Bob Montgomery Chevrolet, Inc. v. Dent Zone Companies

REVERSE and RENDER dismissal of cause; Opinion Filed August 5, 2013.

In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-13-00197-CV

BOB MONTGOMERY CHEVROLET, INC.
D/B/A BOB MONTGOMERY COLLISION, Appellant
V.
DENT ZONE COMPANIES, Appellee

On Appeal from the 95th Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-06337-D

OPINION
Before Justices Moseley, Fillmore, and Myers
Opinion by Justice Myers
Bob Montgomery Chevrolet, Inc. d/b/a Bob Montgomery Collision appeals the trial

court’s denial of its special appearance in this suit brought by Dent Zone Companies. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(7) (West Supp. 2012). Montgomery brings five

issues asserting the trial court erred by denying its special appearance. The parties’ arguments

include whether a written contract incorporated by reference terms and conditions, including a

forum-selection clause, listed on an internet web site. We conclude the forum-selection clause

was not incorporated by reference and the trial court erred by denying Montgomery’s special

appearance. We render judgment dismissing the cause against Montgomery for want of personal

jurisdiction.
 BACKGROUND

Montgomery is an automobile dealership in Louisville, Kentucky. The company does not

sell any cars in Texas, advertise or solicit in Texas, or otherwise overtly conduct business in

Texas. The company has a “collision center” that repairs vehicles. Dent Zone is a company

providing “paintless dent repair” service.

In April 2012, a hailstorm struck Louisville, damaging many vehicles in the area. Duane

Geise, a representative of Dent Zone, approached Anthony Rich, the manager of Montgomery’s

collision center, about making Montgomery a certified repair center in Dent Zone’s “PDR Linx

Service Program.” If Montgomery became a certified repair center, Dent Zone would send its

technicians to Montgomery’s premises to perform paintless dent repairs, Dent Zone and

insurance companies would direct their customers with hail damage to Montgomery’s location to

have dent repair performed, and Montgomery would receive a percentage of the payments for

dent repair. Geise showed Rich Dent Zone’s one-page application to become a certified repair

center for Dent Zone.1 After some negotiating, Rich and Geise agreed on Montgomery receiving

1
The one-page application, as relevant to this opinion, provided:
We are pleased that you are joining our team of Certified Repair Centers. “We” and “Our” will refer to PDR LINX (PDR
LINXSM) and “You” will refer to you, the Certified Repair Center.

PDR LINX SERVICE PROGRAM

We have developed a network of Certified Technicians who perform paintless dent repair (“PDR”) in accordance with Our
standards. If there is a hail event in your area, Our Certified Technicians will perform PDR services at our Certified Repair
Centers, including all of Your customers, all referrals to You from insurance Companies, and any vehicles directed to Your
location by Us. Additional benefits, qualifications and details of the PDR LINX Service Program are available for your
review at our website: http://www.linxmanager.com/pdf/CRCTermsConditions.pdf

YOUR COMMISSION WILL BE 25% OF GROSS PDR SERVICES AND R&I SERVICES FOR EACH
INVOICE GENERATED BY THE CRC.

We provide a Lifetime Limited Warranty for all PDR services. You will be an independent contractor working within the
PDR LINX Service Program. You are free to perform non-PDR repairs. Most importantly, You will enjoy the benefits of
Our network of nationally recognized companies who use and trust the PDR LINXSM name.

You will become a “Certified Repair Center” as detailed in our PDR LINX Service Program after your signed application is
accepted by us. Start enjoying the benefits of PDR LINX today!

Prior to acceptance as a CRC, PDR LINX may check your credit.

APPLICANT: ACCEPTED:

By: / T. Rich / By: / [illegible] /

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twenty-five percent of the payments for dent repair. The application also stated, “Additional

benefits, qualifications and details of the PDR LINX Service Program are available for your

review at our website: http://www.linxmanager.com/pdf/CRCTermsConditions.pdf.” The

website consisted of a two-page document (the internet document) listing terms and conditions

for the PDR Linx Service Program agreement, including what Dent Zone asserted was a

minimum six-month contractual term, a choice-of-law provision making Texas law applicable to

the agreement, and a forum-selection clause stating that any suit between the parties would be

heard in Dallas County, Texas.2 Geise did not tell Rich about the forum-selection clause, and he

told Rich only about the benefits of the program. Geise testified he told Rich that “the terms and

conditions and additional information” about the program were listed at the internet link in the

middle of the page, and he told Rich to go to the website and look at them. Rich told Geise he

needed to take the information to Steven Montgomery, the dealership’s general manager, and

Certified Repair Center Representative PDR LINX (a division of Dent Zone
Companies, Inc.)

