In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________
No. 06-10-00075-CV
______________________________
JASON BLAKENEY, Appellant
V.
CLIFTON L. HOLMES AND JOE SHUMATE, Appellees
On Appeal from the Fourth Judicial District Court
Rusk County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2008-379
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jason Blakeney was represented by appointed counsel Clifton L. Holmes and Joe Shumate
after being indicted for capital murder in 2002. Pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement,
Blakeney pled guilty to a lesser included offense of murder and was sentenced to life
imprisonment. Over six years later, Blakeney filed an action for fraudulent misrepresentation,
―tortious interference with prosecutive business relations,‖ and breach of fiduciary duty against his
appointed counsel, claiming they had reneged on a promise to pay him $8,000.00 to plead guilty to
murder so they would not have to go to trial.
Holmes and Shumate filed no evidence and traditional motions for summary judgment
denying the existence of such an agreement. In his response, Blakeney referred to the following
as summary judgment evidence: 1 Holmes’ responses to requests for admission denying any
promise for payment made to Blakeney; docket sheets from Blakeney’s criminal case; a letter from
the Holmes law office enclosing copies of ―TDCJ inmate trust fund deposit slip and Regions Bank
money order secured by Defendant Holmes,‖ which Blakeney’s pleadings argued were a first
installment of the $8,000.00 promised; and proof that Holmes and Shumate represented him in the
criminal case. The trial court granted Holmes’ and Shumate’s motions for summary judgment.
1
Blakeney also referred to pleadings, which are not summary judgment evidence. Laidlaw Waste Sys. (Dallas), Inc.
v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 660 (Tex. 1995).
2
We affirm the trial court’s judgments.2
I. Blakeney Did Not Preserve Error on Recusal and Default Judgment Points of Error
Blakeney alleges for the first time on appeal that the trial judge was required to recuse due
to possible impartiality. He also complains of the trial court’s failure to rule on his motion for
default judgment. To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must make the complaint
to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1).
Preservation also requires one of three things: (1) an express ruling by the trial court; (2) an
implicit ruling by the trial court; or (3) a refusal to rule by the trial court, coupled with an objection
to that refusal by the complaining party. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2). This record contains no
evidence that the issue of recusal was raised with the trial court. Also, the motion for default
judgment was filed after Holmes had answered the suit and six days before Shumate filed his
answer. Consequently, there is no ruling on the motion for default judgment and no objection to
the trial court’s refusal to rule, if any. The record demonstrates that these issues were not
preserved below, and we decline to address them. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
II. Trial Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment
A. Standard of Review
Next, Blakeney raises eight other grounds, essentially complaining that the trial court erred
2
Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme
Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Vernon 2005). We are
unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Twelfth Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant
issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
3
in granting the motions for summary judgment.3 We employ a de novo review of the trial court’s
grant of a summary judgment, which is based on written pleadings and written evidence. Valence
Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005); Lamar v. City of Longview, 270
S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Summary
judgment is proper if Holmes and Shumate established that there was no genuine issue of material
fact and that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); French v.
Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748, 751 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, pet. denied); Powers v. Adams, 2 S.W.3d
496, 497 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (citing Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co.,
690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex.1985)).
During our analysis of the traditional motion, and in deciding whether there is a disputed
material fact issue which precludes summary judgment, proof favorable to the nonmovant will be
taken as true, and every reasonable inference will be indulged in their favor. Limestone Prods.
Distrib., Inc. v. McNamara, 71 S.W.3d 308, 311 (Tex. 2002); Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548–49. A
no-evidence summary judgment is essentially a pretrial directed verdict. We, therefore, apply the
same legal sufficiency standard in reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment as we apply in
reviewing a directed verdict to determine whether the nonmovant produced any evidence of
3
Blakeney complains the trial court erred in granting the motions for summary judgment because: ―the Appellant
filed a Motion for Judgment Nihil Dicit and where both Appellees DENIED paying the Appellant,‖ the ―Appellees
committed perjury,‖ ―the Appellant plead [sic] fraud which is a fact issue for a jury to decide,‖ ―Intent is a fact issue,‖
a ―fact issue existed as to the duty the Appellees owed the Appellant,‖ and ―Appellant filed a Motion for Subpoena
Duces Tecum requesting the trial court’s assistance in securing‖ ―the balance of money that inmate Blakeney departed
with from custody of the Rusk County Sheriff’s Department on April 22nd, 2002‖ and ―possessed upon arrival to the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division.‖
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probative force to raise a fact issue on the material questions presented. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v.
Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex. 2002); Woodruff v. Wright, 51 S.W.3d 727 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. denied). Blakeney will defeat a no-evidence summary judgment
motion if he presents more than a scintilla of probative evidence on each element of his claim.
King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003).
The trial court’s summary judgments specified no particular ground as supporting the
summary judgment. When, as is the case here, the trial court does not set out the grounds on
which it ruled, we affirm the summary judgment if any ground urged in the motion for summary
judgment is meritorious. W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005).
B. Application
To raise an issue of fact regarding his fraudulent misrepresentation claim, Blakeney was
required to produce more than a scintilla of probative evidence on the first element that Holmes
and Shumate made a material representation; in this case, that there was a promise to pay
$8,000.00 in exchange for Blakeney’s plea of guilt. Tex. Integrated Conveyor Sys., Inc. v.
Innovative Conveyor Concepts, Inc., 300 S.W.3d 348, 366 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied);
Baribeau v. Gustafson, 107 S.W.3d 52, 58 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. denied). The
only documents referencing such an agreement were Blakeney’s pleadings. ―Neither pleadings
nor responses to summary judgment motions constitute summary judgment evidence.‖ Watson v.
Frost Nat’l Bank, 139 S.W.3d 118, 119 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (citing Laidlaw
5
Waste Sys., 904 S.W.2d at 660). Moreover, a document relied on by Blakeney, Holmes’
responses to requests for admission, specifically denied the existence of a material representation.
We find that Blakeney presented no proof of the first element of his fraudulent misrepresentation
claim.
Next, in order to avoid summary judgment on his tortious interference with business
relations cause of action, Blakeney was required to present more than a scintilla of evidence that:
(1) there was a reasonable probability that he would have entered into a contractual relationship;
(2) an independently tortious or unlawful act by Holmes and Shumate prevented the relationship
from occurring; (3) the act was done with a conscious desire to prevent the relationship from
occurring or with knowledge that the interference was certain or substantially certain to occur as a
result of his conduct; and (4) Blakeney suffered actual harm or damage as a result of the
interference. See Finlan v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 90 S.W.3d 395, 412 (Tex. App.—Eastland
2002, pet. denied); Ash v. Hack Branch Distrib. Co., 54 S.W.3d 401, 414–15 (Tex. App.—Waco
2001, pet. denied). The elements of breach of fiduciary duty are: the existence of a fiduciary
relationship, and a breach of duty by the fiduciary that causes damages to the client or improper
benefit to the fiduciary. Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 237 (Tex. 1999). There was no
evidence presented with regard to these elements for either cause of action, and Blakeney’s
responses to the motions for summary judgment stated simply that he would ―not waste the court’s
time rehearsing here.‖
6
We find that Holmes and Shumate established that there were no genuine issues of material
fact with regard to any of Blakeney’s causes of action and that Blakeney did not present more than
a scintilla of probative evidence on each element of his claims. Therefore, Holmes and Shumate
were entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
Jack Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: November 9, 2010
Date Decided: November 10, 2010
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Jason Blakeney v. Clifton L. Holmes and Joe Shumate
Combined Opinion