Affirmed as Modified and Opinion Filed August 26, 2013
S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-12-00377-CR
MANUEL LEIS PEREZ, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 3
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F10-31001-J
OPINION
Before Justices Bridges, FitzGerald, and Myers
Opinion by Justice FitzGerald
A jury convicted appellant of continuous sexual abuse of a young child. The trial judge
heard punishment evidence and assessed punishment at forty years’ imprisonment. Appellant
asserts fourteen issues on appeal, generally categorized as challenges to the jury charge, the
denial of his request for a mistrial, the denial of his motion to quash the indictment, the
sufficiency of the evidence, and an allegedly ambiguous verdict. In a cross-point, the State
requests that the judgment be modified to reflect that the trial court assessed punishment. We
modify the trial court’s judgment, and as modified, affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
S.T. was born in 1996, and never had a relationship with her biological father. Her
mother Brenda married Raymond Cruz when S.T. was six, but Cruz never accepted S.T. as his
daughter. In the summer of 2009, Cruz kicked thirteen-year-old S.T. out of the house and S.T.
went to live with her aunt Prysila and Prysila’s husband, appellant.
While living with Prysila and appellant, S.T. watched a movie called “Towel Head” with
them about a thirteen-year-old girl doing sexual things with her older, married neighbor. After
the movie ended, and Prysila left the room, appellant asked S.T. about a sexual scene in the
movie. Sometime later in the summer of 2009, appellant began sexually abusing S.T.
On the first occasion of sexual abuse, S.T. was lying on the couch in the living room
watching television at 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. when appellant came down the stairs. Appellant was
breathing heavily and asked her if she had ever seen a penis. When S.T. responded that she had
not, appellant pulled his penis out and told her to look at it. Appellant next told S.T. to kiss it and
grabbed the back of her head and pushed her head down on his penis multiple times. While
appellant’s penis was inside S.T.’s mouth, “sperm came out” into her mouth. Appellant also
rubbed the outside of S.T.’s vagina with his fingers before telling her to go sleep in his
daughter’s room.
The remainder of the summer passed without any further sexual abuse. In mid-August
2009, Brenda was planning to leave Cruz and took S.T. to live with David, the man she was
dating. S.T. lived with David and his two teenage daughters from mid-August until mid-October
2009 and attended Lamar Middle School in Lewisville. In mid-October, Brenda realized that she
was not brave enough to leave Cruz, and she brought S.T. home to live with them in Cedar Hill.
At appellant’s suggestion, Brenda transferred S.T. to Jackson Middle School in Grand
Prairie, so appellant could take S.T. to and from school. In October, Brenda began taking S.T. to
appellant and Prysila’s house before school, and appellant drove S.T. and his sons to school.
One morning, appellant did not take S.T. directly to school. Instead, he took her back to his
house, led her to his bedroom, removed their pants and underwear, and put his penis inside her
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vagina. S.T. flinched from the pain caused by appellant’s penis in her vagina and started
bleeding. When appellant removed his penis from S.T.’s vagina, he ejaculated onto the bed.
Afterward, appellant took S.T. to school.
Appellant returned to his house with S.T. and put his penis in her vagina “mostly every
day in the morning” before school. S.T. testified that this happened more than ten times.
Additionally, appellant “sometimes” put his mouth on her vagina, and appellant made S.T. put
her mouth and her hands on his penis “most” mornings as well. S.T. explained that appellant
made her move her hands or mouth until “sperm” came out and told her to swallow it.
Appellant also abused S.T. after school at his place of employment: he told a woman at
the office that she could leave and took S.T. into his office. Appellant showed S.T. pornography
on his laptop computer, including pornography featuring people having sex with animals. While
watching the pornography, appellant unzipped S.T.’s jeans, placed a little, red vibrator on her
vagina, and kissed her “in the mouth.” Appellant also put his penis inside S.T.’s vagina on the
floor of his office. On other occasions, appellant drove to the parking lot of Home Depot and
Chili’s or a nearby wooded area before or after S.T.’s school day to commit sexual acts. He
touched her vagina with his hands in the parking lot before school, and he touched her vagina
with a “dildo” in the wooded area one afternoon.
