COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
JAVIER NAVA, '
No. 08-11-00127-CR
Appellant, '
Appeal from the
v. '
371st District Court
THE STATE OF TEXAS, '
of Tarrant County, Texas
'
Appellee.
' (TC#1205243D)
OPINION
Javier Nava appeals his conviction for the offense of driving while intoxicated (DWI), a
third-degree felony. For the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Police Officer for the City of Fort Worth, R. Del Rio, executed a sworn affidavit in support
of a search warrant for blood on July 3, 2010, in which he stated that he had good reason to believe
that on or about July 2, 2010, Appellant committed the offense of operating a motor vehicle while
intoxicated and that the blood from Appellant would constitute evidence of the commission of the
offense. In his affidavit, Officer Del Rio stated:
On Friday, July 02, 2010 at approximately 23:05 hrs, I Officer R. Del Rio #3689,
working T315 observed IMP VEH (1993 Blk Chev PK TX AJ15663) traveling S/B
at 3600 Hemphill St without its headlamps activated. Officer J. Bickley, working
J315 also observed the IMP VEH traveling without its headlamps activated. I then
observed IMP VEH fail to signal a left lane change from the right lane to the left
lane. IMP VEH had a defective rear license plate light. I observed ARR
(Arrested Person) Nava, Javier as the driver of the IMP VEH.
Field sobriety evaluation:
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) = 4 of 6
Walk and Turn (WAT) = 2 of 8 clues
One Leg Stand (OLS) = 2 of 4 clues
ARR-Nava refused to give a specimen of his breath. ARR has one prior
conviction for Driving While Intoxicated (08/31/2000)-Fort Worth-cause number
0756998000.
On July 3, 2010, based upon Officer Del Rio’s affidavit, a Tarrant County magistrate
issued a warrant for Appellant’s blood and Officer Del Rio took Appellant to have a medical
professional draw a sample of Appellant’s blood.1 Appellant was subsequently charged with
DWI. He filed a pretrial motion to suppress the blood evidence, alleging that the affidavit
supporting the search warrant was wholly insufficient and failed to provide adequate probable
cause. At the suppression hearing, the evidence consisted solely of Del Rio’s affidavit and the
blood-draw search warrant. The trial court denied Appellant’s suppression motion stating that
while the facts presented in the affidavit and the search warrant “are very close to insufficient, they
are sufficient enough for probable cause, which is the standard.” Appellant subsequently pleaded
guilty to the charged offense, the trial court sentenced Appellant to ten years’ imprisonment, but
suspended the sentence and placed him on community supervision for a period of ten years. This
appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
The Denial of Appellant’s Motion to Suppress
In a single issue on appeal, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion
to suppress because the search warrant affidavit was legally and factually insufficient to establish
probable cause to justify the issuance of a valid search warrant under the Fourth Amendment of the
United States Constitution, Article I, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution, and Article 18.01(b)-(c)
of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.2
1
The record does not show that the results of Appellant’s blood test were ever presented as evidence.
2
Appellant does not explain how or provide authority to establish that his protection under the Texas Constitution
2
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a bifurcated
standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v.
State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We give almost total deference to a trial
court’s rulings on questions of historical fact and application of law to fact questions that turn on
an evaluation of credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo application-of-law to fact
questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v.
State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). We also review a trial court’s application of
the law of search and seizure de novo. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
But, on appeal, review of an affidavit supporting a search warrant is not de novo as we give great
deference to the magistrate’s probable cause determination. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,
236-37, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983); Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 61 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (in accordance with the constitutional preference for a warrant, a highly deferential
standard is applied on appellate review of the magistrate’s decision to issue a warrant). As long as
the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed, we will uphold
the magistrate’s determination. Gates, 462 U.S. at 236.
Applicable Law
Probable Cause
The drawing of a blood sample is a search and seizure within the meaning of the United
States and Texas Constitutions. State v. Dugas, 296 S.W.3d 112, 117-18 (Tex. App. – Houston
exceeds or differs from that provided under the United States Constitution thus, we consider his arguments together.
See Hogan v. State, 329 S.W.3d 90, 93 n.5 (Tex. App. – Fort Worth 2010, no pet.) (citing Arnold v. State, 873 S.W.2d
27, 33 & n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 830, 115 S.Ct. 103, 130 L.Ed.2d 51 (1994); Garcia v.
State, 239 S.W.3d 862, 868 n.3 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 129 S.Ct.
505, 172 L.Ed.2d 371 (2008)).
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[14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d). Therefore, a search warrant must issue before a blood sample can
be drawn. Id. No search warrant may issue without probable cause. U.S. CONST. AMEND.
IV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(b) (West Supp. 2012).
A sworn affidavit must set forth sufficient facts to establish probable cause that: (1) a specific
offense has been committed; (2) the specifically described property or items to be searched for or
seized constitute evidence of that offense or evidence that a particular person committed that
offense; and (3) that the property or items constituting evidence are located at or on the particular
person, place, or thing to be searched. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(c) (West
Supp. 2012). Under the U.S. and Texas Constitutions, an affidavit in support of a search warrant
will be found sufficient if, considering the totality of the circumstances shown in the affidavit, the
magistrate had a substantial basis for determining that probable cause existed. Swearingen v.
State, 143 S.W.3d 808, 810-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Nichols v. State, 877 S.W.2d 494, 497
(Tex. App. – Fort Worth 1994, pet. ref’d). Probable cause exists if, under the totality of the
circumstances presented to the magistrate in the supporting affidavit, there is a “fair probability” or
“substantial chance” that contraband or evidence will be found at the identified location. Flores
v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 245 n.13).
