IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-10-00263-CV
IN RE LOUIS F. BOUSE
Original Proceeding
DISSENTING OPINION
Election contests, unfortunately, frequently come with short external deadlines
which make thoughtful appellate legal analysis and research much more difficult. That
is the situation in which this mandamus proceeding has been processed. It is my
opinion, based upon the issues as presented and argued, and based upon my own
research and analysis, that the Court has failed to heed the most important admonition
of election law as it relates to an initiative election: In order to protect the people of the
city in the exercise of this reserved legislative power, the right to proceed by an
initiative election should be liberally construed in favor of the power reserved.
INITIATIVE ELECTIONS
The authority to compel a city council to adopt a resolution consistent with an
initiative election is a legislative act that the citizens have retained. It can, however, be
given up by the people. Thus, like the United States Constitution defines those rights
that have been given up by the people to the federal government and the Tenth
Amendment expressly provides that those powers/rights not expressly described in the
constitution are retained by the people/states, unless we can find an express surrender
of the right to pursue the initiative election process, the people retain that right.1
The Court has decided that the City of College Station and the two amicus
organizations, Texas Municipal League and Texas City Attorney’s Association, are
correct in their position that the Texas Legislature has removed the right of the people
to compel the governing body of a city, the city council, to consent to an ordinance
regarding incorporation of an area that lies within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of a
city. I, however, agree with the Citizens for Wellborn, the Committee of Circulators,
Louis Bouse, Teri Gerst, Beth Becker, Marcy Halterman, and Brian Alg, and an
individual amicus, Rusty Adams, that the right to proceed by an initiative election to
obtain the consent of the governing body is not inconsistent with or contrary to the
statute relied upon by College Station and the Court. To fully appreciate the need to
liberally construe the right to proceed by an initiative election in this situation, it is
necessary to step back and review the alternatives and some of the broader issues that
impact the advisability and operation of the interpretation of the relevant statute.
ISSUES PRESENTED
There are essentially two issues around which this mandamus proceeding has
been briefed and decided. The Citizens, apparently due to the time pressure, have, I
1 “The powers not delegated to the United States by Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” U. S. CONST. amend. X.
In re Bouse Page 2
believe inadvertently, opened the door to College Station’s ability to argue the second
issue, but which I believe is not ripe for review. It is, nevertheless, the issue upon which
the Court decides to deny the mandamus and therefore I, too, will address it.
1. Did the College Station City Secretary, Connie Hooks, fail to perform a
ministerial duty by refusing to certify the sufficiency of the initiative petition
calling for a city council ordinance consenting to Wellborn’s request to hold
an incorporation election? (Alternatively worded: Did the amended
initiative petition meet the technical requirements of College Station’s
Charter?) Answer: Yes.
2. Can the initiative petition/election process in College Station’s charter be
used to compel the city council’s consent to hold an incorporation election for
Wellborn? (Alternatively worded: Is compelling the city council’s consent by
an initiative election consistent with Texas Local Government Code Section
42.041?) Answer: Yes.
BACKGROUND
College Station is a home-rule city. As a home-rule city it has all the powers of
governing itself which the citizens have delegated to it in the city’s charter so long as
the power delegated does not conflict with any statute or constitutional provision. See
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. Ch. 9 (Vernon 2008), TEX. CONST. art. XI, § 5. College
Station’s charter defines the procedure the voters must follow to utilize the initiative
process.
The relevant provisions in the city’s charter are contained in Article X thereof.
Because of the importance of compliance with those provisions in answering the first
question above stated, I will set out the relevant charter provisions in their entirety. The
only portions omitted will be those related solely to referendum petitions and recall
elections. In the quoted documents set out in this opinion, I have italicized those
portions of greater importance to the issues addressed in this dissenting opinion.
In re Bouse Page 3
COLLEGE STATION CHARTER PROVISIONS
ARTICLE X
Power of Initiative
Section 83. The electors shall have power to propose any ordinance, except an
ordinance zoning or rezoning property, appropriating money, authorizing
the issuance of bonds, or authorizing the levy of taxes, and to adopt or
reject the same at the polls, such power being known as the initiative.
Any initiative ordinance may be submitted to the City Council by a
petition signed by qualified electors of the City equal in number to at least
twenty-five (25) percent of the number of votes cast at the last regular
municipal election.