When asked if appellant used the “dildo” on her at other times, S.T. testified that
appellant used it on her when they were in his bedroom before school, and would place the
“dildo” inside her vagina. Appellant kept the “dildo” and vibrator in a red shoe box in his closet.
Appellant told S.T. not to tell anyone about their activities or his daughter would not have a dad.
This made S.T. sad.
The first person S.T. told about the abuse was her aunt Prysila. Appellant and Prysila
hosted a New Year’s party on December 31, 2009. S.T. and another girl drank alcohol during
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the party, and S.T. became intoxicated. She was in the restroom when Prysila entered the room,
crying. When Prysila told her that appellant said he had found S.T. touching herself on the sofa
one night, S.T. told her aunt “what really happened.” Appellant later left to drive someone home
after the party ended, and while he was gone, Prysila took S.T. to the bathroom and showered
with her before dressing herself and S.T. in lingerie. Appellant returned home, talked to Prysila,
and then they took S.T. into their bedroom. Prysila used the “dildo” on S.T.’s vagina and had
S.T. use it on her vagina while appellant watched.
Appellant and Prysila apologized to S.T. the next day and said that it would not happen
again. Prysila did not have any further sexual contact with S.T., but appellant continued having
sex with her after he promised that he would not do anything else.
On January 15, 2010, appellant took S.T. out of school and drove her to a motel. He told
her that they were going to the motel to have sex and that he planned to bring an ex-girlfriend to
join them. The other woman did not meet them at the hotel, but appellant put his penis inside
S.T.’s anus, causing her pain. A motel receipt admitted as evidence during trial showed that
appellant rented a room at the La Hacienda Motel in Grand Prairie on January 15, 2010.
Additionally, school records from Jackson Middle School indicated that S.T. was out of her
regular classroom in “some office” during sixth period on January 15, 2010, and the custodian of
records acknowledged that it was possible that a student could leave the school after visiting the
nurse’s office.
At the end of January 2010, appellant texted Brenda to say that he would not be able to
take S.T. to school anymore. Around the same time, Brenda noticed that S.T. was crying a lot.
S.T. did not try to tell anyone about the abuse after she told Prysila, but she wrote a letter in a
notebook. The letter stated that someone was touching her and that she felt bad but did not name
anyone. Brenda found the letter and asked S.T. about it, but S.T. became nervous and would not
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talk about it. Brenda then told S.T.’s grandmother. When the grandmother asked S.T. about the
letter, S.T. told her what appellant had done to her, but she did not tell her about what had
happened with Prysila. The grandmother called the police.
On February 23, 2010, Detective Christy Martinez of the Grand Prairie Police
Department’s Child Sex Unit met with the grandmother to take her statement about S.T.’s
outcry. Detective Martinez contacted Brenda to schedule a forensic interview at the Irving
Family Advocacy Center, and she sent S.T. to the Referral and Evaluation of At Risk Children
(“REACH”) program at Children’s Medical Center in Dallas for a physical examination. The
examination revealed an absence of tissue from an area of S.T.’s vaginal opening that was
consistent with penetration. At trial, Dr. Matthew Cox, director of the REACH program, testified
that the injury to S.T.’s hymen would have caused bleeding.
Detective Martinez obtained and executed a search warrant for appellant’s house. She
found a red shoe box in the master bedroom closet that contained the sex toys and a long brown
hair strand. After appellant was arrested, the acting forensic biology supervisor at the Southwest
Institute of Forensic Sciences (“SWIFS”) performed DNA testing on the vibrator and “dildo”
collected from appellant’s home. All of the genetic markers present in the samples from the
“dildo” and vibrator could be attributed to appellant, Prysila, and S.T.
At trial, a children’s therapist testified about some concepts relating to child-sexual
abuse, including grooming, delayed outcry of abuse, and accidental disclosure. Additionally, she
testified about her experience as S.T.’s therapist. She testified that she had worked with over 300
children and that S.T. was “the child that has been the most hurt.” She testified that S.T. had not
disclosed the abuse by Prysila in any of their thirty-nine sessions, but that did not surprise her.