The magistrate’s sole concern should be probability when making a probable cause
determination as the magistrate is not bound by the standards of proof such as beyond a reasonable
doubt or a preponderance of the evidence. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 60. The standard in
determining whether an affidavit established probable cause is flexible and nondemanding. Id.
A trial court’s review of a magistrate’s probable cause determination supporting the issuance of a
search warrant is constrained to the four corners of the affidavit. Hankins v. State, 132 S.W.3d
380, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). The trial court should review the affidavit in a common sense
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and realistic manner instead of a hypertechnical one and can make reasonable inferences from the
information contained within the affidavit. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 59, 61; see also Davis v.
State, 202 S.W.3d 149, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (affidavit must be read with common sense
and in a realistic manner). In cases of doubt, we must defer to all reasonable inferences that the
magistrate could have made. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 61.
Analysis
According to Appellant, the affidavit for the blood-draw search warrant was insufficient to
establish probable cause because: (1) the affidavit containing the officer’s observations of
Appellant’s driving does not rise to the level of probable cause for DWI; (2) there was no
information in the affidavit explaining what Appellant’s scores on the field sobriety evaluation
mean and there was no indication as to whether Appellant passed or failed the evaluation thus, the
affidavit was incapable of showing probable cause without requiring the magistrate to read
material into the affidavit; and (3) the affidavit fails to allege a single fact to support Officer Del
Rio’s belief that Appellant’s blood would contain evidence.
It is undisputed that Appellant was pulled over for traffic violations including driving
without headlights, failing to signal a lane change, and having a defective rear license plate light.
Therefore, there was probable cause to stop Appellant. Anderson v. State, 701 S.W.2d 868, 873
(Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (an officer who stops a vehicle driving without headlights did so with
probable cause because the act is a violation of Texas statute). While the traffic violations alone
are not sufficient to establish probable cause for a DWI offense, we look to the totality of the
circumstances in determining whether probable cause exists. Gates, 462 U.S. at 283.
Here, the affidavit states that Appellant refused to give a breath specimen. The magistrate
could have inferred that Appellant had committed a DWI offense from his refusal to submit a
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breath test. Stovall v. State, --- S.W.3d ----, 2011 WL 5865235, at *7 n.7 (Tex. App. – Austin
Nov. 23, 2011, no pet.). The affidavit also includes a recitation of the scores of Appellant’s field
sobriety evaluation and while it does not provide an explanation of those scores or a statement
from Officer Del Rio as to whether Appellant failed the evaluation, no further explanation was
required. See Hogan, 329 S.W.3d at 96-97; Gravitt v. State, 2011 WL 5178337, at *3 (Tex. App.
– Dallas Nov. 02, 2011, pet. ref’d) (affidavit is not rendered inadequate because it fails to detail
officer’s DWI training or experience or the results of standardized field sobriety tests).
Appellant also argues the affidavit is insufficient because it fails to show that he consumed
alcohol or drugs, therefore the magistrate’s conclusion that he committed a DWI offense would be
a mere ratification of a bare conclusion. Appellant incorrectly asserts that an affidavit requires an
explanation to the magistrate that Appellant consumed an intoxicant. See Hughes v. State, 334
S.W.3d 379, 387 (Tex. App. – Amarillo 2011, no pet.) (because a magistrate can draw logical
inferences from an affidavit’s facts, the affidavit does not have to state how blood draw would
constitute evidence of DWI). It takes no great leap of faith or unknown intuitiveness to realize
that a magistrate knows that the blood is being requested to test it for the presence of blood alcohol
for use in a DWI prosecution. Id. Here, Officer Del Rio’s affidavit shows that Appellant was
suspected of a DWI offense, a field sobriety evaluation was conducted, and that Appellant refused
to give a breath sample. Officer Del Rio’s affidavit states that the property to be seized was
blood, in Appellant’s possession and control and sets forth Officer Del Rio’s belief that it would
constitute evidence of a DWI. Accordingly, the magistrate could have reasonably inferred from
the facts within the four corners of the affidavit that the blood evidence being sought from
Appellant would be tested for alcohol or other intoxicants as evidence that Appellant had
committed a DWI offense. See id.
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Although Del Rio’s affidavit could have contained more factual observations, the
magistrate was entitled to draw reasonable inferences from the affidavit and interpret it in a
common sense and realistic manner. Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 59, 61. Based on Officer Del
Rio’s observations of Appellant’s driving, Appellant’s noted refusal to submit a breath sample,
and the officer’s notes regarding the field sobriety evaluation set forth in the affidavit, together
with reasonable inferences derived from those facts, and affording deference to the magistrate’s
probable cause determination, we conclude that, under the totality of the circumstances, Del Rio’s
affidavit provided the magistrate with a substantial basis to determine that probable cause existed
for the issuance of the blood draw search warrant. See Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 60-62; Gates,
462 U.S. at 236-38; Swearingen, 143 S.W.3d at 810-11. Because Officer Del Rio’s affidavit and
the search warrant complied with the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the
Texas Constitution, and Article 18.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, we hold that the trial
court did not err by denying Appellant’s motion to suppress. U.S. CONST. AMEND. IV; TEX.
CONST. art. I, § 9; TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01. Issue One is overruled.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
________________________________________
GUADALUPE RIVERA, Justice
August 15, 2012
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, J., and Antcliff, J.
(Do Not Publish)
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Javier Nava v. State
Combined Opinion