Form of Petitions: Committee of Petitioners
Section 85. Initiative petition papers shall contain the full text of the
proposed ordinance. The signatures to initiative or referendum petitions
need not all be appended to one paper, but to each separate petition there
shall be attached a statement of the circulator thereof as provided by this section.
Each signer of any petition paper shall sign his name in ink or indelible
pencil and shall indicate after his name his place of residence by street and
number, or other description sufficient to identify the place. There shall
appear on each petition the names and addresses of five electors, who, as
a committee of the petitioners, shall be regarded as responsible for the
circulation and filing on the petition. Attached to each separate petition paper
there shall be an affidavit of the circulator thereof that he, and he only, personally
circulated the foregoing paper, that it bears a stated number of signatures, that all
signatures appended thereto were made in his presence, and that he believes them
to be the genuine signatures of the persons whose names they purport to be.
Filing; Examination and Certification of Petitions
Section 86. All petition papers comprising an initiative or referendum
petition shall be assembled and filed with the City Secretary as one
instrument. Within ten (10) days after the petition is filed, the City Secretary
shall determine whether each paper of the petition has a proper statement of the
circulator and whether the petition is signed by a sufficient number of qualified
electors. The City Secretary shall declare any petition paper entirely
invalid which does not have attached thereto an affidavit signed by the
circulator thereof. If a petition paper is found to be signed by more
persons than the number of signatures certified by the circulator, the last
signatures in excess of the number certified shall be disregarded. If a
petition paper is found to be signed by fewer persons than the number
certified, the signatures shall be accepted unless void on other grounds.
After completing his examination of the petition, the City Secretary shall certify
the result thereof to the city council at its next regular meeting. If he shall
In re Bouse Page 4
certify that the petition is insufficient, he shall set forth in his certificate the
particulars in which it is defective and shall at once notify the committee of the
petitioners of his findings.
Amendment of Petitions
Section 87. An initiative or referendum petition may be amended at any
time within ten (10) days after the notification of insufficiency has been
sent by the City Secretary, by filing a supplementary petition upon
additional papers signed and filed as provided in case of an original
petition. The City Secretary shall, within five (5) days after such an amendment
is filed, make examination of the amended petition and, if the petition be still
insufficient, he shall file his certificate to that effect in his office and notify the
committee of petitioners of his findings, and no further action shall be had on
such insufficient petition. The finding of the insufficiency of a petition
shall not prejudice the filing of a new petition for the same purpose.
Consideration by City Council
Section 89. Whenever the City Council receives a certified initiative or
referendum petition from the City Secretary, it shall proceed at once to
consider such petition. A proposed initiative ordinance shall be read and
provision shall be made for a public hearing upon the proposed ordinance. The
City Council shall take final action on the ordinance not later than sixty (60) days
after the date on which such ordinance was submitted by the City Secretary. A
referred ordinance shall be reconsidered by the City Council and its final
vote upon such reconsideration shall be upon the question. “Shall the
ordinance specified in the referendum petition be repealed?”
As relevant to this proceeding, and what I believe is the only issue ripe for our
consideration herein, I will first focus upon whether the city secretary, Connie Hooks,
has failed to perform a purely ministerial duty. I believe the record shows that she has.
There is no factual dispute that the Citizens filed an initiative petition on May 4,
2010. Hooks timely undertook to perform her duties to review the petition. And on
May 18, 2010 she sent an email to Janet Cohen with a subject of “Verification of
Initiative Petition.” The text of the email is as follows:
Good morning Mrs. Cohen,
In re Bouse Page 5
I presented the results of my examination of the initiative petition to the
College Station City Council during its workshop meeting on Monday May
17. This process is outlined in Section 86 of the City Charter.
The petition was determined insufficient per Charter requirements. You
are being notified of the particulars in which the petition is defective and may
within ten days amend the original petition. I will mail a copy of the
attachments to your home today.
If additional information is needed, please feel free to contact me.