Appellant did not present any evidence during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. After
hearing the court’s charge and closing arguments, the jury found appellant guilty of continuous
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sexual abuse of a young child as alleged in the indictment. Subsequently, the trial court heard
punishment evidence and sentenced appellant to forty years’ imprisonment. This timely appeal
followed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, appellant asserts the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction
for continuous sexual assault of a young child. Specifically, appellant contends the State
impermissibly relied on an act of anal penetration that occurred subsequent to S.T.’s fourteenth
birthday and was not alleged in the indictment. Appellant also asserts the evidence to corroborate
S.T.’s testimony was “ambiguous or tangential,” and there was a “mere modicum of proof of
sexual acts.”
We review evidentiary sufficiency challenges under the Jackson v. Virginia standard. See
Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Under this standard, evidence is
insufficient to support a conviction if, considering all the record evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict, no rational fact finder could have found that each essential element of
the charged offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517
(Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
We do not weigh any evidence or evaluate the credibility of any witnesses, as this was
the function of the fact finder. Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750. Instead, we determine whether both
the explicit and implicit findings of the fact finder are rational by viewing all the evidence
admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict and resolving any inconsistencies in the
evidence in favor of the verdict. Adelman v. State, 828 S.W.2d 418, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
To obtain a conviction, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that,
during a period that was thirty or more days in duration, appellant committed two or more acts of
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sexual abuse and that, at the time of the commission of each of the acts of sexual abuse, appellant
was seventeen years of age or older and the victim was a child younger than fourteen years of
age. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b) (West Supp. 2012); Fulmer v. State, 401 S.W.3d 305,
305 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d); McMillian v. State, 388 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). The indictment alleged that appellant:
Then and there, intentionally and knowingly, during a period that was 30
or more days in duration, when the defendant was 17 years of age or older,
commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against [S.T.], a child younger
than 14 years of age, hereinafter called complainant, namely by the
contact between defendant’s hand and complainant’s genitals with the
intent to arouse and gratify the sexual desire of defendant, and by contact
between the hand of the complainant and the genitals of the defendant
with the intent to arouse and gratify the sexual desire of the defendant, and
by the penetration of the complainant’s female sexual organ by the
defendant’s finger, and by the penetration of the complainant’s female
sexual organ by the defendant’s sexual organ, and by the contact between
the mouth of the defendant and the female sexual organ of the
complainant, and by the contact and penetration of the mouth of the
complainant by the sexual organ of the defendant, and by the penetration
of the female sexual organ by an object, to wit: a sex toy.
The record reflects that S.T. was born on January 5, 1996. S.T. was thirteen and appellant
was thirty-eight when the abuse began. S.T. testified that the first instance of abuse was in the
summer of 2009 when she first moved in with appellant and Prysila. Although there was a period
of time after the first instance when there was no abuse because S.T. was living elsewhere, the
abuse resumed in October 2009 when appellant began driving S.T. to school. S.T. described the
numerous acts of abuse that would occur “most mornings” before school, and testified that it
happened more than ten times.
S.T. also described the sexual abuse that occurred in appellant’s office when he showed
her pornography on his laptop computer, and abuse that would occur in the Home Depot or
Chili’s parking lot or in a nearby wooded area. S.T. related that appellant would put his penis or
a sex toy in her vagina, and would sometimes put his mouth on her vagina. She further described
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how appellant would put her mouth and hands on his penis. S.T. also testified about the night of
December 31, 2009 when she was abused by both appellant and Prysila.
Appellant’s complaints about the evidence as uncorroborated and elusive are without
merit. It is well-established that the testimony of a child victim alone is sufficient to support a
conviction for continuous sexual abuse. See Mathis v. State, 393 S.W.3d 332, 337 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2013, no pet.); Connell v. State, 233 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no
pet.); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07 (West Supp. 2012).
Nonetheless, much of S.T.’s testimony was in fact corroborated. The sex toys were found
in a box in appellant’s closet as S.T. described. DNA evidence showed that the genetic markers
present in the samples from the sex toy could be attributed to appellant, S.T., and Prysila. The
medical evidence further established a lack of tissue from S.T.’s vaginal opening consistent with
penetration.