2
The internet document included the following:
CERTIFIED REPAIR PROGRAM
PDR LINX PROGRAM
We are pleased that you are considering our invitation to become part of our team of Certified Repair Centers (“CRC”)
under our PDR LINX program. To help you evaluate what will be expected of you, and what you can expect from us, we
have put together this site to set forth, in detail the terms and conditions of the Program. By signing the application to
become a CRC, you are agreeing to the terms and conditions of this Program as outlined herein, or as amended from time
to time.

....

ADDITIONAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS

....

The term of this Agreement shall be six (6) months or for the length of the storm from the Effective Date, unless
terminated with 30 days advance written notice provided by either party. . . .

This Agreement shall be construed under and in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas. You hereby submit to the
jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Texas which shall be the sole and exclusive jurisdiction for any legal dispute
between us. Venue for any legal dispute shall be in Dallas County in the State of Texas, and both parties waive their right
to a jury trial. This Agreement constitutes the final and complete agreement of the parties. The Agent of Record is
‘independent’ and has NO authority to modify, change or add to this Agreement or Our obligations or make any
representations on Our behalf without prior written Corporate Approval. Aside from this Agreement, there exists no other
agreement or understandings, whether orally, or in writing between the parties relating to the legal relationship set forth
herein.

The internet document also included a limited warranty, indemnity, and details regarding division of collected funds.

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discuss it with him, and he told Geise to come back the next day. When Geise returned, Rich

told him “Mr. Montgomery and the powers that be” had approved the contract, and Rich signed

the application.

Dent Zone’s technicians came to Montgomery’s location, and Montgomery provided

space for them to perform the paintless dent repairs. For a few weeks, the parties operated

amicably: automobile insurers directed their customers with hail damage to Montgomery for

dent repair, they paid Montgomery for the repairs, and Montgomery remitted three-fourths of the

payments to Dent Zone and kept one-fourth, over $30,000, for itself. After a few weeks,

problems arose, and Rich told Geise that Montgomery was canceling the contract with Dent

Zone. Geise told Rich that the terms and conditions for the contract listed on the website

included a minimum six-month term, but Rich required Dent Zone to leave Montgomery’s

premises. Geise asked if Dent Zone could continue its work through the weekend to finish the

cars whose dent repairs were not completed, and Rich agreed. At the end of the weekend, Dent

Zone left the premises. Geise testified that Montgomery never sent Dent Zone its share of the

funds Montgomery collected for Dent Zone’s work over that weekend.

Dent Zone brought suit against Montgomery in Dallas for breach of contract, alleging

Montgomery “has consented to suit in Texas by the terms of the contract.” Montgomery filed a

special appearance. At the hearing on the special appearance, the evidence presented was

Geise’s testimony in court, the affidavits of Anthony Rich and Steven Montgomery, and various

documents including the application, a printout of the internet document, checks from

Montgomery to Dent Zone, and invoices and other records. The trial court denied the special

appearance and made findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of its decision.

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 SPECIAL APPEARANCE

In its first four issues, Montgomery contends (1) the trial court erred by denying

Montgomery’s special appearance, (2) Montgomery sustained its burden of negating all bases of

jurisdiction pleaded by Dent Zone, (3) the trial court erred by concluding Montgomery waived

and consented to jurisdiction, and (4) there was legally and factually insufficient evidence to

support the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law that Montgomery had knowledge

of and agreed to the forum-selection clause in the internet document.

Standard of Review

Whether a trial court has personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is a question

of law. Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 790–91 (Tex. 2005);

BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). Because the trial

court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is one of law, an appellate

court reviews the trial court’s determination of a special appearance de novo. Moki Mac River

Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 574 (Tex. 2007); BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794.

However, the trial court must frequently resolve fact questions before deciding the jurisdictional

question. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794; Capital Tech. Info. Servs., Inc. v. Arias & Arias,

Consultores, 270 S.W.3d 741, 748 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied) (en banc).

The plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading sufficient allegations to bring a

nonresident defendant within the provisions of the Texas long-arm statute. Moki Mac, 221

S.W.3d at 574; BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 793. The nonresident defendant then has the

burden of negating all bases of jurisdiction alleged in the plaintiff’s petition. Moki Mac, 221

S.W.3d at 574; BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 793.

