in Re: Candi Cooper

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
______________________________

No. 06-10-00084-CV
______________________________

IN RE: CANDI COOPER

Original Mandamus Proceeding

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
 OPINION

Z.B.J.‘s parents, Candace Joy Cooper and David Johnston, were divorced in 2007 and

appointed joint managing conservators of their child. The divorce decree specified that Z.B.J.‘s

residence would be Upshur County or a contiguous county. Later, Cooper and Johnston agreed

that Johnston would obtain a modification of the decree to allow Cooper to move to Travis County

with Z.B.J. Cooper paid Johnston $100.00 as her part of the expected expense Johnston would

incur in getting the modified decree. Contrary to the parents‘ agreement, Johnston failed to get the

decree modified. Ignorant of this failure, Cooper moved to Travis County with Z.B.J.

Some eighteen months after the move, Johnston filed, in Upshur County, a motion to

modify the conservatorship of Z.B.J. and an application for ―temporary ex parte relief,‖ alleging the

use of marihuana by Cooper‘s current husband endangered Z.B.J.1 Cooper filed a motion to

transfer venue to Travis County under Section 155.201 of the Texas Family Code, which provides

for mandatory transfer of venue ―if the child has resided in the other county for six months or

longer.‖ See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 155.201 (Vernon 2008). On April 14, 2010, the Honorable

Paul Banner, sitting for the 115th Judicial District Court of Upshur County, Texas, heard and

denied the motion to transfer venue.

1
Johnston‘s action is classified as a suit affecting the parent-child relationship, commonly referred to as a SAPCR.
See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.032 (Vernon Supp. 2009).

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 Cooper has filed a petition for writ of mandamus2 asking this Court to order the trial court

to grant her motion to transfer venue of Johnston‘s suit. Johnston, the real party in interest, has

filed a motion for sanctions. The decision on the motion for sanctions was ordered carried with

the case for disposition with the petition for writ of mandamus.

We grant Cooper‘s petition because, without a final judgment in Johnston‘s suit, (1) Cooper

does not have an adequate remedy by appeal, and (2) venue transfer is mandatory. We decline to

assess sanctions against Cooper.

(1) Cooper Does Not Have an Adequate Remedy by Appeal

A preliminary issue which must be addressed is whether Cooper has an adequate remedy

by appeal. Mandamus issues only when the mandamus record establishes (1) a clear abuse of

discretion or the violation of a duty imposed by law, and (2) the absence of a clear and adequate

remedy at law. Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1992); see In re Columbia Med.

Ctr. of Las Colinas Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204, 207 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding). The

Texas Supreme Court has adopted a balancing test to determine whether a party has an adequate

2
This is the second mandamus petition Cooper has filed with this Court complaining of the trial court‘s order denying
her motion to transfer. On June 28, 2010, Cooper, proceeding pro se, filed a petition for writ of mandamus with this
Court. We denied the petition because Cooper failed to provide this Court with an adequate record. In re Cooper,
No. 06-10-00057-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 5173 (Tex. App.––Texarkana July 7, 2010, orig. proceeding). Cooper
filed a pro se motion for rehearing attempting to supplement the record. We denied Cooper‘s motion for rehearing
concluding Cooper had failed to establish ―unusual circumstances‖ sufficient to permit supplementation after an
opinion had been rendered. In re Cooper, No. 06-10-00057-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 6526 (Tex.
App.––Texarkana Aug. 6, 2010, orig. proceeding) (op. on reh‘g). On August 9, 2010, Cooper filed this petition for
writ of mandamus. Cooper is represented by counsel in this original proceeding. Cooper has requested that this
Court consider ―previously certified documents‖ which were filed in the prior mandamus proceeding, including the
transcript of the hearing. We grant Cooper‘s motion and take judicial notice of the record in the prior mandamus
action.

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remedy by appeal. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 136 (Tex. 2004) (orig.

proceeding); see In re AIU Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 109, 115 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding).

Johnston has informed this Court that the trial in the trial court has been concluded and has

provided this Court with a copy of the verdict form signed by the jury. Cooper did not request

that this Court stay any proceedings in the trial court. The copy of the court‘s charge provided this

Court with notice that the trial has already been concluded and we requested, sua sponte, that the

district clerk provide a supplemental record of the final judgment. We were informed by the

district clerk that no final judgment has been signed. We have yet to receive notice that a final

judgment has been signed.