Therefore, we conclude the evidence was sufficient to prove that appellant committed
two or more acts of sexual abuse over a period of thirty or more days prior to S.T.’s fourteenth
birthday. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
B. Charge Error
In issues two through seven, appellant complains of charge error. Specifically, he argues
the trial court erred: in failing to instruct the jury that any sexual abuse after S.T.’s fourteenth
birthday was irrelevant, in submitting aggravated sexual assault as the proposed offense of
conviction, and in authorizing conviction for conduct not alleged in the indictment. Appellant
also asserts that he was deprived of a unanimous verdict and that these alleged errors in
combination constitute cumulative error.
Appellate review of claims of jury-charge error involves a determination of whether the
charge is erroneous and, if it is, a harm analysis. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex.
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Crim. App. 2012). When, as in this case, no proper objection was made, the error requires
reversal only if it is so egregious and created such harm that the accused did not have a fair and
impartial trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on
reh’g); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 744–45 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
1. Unanimous Verdict
We begin with appellant’s complaint that he was deprived of his right to a unanimous
verdict. Specifically, appellant complains the charge authorized a guilty verdict even if the jury
did not unanimously agree that appellant committed each separate act of sexual abuse or the
exact date those acts were committed.
Texas courts employ a two-step analysis for unanimity challenges. See Jefferson v. State,
189 S.W.3d 305, 311 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The first step involves examination of the
language of the statute in question to determine whether the legislature intended to create
multiple, separate offenses of a single offense capable of being committed in different ways. Id.
Jury unanimity is required on the essential elements of the offense but is generally not required
on the alternative modes or means of commission. Id. The second step involves the
determination of whether dispensing with jury unanimity on the alternate mode or means of
commission violates due process. Id. at 312.
Appellant was charged with violating section 21.02 of the penal code which provides in
pertinent part:
If a jury is the trier of fact, members of the jury are not required to agree
unanimously on which specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by
the defendant or the exact date when those acts were committed. The jury
must agree unanimously that the defendant, during a period that is 30 or
more days in duration, committed two or more acts of sexual abuse.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(d). The jury was instructed in accordance with the statute.
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The Texas Constitution requires a unanimous verdict in all felony cases. TEX. CONST.
Art. V §13. But this Court has previously concluded that section 21.02 does not violate the
unanimity provision of the Texas Constitution. See Render v. State, 316 S.W.3d 846, 858 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2010, pet. ref’d). Our sister courts are in agreement with this conclusion. See
Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 872–73 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d); Casey v. State,
349 S.W.3d 825, 829–30 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, pet. ref’d); Kennedy v. State, 385 S.W.3d
729, 731–32 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, pet. ref’d); McMillan v. State, 388 S.W.3d 866, 871–
72 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Specifically, courts have explained that it is
the commission of two or more acts of sexual abuse over the specified time period—that is, the
pattern of behavior or the series of acts—that is the actus reus element of the offense as to which
the jurors must be unanimous in order to convict. The individual acts of sexual abuse that make
up this pattern of behavior or series of acts are not themselves elements of the offense, but are
merely evidentiary facts, the manner and means by which the actus reus element is committed.
When there is evidence of more than two acts of abuse over the specified time period, section
21.02(d) makes it clear that the jurors need not agree as to which individual acts were committed
so long as they agree that the defendant committed at least two. Render, 316 S.W.3d at 857–58;
Casey, 349 S.W.3d at 829; Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 872–73. Thus, Texas intermediate courts have
routinely held that the individual acts of sexual abuse are manner and means, not an element of
the offense, and section 21.02 does not violate the jury unanimity requirement. See Render, 316
S.W.3d at 857–58; Casey, 349 S.W.3d at 829; Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 872–73. Dispensing with
jury unanimity on the underlying acts of sexual abuse does not violate due process or due course
of law. Render, 316 S.W.3d at 857–58; see also Reckart v. State, 323 S.W.3d 588, 600–01 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2010, pet ref’d).