Thank you, Connie
The city attorney, Harvey Cargill, Jr., provided a Memorandum dated May 13,
2010 to the city secretary, in which he purported to concur in her assessment of various
particulars in which the petition was deficient. He went on to elaborate on other
reasons he believed the Citizens were not entitled to proceed by the initiative process
and why Wellborn was not entitled to incorporate. The text of the memorandum is as
follows:
MEMORANDUM
TO: Connie Hooks, City Secretary
FROM: Harvey Cargill, Jr., City Attorney
DATE: May 13, 2010
RE: Wellborn
1. As we discussed, I agree with your conclusion that the
Petition submitted for an Initiative Ordinance is invalid because it does not
have attached to each petition paper an affidavit signed by the circulator and does
not contain the full text of the proposed ordinance. Section 86 of the Charter
specifically requires that the City Secretary “shall” declare the petition
invalid if the circulator requirement is not net.
2. Additionally, the ordinance attached to the Initiative petition
proposing that consent be granted provides it is for the area delineated on the
In re Bouse Page 6
attached plat. There is no plat attached to the ordinance. By the Charter, the full
text of the proposed ordinance must be contained in the petition papers.
If this petition with the ordinance was shown to the voters signing
the Petition without the plat attached, the voters were given no idea of
what area was to be incorporated, and the ordinance is vague and invalid.
If a plat was shown to each voter and represented to the voters as being
the area to be incorporated, the voters would know what area is to be
incorporated and the plat can be added to the Petition documents.
However, the circulators would have to swear the plat was attached and
represented to each voter as being the area to be incorporated. At this
point the City does not know what area is to be incorporated by Wellborn,
and the Charter requirements have not been met.
3. Further, as was stated in the letter of March 29, 2010, if a plat
was shown to the voters, and it was the same plat or map that Wellborn
previously submitted to the City Council, the area does not constitute a
city/town as provided by Section 6.001, 7.001 and 8.001 of the Texas Local
Government Code.
As provided in the 2003 edition of the Municipal Law & Procedure
Manual, “Before incorporation under any statute, there must be an
unincorporated community in existence with a compact center or nucleus
of population around which a city or town or village has developed.”
State ex rel Needham v. Wilbank, 595 S.W.2d 849 (Tex. 1980). If the
incorporation is challenged, the Court will look at whether there is a
community in a fairly compact area. There should be a nucleus or center
which can be shown by such things as businesses, a community hall, a
post office or school in fairly close proximity. The area proposed for
incorporation must be capable of receiving municipal services on a
reasonable basis. This is the language that appeared before Mr. Bojorquez
took over editing the Manual, and it is the current law.
If the area proposed in the Initiative Petition ordinance to be incorporated
is the previously set out area, it does not meet the legal requirement for
incorporation.
4. In order to incorporate Wellborn must comply with Section 42.041
of the Texas Local Government Code. The first step is to request consent to
incorporate from the City Council. If consent is not given, the statute
provides for a specific second step, to request the area be annexed, after
getting 50% of the landowners to request annexation. If the City of
College Station fails to annex within 6 months, by operation of law,
consent to incorporate is given.
In re Bouse Page 7
There is no step for circulating an Initiative petition instead of following §
42.041. Texas courts have held that a city can no more add a step to the
process than it can omit one. Annexation issues are not subject to direct
democracy voting through referendum, but are reserved to representative
democracy (City Council). The State has set up how and when an area can
be incorporated, and the process needs to be followed.
In conclusion, you have determined that as presented the Initiative
Petition lacks the affidavits as required by the Charter, and the Petition
must be declared invalid. If the Petition is corrected to include the
affidavits, the ordinance remains invalid unless the plat is attached to the
proposed ordinance and the circulators can swear that the plat was shown
to each voter. If the plat shows the same area to be incorporated as was
presented earlier, the area does not meet the legal requirements for incorporation.
The purpose of incorporation is to recognize that an area has become an urban,
compact, contiguous area of homes, not to incorporate a rural area then have folks
come. Simply put, Wellborn is not an existing town. Finally, state law provides
a process to be followed for incorporation, and an Initiative Petition is not part of
that statutory process.
If consent is given by College Station, it can’t be taken back. The
result is growth in College Station in the southern direction will be cut off by
Wellborn’s string of properties. Wellborn is already talking about filling in
gaps to areas to be incorporated. The decision the City Council makes will be
a decision that will decide present and future needs and growth patterns for
College Station.
Ultimately, the decision should be what is in the best interests of
the citizens of College Station.