If the final judgment had been signed, Cooper would have an available remedy by direct

appeal. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002 (Vernon 2008); see, e.g., In re S.G.S., 53 S.W.3d

848, 852 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.). The final judgment, though, has not yet been

signed, as far as we can determine at this time, and Cooper does not have a remedy by direct appeal

until the final judgment has been signed. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 109.002, 155.201

(Vernon 2008), § 155.204(h) (Vernon Supp. 2009) (interlocutory appeal not available for denial of

motion for mandatory transfer); see also Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex.

2001) (party may normally appeal only from final orders or judgments). Mandamus is an

available remedy when a trial court fails to grant a motion to transfer venue under Section 155.201

of the Texas Family Code. In re Kerst, 237 S.W.3d 441, 442–43 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, orig.

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proceeding); In re Compton, 185 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, orig.

proceeding). We conclude Cooper does not have an adequate remedy by appeal under the facts

contained in the record before us.

(2) Venue Transfer Is Mandatory

Cooper claims that the venue transfer was mandatory once she had shown that the child had

resided in another county for six months or longer. The trial court concluded that Cooper‘s act of

moving the child to Travis County violated the geographical restriction in the divorce decree.

If a child has resided in another county for more than six months, the Texas Family Code

requires that a SAPCR be transferred to the county of the child‘s residence. Section 155.201 of the

Texas Family Code provides as follows:

(a) On the filing of a motion showing that a suit for dissolution of the
marriage of the child‘s parents has been filed in another court and requesting a
transfer to that court, the court having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of a suit
affecting the parent-child relationship shall, within the time required by Section
155.204, transfer the proceedings to the court in which the dissolution of the
marriage is pending. The motion must comply with the requirements of Section
155.204(a).

(b) If a suit to modify or a motion to enforce an order is filed in the court
having continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of a suit, on the timely motion of a party
the court shall, within the time required by Section 155.204, transfer the proceeding
to another county in this state if the child has resided in the other county for six
months or longer.

(c) If a suit to modify or a motion to enforce an order is pending at the
time a subsequent suit to modify or motion to enforce is filed, the court may
transfer the proceeding as provided by Subsection (b) only if the court could have
transferred the proceeding at the time the first motion or suit was filed.

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TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 155.201. Upon a showing that the child has resided in another county for

six months, the transfer is mandatory. Brines v. McIlhaney, 596 S.W.2d 519, 521 (Tex. 1980)

(orig. proceeding) (construing prior statute). The trial court has no discretion to deny the transfer

if the child has resided in another county for six months or more and has a ministerial duty to grant

the motion to transfer. See, e.g., Proffer v. Yates, 734 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tex. 1987) (orig.

proceeding) (construing prior statute); In re Powell, 79 S.W.3d 814, 816 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2002, orig. proceeding); In re Wheeler, 177 S.W.3d 350, 354 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,

orig. proceeding); In re Nabors, 276 S.W.3d 190, 193 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, orig.

proceeding). The uncontested evidence introduced at the hearing established that Z.B.J. had

resided in Travis County for eighteen months at the time Johnston filed his action.

Johnston argued to the trial court and to this Court in the prior petition for writ of

mandamus that Cooper forfeited her rights under the mandatory venue provision by violating the

divorce decree. The divorce decree in this case specified:

the primary residence of the child shall be Upshur or contiguous counties, and the
parties shall not remove the child from Upshur or contiguous counties for the
purpose of changing the primary residence of the child until modified by further
order of the court of continuing jurisdiction or by written agreement signed by the
parties and filed with the court.

Johnston relies on Huey v. Huey, 200 S.W.3d 851 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). The Dallas

Court of Appeals concluded, in Huey, that the mother forfeited her rights under the mandatory

venue provision by intentionally violating the final decree of divorce which ―expressly restricted

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her choice of residence for the children to Collin County, Texas or any county contiguous to Collin

County.‖ Id. at 852. The court reasoned:

Appellant‘s conduct of moving her children to Howard County directly contravenes
the existing divorce decree. In effect, appellant‘s conduct is an attempt to establish
the children‘s residence in a county proscribed by judicial decree. As such, we
conclude Howard County is not a proper county to which transfer must be made by
the trial court invested with continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.