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Here, appellant was charged with the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young
child. This offense consists of the following elements: (1) “two or more acts of sexual abuse” (2)
during a period of thirty or more days; (3) by a defendant who was at least seventeen years old at
the time of each act of sexual abuse; and (4) a victim who is a child younger than fourteen years
old. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b). Indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault, as
charged by the indictment, are alternative methods, or the “manner and means,” of committing
the element of “two or more acts of sexual abuse.” See Render, 316 S.W.3d at 857. Therefore,
unanimity was required only as to a finding that appellant committed two or more acts of sexual
abuse—not as to which specific acts he committed. See Render, 316 S.W.3d at 857; Casey, 349
S.W.3d at 829–30; Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 872–73. The trial court did not err in so instructing the
jury. Appellant’s fourth issue is overruled.
2. Conduct Not Alleged in the Indictment
In his fifth and sixth issues, appellant complains that the jury charge authorized
conviction for conduct that was not alleged in the indictment. In particular, appellant contends
the charge authorized conviction for continuous sexual abuse of a young child based on touching
S.T.’s breast (issue five) and anal penetration (issue six). We are not persuaded by this argument.
In the abstract portion of the charge, the jury was instructed that “acts of sexual abuse”
means “intentionally or knowingly committing Indecency with Child and/or Aggravated Sexual
Assault of a Child.” Sexual contact was defined as “any touching of the anus, breast, or any part
of the genitals, including touching through the clothing, of another person with intent to arouse
of gratify the sexual desire of any person.” The charge also explained that aggravated sexual
assault against a child occurs when a person:
Intentionally or knowingly causes the sexual organ of a child to contact or
penetrate the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, including the
actor, or causes the contact or penetration of the anus or female sexual
organ of a child by any means, or causes the contact or penetration of the
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mouth of the child by the sexual organ of another person, including the
actor, and at the time of the offense the child is younger than 14 years of
age.
The application paragraph, however, tracked the indictment.1 Specifically, the jury was
instructed:
Now, bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you find and believe
from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant . . . on or
about the 1st day of July, A.D. 2009, in the County of Dallas and State of
Texas, did then and there, intentionally or knowingly, during a period that
was 30 or more days in duration, when the defendant was 17 years of age
or older, commit two or more acts of sexual abuse against [S.T.], a child
younger than 14 years of age, hereinafter called complainant, namely by
the contact between defendant’s hand and complainant’s genitals with the
intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of defendant, or by contact
between the hand of the complainant and the genitals of the defendant
with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of defendant, or by the
penetration of the complainant’s female sexual organ by the defendant’s
finger, or by the penetration of the complainant’s female sexual organ by
the defendant’s sexual organ, or by the contact between the mouth of the
defendant and the female sexual organ of the complainant, or by the
contact or penetration of the mouth of the complainant by the sexual organ
of the defendant, or by the penetration of the female sexual organ by an
object, to wit: a sex toy, then you will find the defendant guilty of the
offense of Aggravated Sexual Assault, as charged in the indictment.
The application paragraph is the “heart and soul” of the jury charge. See Vasquez v. State,
389 S.W.3d 361, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). As the court of criminal appeals has observed,
“[i]t is the application paragraph of the charge, not the abstract portion, that authorizes a
conviction.” Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). As the court has
recently explained, this means that “the application paragraph is what, as a practical manner,
authorizes the jury to convict but is not necessarily determinative of what legally authorizes a
conviction. The application paragraph is what explains to the jury, in concrete terms, how to
apply the law to the facts of the case.” Yzaguirre v. State, 394 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013).
1
With the exception of the typographical error discussed in connection with appellant’s third issue.
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In the instant case, although the abstract portion of the charge included the full statutory
definitions of “sexual contact” and “aggravated sexual assault of a child,” the application
paragraph properly directed the jury only to the acts of sexual abuse authorized by the
indictment, and did not authorize conviction for touching S.T.’s breast or anal penetration.
Therefore, even if the instructions were erroneous, we cannot conclude appellant suffered
egregious harm. See Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (holding no
harm where application paragraph points jury to appropriate portions of the definitions).
Appellant’s fifth and sixth issues are overruled.
3. Failure to Give Instruction
In his second issue, appellant argues the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that
any sexual abuse after S.T.’s fourteenth birthday was irrelevant. Specifically, appellant
complains that the charge failed to specify that the evidence concerning the activity at the hotel
after S.T.’s fourteenth birthday could not support a conviction. Appellant also claims the charge
instructed the jury that S.T. only had to be younger than seventeen at the time of the alleged
predicate offense. The State responds that appellant not only failed to object, but expressly
contributed to the crafting of the issue about which he now complains. According to the State,
appellant should be estopped from complaining about the issue on appeal. In the alternative, the
State argues the charge was not erroneous. We decline the State’s invitation to apply estoppel,
but agree the charge was not erroneous.
