NUMBER 13-10-00223-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
OCEANOGRAFIA, S.A. DE C.V., Appellant,
v.
MARIANA CALDERON HERNANDEZ, ET AL., Appellees.
On appeal from the 103rd District Court
of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Benavides
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
Oceanografia, S.A. de C.V. (appellant), appeals the trial court‘s denial of its
special appearance on the grounds that the trial court lacks general jurisdiction to hear a
suit brought against it by Mariana Calderon Hernandez et al., (appellees) for claims of
negligence at sea. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
This personal injury and wrongful death suit arises from an incident aboard a
vessel operated by appellant in the Gulf of Mexico that eventually caught fire and sank.
Appellant is a Mexican company headquartered in Mexico City. Appellees are among
hundreds of Mexican-national passengers (with the exception of one U.S. citizen) that
were aboard the ship, who traveled to work on offshore oil wells. One passenger
perished in the tragic ordeal. Following the rescue of surviving passengers, appellees
filed a lawsuit in the 103rd District Court, Cameron County, Texas against appellant and
other defendants, which alleged various claims of negligence.
Appellees alleged in their petition that appellant was amenable to the court‘s
jurisdiction because it conducted substantial business in Texas, maintained a fleet in
Texas, and operated jointly with a registered Texas business. Appellees alleged that
appellant‘s business dealings in Texas included: millions of dollars worth of
transactions with Texas-based ship company Con-Dive; purchase and service contracts
with various Texas-based financial and oil and gas companies; and business meetings
and recruitment of personnel in Texas by appellant. Appellant was also involved in
prior lawsuits in federal and state courts in Texas, where jurisdiction did not appear to be
at issue.
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The other defendants did not contest the trial court‘s jurisdiction over them.
However, appellant filed a special appearance to object to the jurisdiction of the trial
court on the grounds that appellant is not a resident of Texas and does not engage in
business activities in the state. Appellant further argued that if the trial court assumed
jurisdiction, it would offend the traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
After briefing and argument, the trial court denied appellant‘s special appearance. This
appeal followed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(7) (West 2008).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW
The issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying appellant‘s special
appearance. Issues of personal jurisdiction are questions of law and reviewed de novo.
Retamco Operating, Inc. v. Republic Drilling Co., 278 S.W.3d 333, 337 (Tex. 2009)
(citing BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002)).
The plaintiff has the initial burden to ―plead sufficient allegations to confer jurisdiction.‖
Id. Once that burden is met, the defendant seeking to avoid the court‘s jurisdiction
takes on the burden to negate ―all potential bases for jurisdiction pled by the plaintiff.‖
Id. When the lower court does not make findings of fact and conclusions of law in
support of its ruling, ―all facts necessary to support the judgment and supported by the
evidence are implied.‖ Id.
Non-residents are subject to the personal jurisdiction of Texas courts if: (1)
jurisdiction is authorized under the state‘s long-arm statute; and (2) it comports with
guarantees of the U.S. and Texas Constitutions. Retamco Operating, 278 S.W.3d at
337 (quoting Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Dugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 574 (Tex. 2007)).
Under Texas‘s long-arm statute, a non-resident defendant falls under the court‘s
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jurisdiction if the defendant conducts business in the state. See PHC-Minden, L.P. v.
Kimberly-Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 166 (Tex. 2007) (noting that the long-arm
statute‘s language extends as far as the U.S. and Texas Constitutions permit, so courts
should also rely on due process precedents as guides). Thus, the exercise of personal
jurisdiction is constitutional when: (1) the non-resident defendant has established
minimum contacts with the forum; and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction follows the
traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Id. (citing Int’l Shoe Co. v.
Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Pleading Allegations
Appellees contend that they met their initial burden of pleading sufficient
jurisdictional allegations. We agree. In their original petition, appellees pleaded that
appellant ―does substantial business in Texas,‖ and detailed appellant‘s role as a party to
the negligence claims. We hold that appellees‘ pleadings were sufficient to satisfy this
initial burden, and thus shifted the burden to appellant to negate all potential bases
alleged. See El Puerto de Liverpool v. Servi Mundo Llantero, 82 S.W.3d 622, 629 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2002, pet dism‘d w.o.j.).