Moreover, permitting appellant to obtain the benefit of an otherwise
mandatory transfer based on the children‘s residence in Howard County, when such
residence is solely the result of appellant‘s intentional disregard and violation of the
divorce decree, would condone appellant‘s violation of the divorce decree and
encourage others to do the same in similar circumstances. Also, compelling a
transfer on facts such as presented here would promote forum shopping. We
conclude appellant‘s act of removing the children to a county not expressly
permitted by the trial court‘s decree constitutes a waiver of the right to give notice of
transfer under section 155.204 and a forfeiture of the right to have the case
transferred.

Id. at 853.

In this case, the evidence was uncontested that Cooper moved only after Johnston agreed to

get the decree modified to approve the move. Huey emphasized that its decision was based on

―appellant‘s intentional disregard and violation of the divorce decree.‖ Id. The divorce decree

stated the residency restriction could be modified by filing a written agreement of the parties with

the court. Johnston admitted he agreed to the move and agreed to secure an amended order

permitting the residence of Z.B.J. to be established in Travis County, Texas. Johnston further

admitted that he accepted Cooper‘s $100.00 check to pay for filing the agreement, but that he never

filed the agreement. A copy of the check was introduced as evidence at the hearing. Cooper also

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introduced a taped telephone call in which Johnston admits receiving the check but not making any

attempt to file the agreement.3

This case is distinguishable from Huey, because the uncontested evidence establishes

Cooper did not intend to violate the divorce decree. In fact, Cooper was reasonable in expecting

the decree to have been modified to approve her move to Travis County. Cooper‘s conduct in

moving can be questioned only in her failure to confirm that the written agreement was actually

filed and a modified decree actually obtained. Because there was no evidence Cooper

intentionally violated the decree‘s geographical restriction, the trial court could reasonably have

reached only one decision. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839–40 (―[R]elator must establish that the

trial court could reasonably have reached only one decision.‖). Because Cooper‘s violation of the

divorce decree was not intentional, we are unable to conclude she forfeited the benefit of

mandatory transfer.4

3
Johnston did not contest whether the tape recording was legally obtained or whether the tape recording was
admissible.
4
Huey uses the terms waiver and forfeiture in describing this situation. We wonder about the particular usage of
waiver here. The concept of waiver is concerned with the conduct of the party who is alleged to have waived a right.
The Texas Supreme Court has defined waiver as follows:

Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a right actually known, or intentional conduct
inconsistent with claiming that right. . . . The elements of waiver include (1) an existing right,
benefit, or advantage held by a party; (2) the party‘s actual knowledge of its existence; and (3) the
party‘s actual intent to relinquish the right, or intentional conduct inconsistent with the right.

Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 262 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008) (citations omitted). If applicable here, waiver
would require Cooper‘s conduct (violating the decree) to be intentional and inconsistent with the right in question
(mandatory transfer of venue). We believe her violation of the decree was unintentional.

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 Absent any intent by Cooper to violate the decree, we see no reason the mandatory transfer

provisions of Section 155.201 should not apply. ―In determining the county of principal residence

we focus on elements of permanency for the children which are critical to establishing residency

for venue purposes.‖ Nabors, 276 S.W.3d at 197. The purpose of having a court of continuing

jurisdiction is to ―avoi[d] forum shopping, races to the courthouse, child snatching, and the

harassment of a parent by the other parent‘s filing suits in random courts.‖ Trader v. Dear, 565

S.W.2d 233, 235 (Tex. 1978) (orig. proceeding). The Texas Legislature has made the choice that,

in general, the county of the child‘s residence is in the best position to determine the ―best interests‖

of the child. This policy is reflected in Section 155.201 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 155.201.

Admittedly, the trial court‘s ruling concerned an unsettled area of law. In a civil case, the

fact that the law is unsettled does not affect whether mandamus relief is available. The Texas

Supreme Court has held that a trial court‘s erroneous legal conclusion, even in an unsettled area of

law, is an abuse of discretion.5 Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 927–28 (Tex. 1996); In re

Ramsey, 28 S.W.3d 58, 61 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, orig. proceeding). It was error to deny

Cooper‘s motion to transfer venue, and Cooper is entitled to mandamus relief.