Appellant’s argument is premised in part on the inclusion of the statutory definition of a
“child” in the abstract portion of the charge. In particular, the court instructed the jury that a
“child” is a person younger than seventeen years of age. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 21.02(a);
22.011(c)(1) (West 2011). The abstract portion of the charge also provided the statutory
language for the offenses of indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault, and explained
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that an indecency offense applies to children younger than seventeen, and aggravated sexual
assault of a child applies to children younger than fourteen. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§
22.11(a); 22.021(2)(B) (West 2011).
Significantly, however, the charge also instructed that appellant was charged with
continuous sexual abuse of a child, an offense which occurs “if at the time of the commission of
each of the acts of sexual abuse . . . the victim is a child younger than 14 years of age.”
Moreover, the application paragraph instructed the jury that they were required to find beyond a
reasonable doubt that S.T. was “a child younger than 14 years of age.” Therefore, read as a
whole, the charge properly restricted the sexual abuse to that which occurred before S.T.’s
fourteenth birthday.
Appellant admits the State is not required to prove that an offense was committed on or
about the date alleged in the indictment, and can prove the offense was committed on any date
prior to the return of the indictment and within the period of limitations. See Klein v. State, 273
S.W.3d 297, 304 n.5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Yet appellant insists that even if the charge
correctly stated the law, “it still should have expressly instructed that [a]ppellant’s alleged
conduct at the motel would not support a conviction since [S.T.] was already 14.” Relying on
Martin v. State, 335 S.W.3d 867, 875 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011, pet ref’d), and Taylor v. State,
332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), appellant contends the charge is fundamentally
defective because it is inaccurate and omits an important portion of the law applicable to the
case. Appellant’s reliance is misplaced.
The problem in both Martin and Taylor was that nothing in the charge limited the
chronological perimeter of what the jury could consider. The charge in this case includes such
limitations.
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We have already observed that the application paragraph properly limited the jury’s
consideration to acts of sexual abuse that occurred before S.T. was fourteen. Appellant, however,
seems to focus on the court’s instruction as to the nonbinding nature of the dates of the offense.
Specifically, the instruction reads:
You are instructed that the State is not required to prove the exact date
alleged in the indictment, but may prove the offense, if any, to have been
committed at any time after September 1, 2007 and prior to the return date
of the indictment and that “on or about the 1st day of July 2009” as used
herein means any date after September 1, 2007 and before April 23, 2010.2
As set forth previously, it is not error to instruct the jury as to the nonbinding nature of
the date of an offense. See Martin, 335 S.W.3d at 873. This is particularly true since the
instruction was qualified by the court’s further instruction requiring the jury to find that the
sexual abuse occurred when S.T. was under fourteen years of age. See id. at 874. As the Martin
court observed, “no error is presented if the trial court’s charge qualified the instruction
regarding the nonbinding nature of the alleged dates by otherwise informing or requiring the jury
to find that the offense was committed after . . . the effective date of the statute and before
complainant’s fourteenth birthday.” Id.
In addition, although the jury could not properly consider the conduct that occurred at the
hotel after S.T.’s fourteenth birthday as a predicate act of sexual abuse, the conduct was
admissible as to S.T.’s and appellant’s state of mind and the relationship between the two. See id.
at 876. In this regard, the jury was instructed:
You are further instructed that if there is any testimony before you in this
case regarding other crimes, wrongs, or acts committed by [appellant]
against [S.T.], you cannot consider said testimony for any purpose unless
you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt that [appellant] committed
such crimes, wrongs, or other acts against [S.T.] and then you may only
consider said testimony for the purpose of its bearing, if any, on the state
2
During the charge conference, appellant specifically requested the inclusion of these “book-end dates between 2007 and the date of the
indictment.”
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of mind of [appellant] and [S.T.] and the previous and subsequent
relationship of [appellant] and [S.T.].