The referenced email, if the city attorney’s memorandum was attached, is fairly
characterized as substantial compliance with the requirement for a certification by the
city secretary that sets forth “the particulars in which” the petition was insufficient. But
that certification was certainly not in strict conformity with the procedure specified in
the city’s charter. The certification was addressed to only one person who is not one of
the circulator’s committee of petitioners, but who is president of the Citizen’s
committee, Janet Cohen, it was presented to the city council in a work session rather
In re Bouse Page 8
than in a regular meeting of the city council, and it does not appear to have been timely
performed and communicated. Further, it is unclear whether the city attorney’s memo
was attached to the email or whether it was part of the “attachments” that were going
to be mailed to Cohen’s home. The most fundamental problem regarding compliance
with the charter provisions is that the attachment failed to delineate the petition’s
defects that the city secretary was responsible for determining and certifying to the city
council as distinguished from what the city attorney believed to be other impediments
to Wellborn’s ability to incorporate. And although the consequence of the city
secretary’s failure to perform her certification duties properly is not specified in the
charter, it is noted that the city wants to demand strict compliance with its charter
provision but nevertheless is satisfied with only substantial compliance with the charter
in regard to their own conduct.
The Citizens, rather than complain about the city’s non-compliance with their
charter provisions, simply proceeded to address the technical complaints they could
identify in the certification of insufficiency of their initiative petition. Specifically, the
certification and the city attorney’s memorandum made it clear that the circulator’s
affidavit had to be attached to every petition page and that every petition page had to
have a complete copy of the proposed ordinance attached, including the attachment of a
copy of the plat referenced in the proposed ordinance. According to the letter
transmitting the supplemental initiative petition, compliance with these formal
requirements required the addition of almost 600 pages, but nevertheless was still based
on the petitions originally submitted, which contained the signatures of 1500 registered
In re Bouse Page 9
voters. The supplementation required the addition of the two-page ordinance, a copy
of the plat, and the individual certification page by the circulator to each page of
petition signatures, which could contain a maximum of 11 signatures. This
supplementation was clearly intended to bring the petition into technical compliance
with the city’s charter requirements for an initiative election and meet the deficiencies
identified in items one and two of the city attorney’s memorandum.
The city secretary acknowledged that the supplementation was timely received
on May 27, 2010. On the following day the city attorney sent the following letter to the
Citizen’s attorney:
The City Secretary has not completed her review of the
supplemental petition. At the completion of her review she will set out
her findings.
The first point I will make is that this is not a red-light camera
initiative/petition situation. The current case law provides that annexation
issues are controlled by the statutes dictating your next step. Wellborn’s next
step is to request annexation by College Station.
By letter of March 29, 2010, I told you that I would recommend that no
initiative election be called because the precedent, as established by case law, is
that zoning and annexation are not subject to initiative petition. I sent that
letter in March so that Wellborn and you would know what my
recommendation would be and not be surprised or expend energy
circulating the petition, and then complain the City never told Wellborn
that the law might bar Wellborn’s request.
In spite of the letter, Wellborn has proceeded. My recommendation
stands as before. I believe for Wellborn to prevail, it will have to change the
law as it currently exists.
Notwithstanding the requirements of the city’s charter, specifically the deadline
to certify the initiative petition as sufficient or insufficient and the need to notify the
Committee of that certification, it appears the city secretary never actually notified the
In re Bouse Page 10
Committee of the petition insufficiency. After the supplemental petition was filed, it
appears that the city secretary’s next official action with regard to the petition was on
June 10, 2010 when she provided a report to the city manager, Glenn Brown. Within the
context of the report, she first summarizes the previous events and then declares that
the petition as supplemented is insufficient. The report states, in part, as follows:
On May 27, 2010, Mrs. Cohen and members of the Citizens for Wellborn
committee submitted supplemental documents to the original petition
within the time frame required by the City Charter Section 87.
The City Secretary reviewed the amended petition and concluded it is
insufficient based on the following issues:
1. Not clear in all sworn affidavits that a complete initiative ordinance
was presented to voters.
If an incomplete ordinance was presented to the voters, it is vague,
ambiguous and invalid.
2. The concerns stated by the City Attorney in his letter to City Secretary are
not resolved.