B. Due Process
1. Minimum Contacts
The first prong of a general jurisdiction analysis is to examine whether the foreign
defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with Texas. See PHC-Minden, 235 S.W.3d
at 166. Unlike specific jurisdiction, general jurisdiction is a type of personal jurisdiction
that is exercised over a non-resident defendant in a suit not arising from or related to the
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contacts with the forum. Id. When sufficient contacts exist between the foreign
defendant and the State, ―due process is not offended.‖ Helicopteros Nacionales de
Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 (1984). General jurisdiction is subject to a
―dispute-blind‖ analysis—without regard to the nature of the claim—and involves a ―more
demanding minimum contact analysis.‖ PHC-Minden, 235 S.W.3d at 168. However,
the requisite level of minimum contacts must be substantial and involve a defendant who
has been engaged in longstanding business with the forum state. Id. In a minimum
contacts analysis, the threshold issue to determine is whether the foreign corporation
has ―continuous and systematic general business contacts‖ with the forum state.
Helicopteros, 466 U.S. at 416. Continuous and systematic contacts are determined
only on a ―case-by-case basis‖ and should be examined for the quality of the contacts,
rather than the quantity. Am. Type Culture Collection, Inc. v. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d 801,
810 (Tex. 2002).
While it is undisputed that appellant is a registered Mexican corporation, it had
numerous contacts with Texas prior to the filing of this lawsuit. Appellant acknowledges
these contacts, but argues that they are ―too attenuated to constitute ‗having a business
presence.‘‖ The first of its contacts involves millions of dollars worth of transactions
with a former Houston-based ship chartering company, Con-Dive, during 2006-2008.
The record shows that appellant and Con-Dive made various loans back and forth to
help further each other‘s respective businesses. Appellant also—at some point during
their relationship—hired and provided employees to Con-Dive and chartered vessels
with Con-Dive. Second, appellant entered into several business contracts with Texas
companies for a variety of financial and oil and gas needs. Third, the record shows that
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appellant contracted with Houston-based financial-services company Mills & Stowell to
help raise millions of dollars in third-party bond financing to help appellant further its
business operations in the United States. Fourth, appellant entered into other contracts
with Texas businesses, including: (1) the purchase of a percentage ownership of a
large barge in Houston; (2) the purchase of crane services for its vessels; (3) the
contracting and rental of oil and gas services and equipment; and (4) the contracting with
a Woodlands-based company to purchase millions of dollars worth of equipment for
appellant‘s business operations.
Using Helicopteros for support, appellant argues that the above-described
contacts are isolated, one-time contracts and that the purchases of goods and/or
services from Texas businesses are insufficient to support general jurisdiction. We
disagree. The holding in Helicopteros is clear that, ―purchases and related trips,
standing alone, are not a sufficient basis for a State's assertion of jurisdiction.‖ 466 U.S.
408, 417 (1984). However, the contacts by appellant are more than mere purchases
and related trips. In addition to purchases, appellant entered into sophisticated
business transactions with Texas companies, prior to this lawsuit, for credit and financial
purposes, as well as provided and recruited personnel to aid a Texas company‘s
business efforts. We hold that these contacts, which are more than isolated, rise to a
sufficient level that are continuous and systematic to satisfy personal jurisdiction.
2. Traditional Notions of Fair Play and Substantial Justice
The second prong of a general jurisdiction analysis requires the court to evaluate
―whether the assertion of personal jurisdiction comports with fair play and substantial
justice.‖ Guardian Royal Exch. Assur., Ltd. v. English China Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d
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223, 228 (Tex. 1991). To make this evaluation, the court is advised to look at several
factors, including: (1) the burden on the defendant; (2) the interest of the forum state in
adjudicating the dispute; (3) the plaintiff‘s interest in obtaining convenient and effective
relief; (4) the interstate judicial system‘s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution
of controversies; and (5) the shared interest of the states in furthering fundamental
substantive social policies. Id. Because this case involves a defendant from another
nation, rather than one from another state, we will not consider factors (4) and (5) in our
analysis. See Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at 234 n.17 (noting that in international
disputes, a court need not consider the interstate judicial system's interest in obtaining
the most efficient resolution of controversies or the shared interest of the several states
in furthering fundamental substantive social policies in its analysis). Instead, we
substitute the last two factors for two others—(1) the unique burdens placed upon the
defendant who must defend itself in a foreign legal system and (2) the procedural and
substantive policies of other nations whose interests are affected as well as the federal
government's interest in its foreign relations policies. See id. at 229 (citing Asahi Metal
Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Superior Court of Calif., Solano County, 480 U.S. 102, 115 (1987)).