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we presume the jury followed the court’s
charge. Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Because the charge
restricted the jury’s consideration of predicate acts to those that occurred before S.T. was
fourteen, we conclude the charge did not erroneously authorize the jury to ignore the age element
of the offense or rely on acts of sexual abuse that occurred after S.T. was fourteen years of age.
Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
4. Aggravated Sexual Assault
In his third issue, appellant maintains the trial court erred in submitting aggravated sexual
assault as the “proposed offense of conviction.” The State responds that this typographical error
did not cause appellant egregious harm. We agree with the State.
Appellant was charged with continuous sexual abuse of a young child. But the final
sentence of the application paragraph reads “then you will find the defendant guilty of the
offense of aggravated sexual assault as charged in the indictment.” (Emphasis added).3 Thus,
there is no question the charge was erroneous. Having so concluded, we next consider whether
appellant suffered egregious harm.
Charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the
defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d
458, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). To determine whether jury-charge error is egregious, we
consider the entirety of the jury charge itself, the evidence, including the contested issues and
weight of the probative evidence, the arguments of counsel, and any other relevant information
3
The application paragraph is set forth in its entirety in an earlier section of this opinion.
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revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Olivas v. State, 202 S.W.3d 137, 146 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006).
Here, the jury charge read as a whole clearly informed the jury that appellant was charged
with continuous sexual abuse of a child. In addition to the definition of the offense in the abstract
section of the charge, other instructions referenced the offense with which appellant was
charged. For example, one instruction specified that “to find the defendant guilty of the offense
of continuous sexual abuse of a young child, you are not required to agree unanimously on which
specific acts of sexual abuse were committed by the defendant.” The application paragraph
correctly recited the statutory elements of continuous sexual abuse of a young child. And the
verdict form provided a space to find appellant guilty of “continuous sexual abuse of a child.”
At trial, the State presented evidence of numerous acts of sexual abuse, which included
both indecency with a child and aggravated sexual assault of a child. There is no indication that
the jury was confused by the evidence or the court’s instructions. Indeed, when the jury returned
the verdict they reported that they found appellant guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a young
child. And there is nothing else in the record—argument of counsel, contested issues, or other
relevant information—to suggest that this typographical error caused any harm at all. Therefore,
considering the entire record, we conclude the charge error did not affect the very basis of the
case, deprive defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affect a defensive theory. Appellant’s third
issue is overruled.
5. Cumulative Error
In his seventh issue, appellant contends that the alleged charge errors constitute
cumulative error and he is entitled to a new trial. As the court of criminal appeals has observed,
however, “[w]e are aware of no authority holding that non-errors may in their cumulative effect
cause error.” Chamberlain v. State, 998 S.W.2d 230, 238 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). This
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observation is particularly poignant here. We have concluded that there was no error as to four of
the five complained-of charge errors, and as to the remaining error, there was no egregious harm.
Thus, there is no cumulative error. Appellant’s seventh issue is overruled.
C. The Verdict
In his eighth issue, appellant argues the verdict was ambiguous as to the offense for
which appellant was convicted. To preserve an alleged error for appeal, a timely and specific
objection must be made. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). When the trial court read the verdict
convicting appellant of continuous sexual abuse of a young child, appellant did not object.
Therefore, this issue has not been preserved for our review. See Shelton v. State, 441 S.W.2d
536, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 1969). Appellant’s eighth issue is overruled.
D. Denial of the Motion for Mistrial
In his ninth and tenth issues, appellant complains the trial court erred in refusing to grant
his motion for a mistrial. Specifically, appellant complains the trial court erred in refusing a
mistrial when the State discussed anal penetration during opening statement without notice to
appellant (issue nine), and erred in denying a mistrial when the State introduced evidence of anal
penetration without notice (issue ten). The State responds that appellant failed to preserve these
complaints for our review. We agree with the State.
During opening statement, the State told the jury, “He taught her what anal sex was by
putting his penis inside of her anus. He taught her oral sex, he taught her sex toys, how to use
them, what is what, what does what.” Appellant’s counsel objected, “There’s nothing in the
indictment that was just read concerning anal sex.” The trial court overruled the objection and
denied the request for a mistrial. Appellant’s counsel then stated, “I submit that its improper
argument, opening argument, Your Honor. I respectfully take exception to her opening
argument.”