Based on this report, the city secretary does not state any particular defect that I
can identify in the report. I have reviewed the petitions and have not been able to
identify any insufficiency between the supplement as filed and the requirements of the
city charter. And if I have overlooked some small aspect that the city secretary focused
upon in her report item 1, surely it is beyond dispute that there is substantial
compliance with the charter provisions. As to the issues identified by the city attorney
other than compliance with the city charter for the form and content of the initiative
petition, which I will address those more fully below, those cannot be a basis for the city
secretary to certify the petition as insufficient.
In re Bouse Page 11
Accordingly, the supplemental filing corrected the procedural deficiencies in the
originally filed initiative petition. Therefore, the city secretary had no discretion other
than to certify the initiative petition as sufficient, in essence that the form and content of
the petition complied with the requirements of the city charter. Instead, it appears that
the city secretary relied upon the city attorney’s opinion regarding other legal objections
to using the initiative process to reject the Citizen’s petition. Accordingly, I would
conditionally issue a writ of mandamus against the city secretary, Connie Hooks, but
only if she failed to certify the petition as sufficient and provide the Court with
confirmation of her having done so within the next business day after the issuance of
the Court’s opinion. Because the majority does not, I respectfully dissent from that
portion of the Court’s opinion and judgment.
Further, it is my belief that the forgoing is the only portion of this mandamus
proceeding that is ripe for our consideration. The city council has not been called upon
to vote on the initiative ordinance. It is not clear on the record before this Court that a
majority of the city council would now vote against the consent ordinance, although
that might be an entirely reasonable supposition given that the city council did not
voluntarily agree to Wellborn’s request to incorporate. Further, and more importantly,
I cannot issue a mandamus against the city council without the issue being voted upon
because, notwithstanding that they may not vote to adopt the ordinance, they may,
nevertheless, reject the legal analysis and recommendation of the city attorney and vote
to put the issue on the ballot and let the citizens decide whether they want Wellborn to
be able to control its own fate through incorporation, or at least by letting Wellborn try
In re Bouse Page 12
to meet the incorporation requirements. Because even if the city attorney is correct in
his opinion that Wellborn does not meet the other statutory requirements for
incorporation, an issue not before us in this proceeding, the city council may opt for the
public vote to get the sense of the community so that they can consent, or withhold
consent, accordingly. Nevertheless, the initiative petition has never been put to a vote
by the city council and accordingly is not ripe for this Court to compel by mandamus.
Thus, to the extent that the petition for writ of mandamus seeks to compel the mayor
and members of the city council, Nancy Berry, John Crompton, Jess Fields, Dennis
Maloney, Katy-Marie Lyles, Lawrence Stewart and Dave Ruesink, I would dismiss it.
Because the Court addresses the merits and denies the petition for writ of mandamus, I
respectfully dissent from that portion of the Court’s opinion and judgment.
THE AVAILABILITY OF AN INIATIVE ELECTION
TO OBTAIN THE GOVERNING BODY’S CONSENT TO INCORPORATION
The second issue in this mandamus proceeding is whether the initiative process
is even available to compel the city counsel to approve an ordinance that consents to
Wellborn’s request to incorporate. I do not believe this issue is properly before us
because the city council has not yet refused to consider the initiative petition, nor have
they voted against the proposed ordinance and then refused to put it on the ballot for
an initiative election. Because the city secretary refused to certify the initiative petition
as sufficient, the issue has simply not been brought before the city council for
consideration or vote of any type. Nevertheless, because College Station has defended
its actions by asserting that the initiative process is not applicable, and the Court has
In re Bouse Page 13
determined to deny the petition for writ of mandamus on that basis, I must express my
disagreement with their legal reasoning and result.
THE CHARTER
As provided in the city’s charter, the initiative process may be used “to propose
any ordinance, except an ordinance zoning or rezoning property, appropriating money,
authorizing the issuance of bonds, or authorizing the levy of taxes.” The initiative
election in this instance is to compel the city council to give their consent by a city
ordinance for the community of Wellborn to incorporate.2 The incorporation ordinance
is clearly not one of the types of ordinances for which the citizens of College Station
have given up their right to proceed by an initiative petition in the city charter.
Therefore, if the right to proceed by the initiative process has been taken from the
people, as argued by College Station, it must have been taken by a statute of the State of
Texas.