Any unique burden on appellant, a Mexican corporation, to defend itself in Texas‘s
legal system is minimal. Appellant has defended itself in Texas‘s state courts and the
federal legal system on at least three separate occasions prior to this present action.
Further, the record shows that appellant‘s corporate representatives have travelled—and
continue to travel—to Texas to conduct business. With this history, it is difficult to find
that defending itself in Texas unreasonably burdens appellant. Additionally, Texas‘s
interest in adjudicating this dispute to ensure that foreign companies doing business
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within its borders—including raising capital, recruiting and exchanging personnel, and
exchanging credit with Texas companies—are held accountable for wrongs committed,
far outweighs any potential burden placed upon appellant to defend itself in Texas courts.
Appellees also have an interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief in
Texas because the remaining defendants have submitted to the trial court‘s jurisdiction
and important witnesses reside in the United States. Permitting the case to proceed
against the three other defendants in Texas—and not against the appellant—divides the
case. This would result in an inefficient adjudication of the dispute and potential unjust
relief. Further, appellees have shown that of the seventy-one potential witnesses in this
case, sixty-two of them live in the United States and only nine live in Mexico. Of the nine
witnesses living in Mexico, two have already been deposed in the United States without
issue. We also agree with the appellees that Cameron County is the most convenient
venue for all involved due to its location. These facts support appellees‘ interests in
obtaining efficient relief in one proceeding, rather than through piecemeal litigation in two
different countries and by two different legal systems.
Mexico‘s procedural and substantive interests, as well as the United States‘
interest in foreign relation policies, are important to this analysis and must be examined
on a case-by-case basis. See Asahi, 480 U.S. at 115 (informing courts to make a careful
inquiry when asserting state-court jurisdiction over an international defendant). Mexico
and the United States have a shared economic and free-trade interest through the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). See 19 U.S.C.A. § 3311 (West 2011).
Appellees argue that the shared economic and trade relationships between Mexico and
the United States carry a level of responsibility. We agree with this argument because
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as the world economy evolves and international commerce increases, businesses based
in different countries bear less burden and more responsibility to defend themselves
across international borders, in circumstances where they have engaged in substantial
economic activity. Cf. McGee v. Int’l Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220 (1957) (explaining that
the expanding scope of state jurisdiction over non-resident defendants is attributable to
the increase and evolution of commercial activity). Therefore, we find strong interests on
both sides of the border in this case to enforce the trial court‘s personal jurisdiction over
appellant.
Finally, appellant argues that our holding in Juarez v. United Parcel Service de
Mexico, 933 S.W.2d 281, 289 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, no writ) is analogous to
the present case. We disagree. The Juarez Court faced a different dispute involving
exclusively Mexican citizens without much evidence supporting jurisdiction in the United
States. See id. at 285–86 While it is true that this case involves Mexican citizens and
a Mexican company, it also involves U.S. companies and U.S. witnesses. As articulated
by the decisions in American Type and Asahi, general jurisdiction analysis requires a
case-by-case examination, and the facts in this case differ from those in Juarez, such as
appellant‘s past and continuous history of sophisticated business dealings with Texas
companies and individuals.
Therefore, based on the preceding factors, traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice are not offended to support the exercise of personal jurisdiction over
appellant.
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IV. CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court did not err in finding personal jurisdiction over appellant
or in denying appellant‘s special appearance. We affirm.
________________________
GINA M. BENAVIDES,
Justice
Delivered and filed the
8th day of December, 2011.
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Oceanografia, S. A. De C v. v. Mariana Calderon Hernandez
Combined Opinion