up."
Then, Robali pulled a gun from his pants. She testified that when "[t]he taller guy swung
at Robali, . . . he [Robali] shot him." When the taller man "swung again, . . . that's when
the gun went off more than once." She did not see Robali trying to get into a vehicle.
Appellant's defense counsel testified that because Estrada and Garza tended to
contradict each other, he decided not to call them as witnesses. He stated that Garza
"had a lot of different things from what she claimed that she was able to see that just didn't
fit into what we understood about the case. We just didn't consider her a very good
witness from the standpoint of either credibility of what she was able to see." He also
testified, "We had . . . additional witnesses . . . including . . . Michael Estrada, . . . . But
after interviewing each of those groups of people they ended up having enough negative
stuff in their testimony where the balance after we considered both sides of it just did not
weigh in favor of calling them as witnesses." Later during the new-trial hearing,
appellant's defense counsel testified that Garza's "testimony doesn't help at all . . .
because she certainly could have been testifying about things that she saw after Israel
[Robali] picked up the gun off the ground. So we didn't consider her testimony valuable
in assistance to [appellant] at all."
2. Applicable Law
a. New Trial
"[T]he trial court does not have discretion to grant a new trial unless the defendant
shows that he is entitled to one under the law." State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901, 907
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). "To grant a new trial for a non-legal or legally invalid reason is
25
an abuse of discretion." Id. As the court of criminal appeals has explained, the test for
abuse of discretion
"is not whether, in the opinion of the reviewing court, the facts present an
appropriate case for the trial court's action; rather, it is a question of whether
the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules or principles, and
the mere fact that a trial court may decide a matter within its discretionary
authority differently than an appellate court does not demonstrate such an
abuse."
Id. (quoting Howell v. State, 175 S.W.3d 786, 792 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting Brown
v. State, 870 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)).
"While a trial court has wide discretion in ruling on a motion for new trial which sets
out a valid legal claim, it should exercise that discretion by balancing a defendant's
'interest of justice' claim against both the interests of the public in finality and the
harmless-error standards set out in rule 44.2." Id. "Trial courts should not grant a new
trial if the defendant's substantial rights were not affected." Id. "Otherwise, the phrase
'interest of justice' would have no substantive legal content, but constitute a mere
platitude covering a multitude of unreviewable rulings." Id.
b. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
"The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and section ten of article
1 of the Texas Constitution, guarantee individuals the right to assistance of counsel in a
criminal prosecution." Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)
(citing U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 10). "The right to counsel requires
more than the presence of a lawyer; it necessarily requires the right to effective
assistance." Id. (citing McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970); Powell v.
Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 57 (1932)). "However, the right does not provide a right to
26
errorless counsel, 5 but rather to objectively reasonable representation." Id. (citing
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984)).
"To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must meet
the two-pronged test established by the U.S. Supreme Court in Strickland. . . ." Id.
"Appellant must show that (1) counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness, and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense." Id. (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). "Unless appellant can prove both prongs, an appellate
court must not find counsel's representation to be ineffective." Id. (citing Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687). "In order to satisfy the first prong, appellant must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that trial counsel's performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness under the prevailing professional norms." Id. "To prove
prejudice, appellant must show that there is a reasonable probability, or a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, that the result of the proceeding would
have been different." Id. (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687).
"An appellate court must make a 'strong presumption that counsel's performance
fell within the wide range of reasonably professional assistance.'" Id. (quoting Robertson
v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689)).
"In order for an appellate court to find that counsel was ineffective, counsel's deficiency
must be affirmatively demonstrated in the trial record; the court must not engage in
retrospective speculation." Id. (citing Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999)). "'It is not sufficient that appellant show, with the benefit of hindsight, that his
counsel's actions or omissions during trial were merely of questionable competence.'"
5
Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
27
Id. at 142–43 (quoting Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
"When such direct evidence is not available, we will assume that counsel had a strategy if
any reasonably sound strategic motivation can be imagined." Id. at 143 (citing Garcia v.
State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). "In making an assessment of
effective assistance of counsel, an appellate court must review the totality of the
representation and the circumstances of each case without the benefit of hindsight." Id.
(citing Robertson, 187 S.W.3d at 483).
The court of criminal appeals "has repeatedly stated that claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel are generally not successful on direct appeal and are more
appropriately urged in a hearing on an application for a writ of habeas corpus." Id.
(citing Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 n.13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Mitchell v. State,
68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)); see Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d 125, 131
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004). "On direct appeal, the record is usually inadequately developed
and 'cannot adequately reflect the failings of trial counsel' for an appellate court 'to fairly
evaluate the merits of such a serious allegation.'" Id. (quoting Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 833).
3. Analysis
Because "[t]he two prongs of Strickland need not be analyzed in a particular
order,[6] we decide whether appellant satisfied the prejudice prong,[7] which requires us to
"ask whether there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have had a reasonable
doubt as to [a]ppellant's guilt had . . . [Michael Estrada and Brianna Garza] appeared at
trial. . . ." Perez v. State, 310 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). In Perez, the
6
Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
7
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 697 (1984).
28
court of criminal appeals followed the guidance of King v. State, 649 S.W.2d 42 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1983), in which the defendant "asserted ineffective assistance of counsel in
part because no witnesses testified on his behalf." Id. (citing King, 649 S.W.2d at 44).
The Perez court, quoting from King, stated that "the failure to call witnesses at the
guilt-innocence and punishment stages is irrelevant absent a showing that such
witnesses were available and appellant would benefit from their testimony." Id. (quoting
King, 649 S.W.2d at 44).
Even though Estrada and Garza were available to testify at the trial of this case,
appellant would not have benefited from their testimony. Estrada, when asked if he saw
the shooting, stated, "Not really." Garza testified she saw Robali shoot the man who
swung at him. Estrada testified he saw Robali trying to get into a vehicle while Garza
testified she did not see him trying to get into a vehicle. Neither Estrada nor Garza could
identify appellant as a participant in the fight. The State's evidence, however, showed
appellant and Robali participated in the fight. Villarreal testified Robali shot Martinez,
and Sardie testified appellant shot Martinez. Thus, the testimony of neither Estrada nor
Garza would have exonerated appellant because their testimony was either irrelevant to
appellant's culpability or repetitive of admitted testimony.
Accordingly, we do not see a reasonable probability that the testimony of either
Estrada or Garza would have changed the result of appellant's trial. Ineffective
assistance of counsel claims must be firmly founded in the record and not based on
retrospective speculation. See Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex. Crim. App.
2002). We conclude appellant has not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that
29
counsel's alleged "deficiency so compromised the proper functioning of the adversarial
process that the trial court cannot be said to have produced a reliable result." See Ex
parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 686). Therefore, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the
motion for new trial. Issue nine is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
ROSE VELA
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
12th day of July, 2012.
30