THE STATUTE
College Station, Texas Municipal League, and Texas City Attorneys Association
have all concluded that the Local Government Code has a provision that has taken
away the people’s right to obtain the city’s consent by an initiative election. This
position is not terribly surprising since it is in their own interest of self-preservation that
they have the maximum power to protect the city’s existence, expansion of the available
tax base of the city, and the sphere of their control and power to regulate through the
city’s governing board; the city council. The statute they rely upon is as follows:
2 For purposes of this opinion I will use the short hand references to College Station and Wellborn, even
though the later is not yet an incorporated entity.
In re Bouse Page 14
(a) A municipality may not be incorporated in the extraterritorial
jurisdiction of an existing municipality unless the governing body of the
existing municipality gives its written consent by ordinance or resolution.
(b) If the governing body of the existing municipality refuses to give its
consent, a majority of the qualified voters of the area of the proposed
municipality and the owners of at least 50 percent of the land in the
proposed municipality may petition the governing body to annex the area.
If the governing body fails or refuses to annex the area within six months
after the date it receives the petition, that failure or refusal constitutes the
governing body’s consent to the incorporation of the proposed
municipality.
(c) The consent to the incorporation of the proposed municipality is
only an authorization to initiate incorporation proceedings as provided by
law.
(d) If the consent to initiate incorporation proceedings is obtained, the
incorporation must be initiated within six months after the date of the
consent and must be finally completed within 18 months after the date of
the consent. Failure to comply with either time requirement terminates
the consent.
(e) This section applies only to the proposed municipality’s area
located in the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the existing municipality.
TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 42.041 (Vernon 2008).
Thus, because Wellborn is within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of College
Station, Wellborn must obtain the consent of the governing body of College Station, the
city council, to proceed with incorporation. It appears that College Station may not
want to voluntarily give its consent. Wellborn has made the request. College Station
has not given it. But it has never actually been placed before the city council for a vote.
The Court has determined that allowing consent to be compelled by an initiative
election would be adding another step to the annexation process.
In re Bouse Page 15
The reason College Station does not want to voluntarily consent, at least the city
attorney’s reason as expressed in the memo to the city secretary, has to do with city
growth. The city attorney expressed his view of why consent should not be given as
follows:
If consent is given by College Station, it can’t be taken back. The
result is growth in College Station in the southern direction will be cut off
by Wellborn’s string of properties. Wellborn is already talking about
filling in gaps to areas to incorporate. The decision the City Council
makes will be a decision that will decide present and future needs and
growth patterns for College Station.
Ultimately, the decision should be what is in the best interest of the
citizens of College Station.3
It appears from their brief in reply to the Citizens response that College Station
shares this view when it states that the Citizens are “now trying to obtain a hurried
decision that ignores the impact that an additional step will have on cities who attempt
to control growth within their ETJ’s.” And College Station’s brief to this Court makes it
clear that they view this as a question of annexation to College Station, not consent to
allow the Citizens to proceed by initiative election to let the voters decide if the city
council must consent to allow Wellborn to move forward with its effort to incorporate.
College Station’s brief states the prospect for allowing Wellborn to go forward as:
Should this Court issue the writ of mandamus as petitioned by Relators to
compel the City to hold an initiative election to allow Wellborn to
incorporate, the Court would, in effect, add a procedural step to
annexation that is not now permitted by statute. It is therefore, the
Respondent’s position that this is an annexation process not subject to initiative
petition.
3 It appears that the belief is that the city council is better able to make that determination than the voters
of College Station.
In re Bouse Page 16
Maybe I am reading too much into the legal position taken by College Station.
But by refusing to consent to the incorporation election, and thus, under their
argument, compelling Wellborn to take the next step they contend is required by the
statute, College Station will be in a better position to annex Wellborn, thus avoiding
giving Wellborn independent incorporation status. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. §
42.041(b) (Vernon 2008).
At this point it may be helpful to recall that while the citizens of Wellborn are
currently largely regulated by College Station because Wellborn is within the
extraterritorial jurisdiction of College Station, the citizens of Wellborn have no voice in
who is elected to the College Station city council or the passage of ordinances by
College Station that have a regulatory impact on Wellborn because they live in the
extraterritorial jurisdiction of College Station. Further, the initiative can only go
forward if the required number of registered voters in College Station agrees to it. The
residents of Wellborn do not even get to participate in the initiative. Thus, Wellborn
must look to the citizens of College Station for help to secure the right to control their
own municipal destiny.