Because the parties have not provided this Court with a record that the trial court has signed

the final judgment, Cooper does not have an adequate remedy by appeal, and mandamus relief is

5
In a criminal case, however, mandamus is not available if the law is uncertain and unsettled. State ex rel. Young v.
Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Appeals at Texarkana, 236 S.W.3d 207, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (orig. proceeding).

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available. A trial court does not ordinarily have discretion to deny a motion for mandatory

transfer under Section 155.201 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 155.201.

While Texas courts have recognized a party may forfeit mandatory transfer through an intentional

disregard and violation of a geographic restriction in a court order, the record does not support the

conclusion that Cooper‘s violation of the geographic restriction was intentional. Thus, the trial

court had a ministerial duty to grant the motion to transfer. While Cooper‘s conduct has not been

exemplary, we decline to assess sanctions against Cooper at this time.6

6
Johnston has filed a motion for sanctions requesting sanctions be assessed against Cooper. Johnston notes this
mandamus was filed on the same day jury selection began in the underlying suit. Johnston alleges, ―it is apparent that
this ‗new‘ Petition for Writ of Mandamus is filed solely in an attempt to delay the underlying proceedings, and grossly
omitted an obviously important and material fact in her Petition, i.e., that trial was pending at the same time her
Petition was filed in this Honorable Court.‖ Johnston cites Twist v. McAllen Nat’l Bank, 248 S.W.3d 351, 364 (Tex.
App.––Corpus Christi 2007, orig. proceeding) (single opinion disposing of both an appeal and an original proceeding),
and In re Lincoln, 114 S.W.3d 724, 727–28 (Tex. App.––Austin 2003, orig. proceeding) (sanctions assessed under
Rule 52.11 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure). See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.11. Rule 52.11 permits an appellate
court to assess sanctions on a party or attorney who is not acting in good faith. See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.11. Although
the timing of Cooper‘s petitions are questionable and Cooper could have been more diligent in obtaining relief,
Cooper‘s claims have merit as discussed above. We are not persuaded the mere act of filing a petition for writ of
mandamus on the eve of trial constitutes bad faith. An appellate court should exercise the discretion afforded by Rule
52.11 with caution and only after careful deliberation. In re Lerma, 144 S.W.3d 21, 27 (Tex. App.––El Paso 2004,
orig. proceeding).
Johnston also alleges Cooper has filed, pro se, a forty million dollar lawsuit in federal court against the trial
judge in this case. Johnston alleges Barry Cooper, Cooper‘s husband, has publically claimed, ―if you are in a civil
trial and need a new judge, file a cheap lawsuit pro se and file a motion so that the judge will be forced to recuse his or
herself.‖ Johnston has attached a copy of the lawsuit and Cooper‘s motion requesting the trial judge in this case to
recuse himself from this case. Whether this conduct merits sanctions is best left to the discretion of the courts in
which the allegedly frivolous proceedings were filed. We believe it is appropriate to consider only Cooper‘s conduct
in this Court. We are not willing to exercise our discretion under Rule 52.11 to assess sanctions against Cooper.

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 We grant the petition for writ of mandamus, direct the trial court to vacate the order

denying the motion to transfer, and direct the trial court to transfer this suit to Travis County.

Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice

Date Submitted: September 2, 2010
Date Decided: September 3, 2010

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 No. 06-10-00084-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
TEXARKANA, TEXAS

IN RE: ORIGINAL MANDAMUS

CANDI COOPER PROCEEDING

WRIT OF MANDAMUS

Respondent, the Honorable Paul Banner, is hereby commanded to immediately vacate the

order denying the motion to transfer venue, and further commanded to immediately enter an order

transferring this cause to Travis County.

ENTERED on this ___ day of September, 2010, in chambers.

WITNESS THE HONORABLE JOSH R. MORRISS, III, CHIEF JUSTICE; JACK

CARTER, JUSTICE; AND BAILEY C. MOSELEY, JUSTICE, of the Court of Appeals, Sixth

Court of Appeals District of Texas, at Texarkana.

Given under my hand and seal of said Court in the City of Texarkana, Texas on this the ___

day of September, 2010.

DEBBIE AUTREY, CLERK

By: ________________________
Kim Robinson, Deputy Clerk
Sixth Judicial District of Texas

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Court of Appeals
Texarkana, Texas

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