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On appeal, appellant asserts the trial court erred in denying the motion for mistrial
because the State failed to give notice of an extraneous offense, and a curative instruction would
not have been adequate to mitigate the harm.
To preserve a complaint for review on appeal, a party must make a timely, specific
request, objection, or motion to the trial court that states the grounds for the ruling sought, and
the trial court must rule on the request, objection, or motion. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Gutierrez v.
State, 36 S.W.3d 509, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Furthermore, the complaint on appeal must
comport with the trial objection. See Swain v. State, 181 S.W.3d 359, 367 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005). Stated otherwise, the complaint must be “essentially the same.” Clarke v. State, 270
S.W.3d 573, 580–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Appellant’s trial objection was that the reference to anal penetration was improper
argument and was not included in the indictment. He now argues he was not provided with
notice of an extraneous offense. Because appellant’s trial objection does not comport with his
argument on appeal, the alleged error has not been preserved for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1. Appellant’s ninth issue is overruled.
Appellant also contends the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial when S.T.
testified about anal sex. During trial, S.T. testified that appellant took her to a hotel to have sex.
During the testimony, the following exchange occurred:
Prosecutor: Did anything different happen in that hotel that had happened
before, from what had happened before?
S.T.: Yes, ma’am.
Prosecutor: What happened?
S.T.: He put his-
Defense Counsel: Objection, leading, you honor.
Judge: Objection Overruled
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S.T.: He put his penis in my anus.
Appellant did not object until much later in the testimony, after the parties had returned from
lunch. At that time, appellant’s counsel moved for a mistrial, arguing that the testimony about the
anal sex violated the court’s order in limine concerning extraneous offenses. The motion was
denied.
Because the record reflects that appellant did not timely object to the testimony about
which he now complains, the issue has not been preserved for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1. Appellant’s tenth issue is overruled.
E. Denial of the Motion to Quash the Indictment
In issues eleven, twelve, thirteen, and fourteen, appellant argues the trial court erred in
denying his motion to quash the indictment because article 21.02 violates the unanimity
requirement of the United States and Texas Constitutions and deprives him of due process and
due course of law.4 We have previously rejected these arguments in connection with the jury
charge, and for the same reasons, reject them now. See Render, 316 S.W.3d at 858; see also State
v. Espinoza, No. 05-09-01260-CR, 2101 WL 2598982, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 30, 2010,
pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (rejecting argument under U.S. and Texas
Constitutions). Issues eleven, twelve, thirteen, and fourteen are overruled.
F. Modification of the Judgment
The judgment recites that the jury assessed punishment. In a cross-point, the State
requests that we modify the judgment to reflect that the trial court assessed punishment. An
appellate court has the power to modify incorrect judgments when the necessary data and
information is available to do so. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); Abron v. State, 997 S.W.2d 281,
4
Appellant moved to quash the indictment because the jurors would not be required to agree unanimously on the specific acts of sexual
abuse or the specific times these acts occurred.
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282 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1998, pet. ref’d); Bigley v. State, 865 S.W.2d 26, 27–28 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1993).
Here, the record reflects that appellant elected to have the court assess punishment and
the jury was discharged following the return of their verdict. The record further reflects that the
trial judge heard punishment evidence and assessed punishment. Therefore, we modify the
judgment to reflect that the court assessed punishment in this case.
III. CONCLUSION
Appellant’s fourteen issues are overruled. We modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect
that the trial court assessed punishment. As modified, the judgment is affirmed.
/Kerry P. FitzGerald/
KERRY P. FITZGERALD
JUSTICE
Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
120377F.U05
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
MANUEL LEIS PEREZ On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
No. 3, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-12-00377-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. F10-31001-J.
Opinion delivered by Justice FitzGerald.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Justices Bridges and Myers participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is MODIFIED
to reflect that the trial court assessed punishment.
As REFORMED, the judgment is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 26th day of August, 2013.
/Kerry P. FitzGerald/
KERRY P. FITZGERALD
JUSTICE
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Perez, Manuel Leis v. State
Combined Opinion