And even if College Station’s city secretary certifies the initiative petition as
sufficient under the city’s charter, and presuming the city council does not voluntarily
give their consent and, thus, College Station is required to proceed with the initiative
election, the result is still up to the voters of College Station, not Wellborn. Further,
even if the voters of College Station vote to compel the city council to consent to
Wellborn’s incorporation, incorporation is certainly not a certainty. As discussed
In re Bouse Page 17
above, the city attorney has already expressed his view that the map of Wellborn for the
initiative election does not comply with state law regarding an area that can be
incorporated. Of course, this is not a proper basis for the city secretary to not certify the
initiative petition but it would nevertheless thwart Wellborn’s ultimate effort to
incorporate. The statue quoted above also makes it clear that “consent” is “only an
authorization to initiate incorporation proceedings as provided by law” and thus is no
guarantee that the community will ultimately be allowed to incorporate. Thus, College
Station can continue to assert its legal position, even after the initiation of the
incorporation process, that Wellborn, as identified on the plat attached to the ordinance,
is not a proper area for incorporation under the relevant laws of the State of Texas.
Also by stepping back and taking a look at what it is that College Station wants
to compel Wellborn to do by refusing to give its consent to incorporate, we may begin
to understand why College Station is mounting this defense at this juncture. If the
Court rejects Wellborn’s authority to obtain College Station’s consent to incorporation
by way of the initiative election, Wellborn must ask to become part of College Station!
See TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 42.041(b) (Vernon 2008). It seems pretty clear that is
the very result that Wellborn wants to avoid.
No Inconsistency; Not an Additional Step; Just a Way to Get Consent
I now turn to what I believe is the most substantive flaw in the legal reasoning
put forward by College Station and adopted by the Court: That by allowing consent to
be obtained by using the initiative process set out in College Station’s charter, an
additional step would be added to the annexation process, an act prohibited by prior
In re Bouse Page 18
cases interpreting annexation statutes. This legal position works only if you accept the
city’s premise that this entire process, and specifically the statute it relies upon to defeat
the ability to use the initiative process, is about annexation and not about regulating
activity in a city’s exterritorial jurisdiction. Further, this legal position is based upon
cases that have held that the comprehensive scheme that regulates annexation of areas
by cities cannot be altered. I have no quarrel with those cases; but I believe the city and
the Court’s reliance on them is misplaced.
If we examine the statute that is relevant to this proceeding, the one both parties
agree does apply, Texas Local Government Code 42.041, it becomes evident that the
statute is dependant upon several other bodies of law. The statute is not intended to be
a comprehensive statute dealing with any of the issues College Station and the Court
have tried to squeeze into it. First, the provision is in Chapter 42, the Chapter of the
Local Government Code related to Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, not Chapter 43 which is
the comprehensive provisions of the Local Government Code that deal with Municipal
Annexation. Second, even a cursory review of section 42.041 reveals that there are two
significant bodies of law mentioned, but which the section does not even begin to
address the details and implementation thereof; (1) incorporation of cities; and (2)
annexation of areas to existing cities.
Incorporation
College Station has gone through great lengths to explain why Wellborn does not
meet the criteria to incorporate as a city. But to make these arguments, College Station
goes well outside section 42.041 and makes a cogent argument about the impediments
In re Bouse Page 19
to Wellborn’s incorporation. By referencing other statutes regarding incorporation of
cities, College Station has impliedly recognized that the section is not self-contained and
is not intended to address every issue related to the subject matter referenced in section
42.041. In effect, College Station recognizes that you have to refer to additional laws to
understand and be able to determine if Wellborn can incorporate. But we are not yet to
the incorporation stage for Wellborn because that stage does not start until Wellborn
obtains College Station’s consent to incorporate. And the statute makes it clear that just
because Wellborn obtains College Station’s consent, it does not mean that Wellborn will
ultimately be approved by Texas for incorporation. “The consent to the incorporation
of the proposed municipality is only an authorization to initiate incorporation
proceedings as provided by law.” TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 42.041(c) (Vernon
2008).
Annexation
Further, College Station must concede that if its argument is accepted, it does not
mean that Wellborn is automatically annexed simply because they comply with the
provision in section 42.041(b) referencing annexation. To the contrary, before College
Station could annex Wellborn, they would have to comply with the comprehensive
steps for annexation contained in Chapter 43 of the Local Government Code. And as an
indicator of how comprehensive Chapter 43 on Annexation is when compared to
Chapter 42 on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction, Chapter 43 has 11 sub-chapters consisting of
102 sections whereas Chapter 42 has only four sub-chapters and 23 sections. It is this
comprehensive set of laws once you get to the issue of annexation that College Station
In re Bouse Page 20
would have to comply with if they decided to annex Wellborn. But quite simply, they
are not there yet. College Station has not initiated annexation procedures, yet, nor has
Wellborn asked to be annexed.
Thus it is evident that there are two rather large bodies of law that are referenced
in the specific statute that even College Station recognizes it must go elsewhere to
determine what that law is and how it may apply to this statue. Subsection (b) deals
with annexation which is fully addressed by Chapter 43 of the Local Government Code.
Subsection (c) deals with incorporation of municipalities which is fully addressed by
Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9 of the Local Government Code depending upon what type
municipality is attempting to be incorporated.
Consent
This brings me back to subsection (a) of 42.041. This subsection of the statute is
about obtaining a city’s governing body’s consent. And this is where College Station
wants to keep Wellborn from going to any other provision of law to determine how
College Station’s city council’s consent can be obtained. We all agree there is no
comprehensive body of state statutes that regulates or determines how to obtain a
home-rule city council’s consent for some action. Of course, voluntary consent is easy.
If the members of the city council wanted to do this, it would have been done a long
time ago. But the city founders, in their wisdom, recognized that the city council’s
interest and views may not always be consistent with the voters of the city. Therefore,
the founders specified in College Station’s charter the procedures to be used by the
voters to initiate an election to compel the city council to consent to an ordinance. In
In re Bouse Page 21
this instance the required number of voters has taken the steps necessary to compel the
city counsel to either pass an ordinance consenting to Wellborn initiating incorporation
proceedings, or to compel the city counsel to put the ordinance to a vote of the
electorate to compel their consent to such an ordinance.
Thus it is the College Station charter that we look to for the purpose of
determining how the governing body of College Station may “give its written consent
by ordinance or resolution” for Wellborn to initiate incorporation proceedings.
Case Authority
I do not find the cases cited by College Station, Texas Municipal League and
Texas City Attorneys Association that analyze the steps necessary to annexation
relevant to our inquiry. Neither College Station nor Wellborn are in the annexation
phase, yet. Likewise, Wellborn has not been authorized to initiate incorporation
proceedings. The issue, if it is ripe for decision and I believe it is not, is whether the
statute or College Station’s charter, the equivalent of the city’s constitution, has
removed the right otherwise retained by the voters to obtain the city council’s consent
though the initiative process. I believe the Citizens still have that right. And if there is
any doubt that the right is retained, it should be resolved in favor of the Citizens having
retained the right.
CONCLUSION
Based on the forgoing analysis I do not find that the statute, Texas Local
Government Code Section 42.041 has withdrawn the initiative election process from
being used to compel the governing body of College Station to consent to Wellborn’s
In re Bouse Page 22
application to incorporate. Because the statute does not expressly remove the initiative
process from being used to obtain the consent of College Station’s governing body, and
further because College Station’s procedural objections to the initiative process were
corrected in the supplemental filing, and finally because College Station’s growth plan
and legal objections to the incorporation of Wellborn are not proper grounds upon
which the city secretary can refuse to certify the petition as sufficient under the city
charter, I would conditionally issue the writ of mandamus compelling the College
Station City Secretary, Connie Hooks, to act in her official capacity and certify the
petition as sufficient so that the city council must take action on it as specified in
College Station’s charter. I would issue the writ only if the city secretary failed to act in
accordance with this opinion and provide certification of compliance within the next
business day after the issuance of this opinion. As noted above, I do not believe the
petition for writ of mandamus to compel the members of the city council, Nancy Berry,
John Crompton, Jess Fields, Dennis Maloney, Katy-Marie Lyles, Lawrence Stewart, and
Dave Ruesink, to order the submission of the ordinance to a vote by the electorate is
ripe for our mandamus jurisdiction and would dismiss that portion of it. Because the
Court denies the petition for writ of mandamus in its entirety, I respectfully dissent
from the Court’s opinion and judgment.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Dissenting opinion delivered and filed August 17, 2010
In re Bouse Page 23
in Re Louis F. Bouse
Combined Opinion