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 Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

A trial court’s findings of fact in a nonjury trial carry the same force and dignity as a

jury’s verdict on jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex.

1991); Kahn v. Imperial Airport, L.P., 308 S.W.3d 432, 436–37 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no

pet.). When we review a trial court’s findings of fact for legal and factual sufficiency, we use the

same standards of review we use when determining if sufficient evidence exists to support a

jury’s answers. Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994); Thornton v. Dobbs, 355

S.W.3d 312, 315 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.). When a trial court enters findings of fact

and conclusions of law, we “indulge every reasonable presumption in favor of the findings and

judgment of the trial court, and no presumption will be indulged against the validity of the

judgment.” Vickery v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 5 S.W.3d 241, 252 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied). In a bench trial, the trial court judges the credibility of the

witnesses, determines the weight of testimony, and resolves conflicts and inconsistencies in the

testimony. See Sw. Bell Media, Inc. v. Lyles, 825 S.W.2d 488, 493 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1992, writ denied). As long as the evidence falls “within the zone of reasonable

disagreement,” we will not substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder. See City of Keller

v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005).

In a legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

fact-finding, credit favorable evidence if a reasonable fact-finder could do so, and disregard

contrary evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. See id. at 827. “[F]indings of fact

bind an appellate court only if the findings are supported by evidence of probative force.”

Thomas v. Casale, 924 S.W.2d 433, 437 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ denied).

Unchallenged findings of fact are binding on the appellate court “unless the contrary is

established as a matter of law, or if there is no evidence to support the finding.” Id. (quoting

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McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986)). Anything more than a scintilla of

evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio

Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex. 1998). In a factual sufficiency review, we

view all the evidence in a neutral light and set aside the finding only if the finding is so contrary

to the overwhelming weight of the evidence such that the finding is clearly wrong and unjust.

Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam); Morris v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.,

334 S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

We review de novo a trial court’s conclusions of law. See BMC Software Belg., N.V. v.

Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). A conclusion of law is erroneous as a matter of law

if the factual findings supporting the conclusion are not supported by any evidence. Wright

Group Architects-Planners, P.L.L.C. v. Pierce, 343 S.W.3d 196, 205 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011,

no pet.). If we determine that the trial court made an erroneous conclusion of law, we will not

reverse if the trial court rendered the proper judgment. See BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794.

We uphold conclusions of law if the judgment can be sustained on any legal theory supported by

the evidence. Adams v. H & H Meat Prods., Inc., 41 S.W.3d 762, 769 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi 2001, no pet.).

Personal Jurisdiction

The Texas long-arm statute permits Texas courts to exercise jurisdiction over nonresident

defendants that do business in Texas. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 17.041–.045

(Vernon 2008); PHC–Minden, L.P. v. Kimberly–Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 166 (Tex. 2007);

BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 795. Under the statute, a nonresident does business in Texas if he:

(1) contracts by mail or otherwise with a Texas resident and either party is to perform the

contract in whole or in part in this state; (2) commits a tort in whole or in part in this state; or (3)

recruits Texas residents, directly or through an intermediary located in this state, for employment

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inside or outside this state. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 17.042. The broad language

of section 17.042 extends Texas courts’ personal jurisdiction “as far as the federal constitutional

requirements of due process will permit.” PHC–Minden, 235 S.W.3d at 166 (quoting U–Anchor

Adver., Inc. v. Burt, 553 S.W.2d 760, 762 (Tex. 1977)).

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment operates to limit the power of a

state to assert personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. Asahi Metal Indus. Co., Ltd. v.

Superior Court of Cal., Solano Cnty., 480 U.S. 102, 108 (1987); Helicopteros Nacionales de

Colom., S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 413–14 (1984). The Due Process Clause protects an

individual’s liberty interest in not being subject to the binding judgments of a forum with which

he has established no meaningful contacts, ties, or relations. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,

471 U.S. 462, 471–72 (1985); World–Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 294

(1980); Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 319 (1945). Under the Due Process Clause,

personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is constitutional when the nonresident

defendant has established minimum contacts with the forum state and the exercise of jurisdiction

comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Burger King, 471 U.S. at

476; Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 320. However, personal jurisdiction is a waivable right, and a party

may agree to a forum’s jurisdiction. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 472 n.14.

In this case, the only basis for personal jurisdiction Dent Zone alleged was that

Montgomery “has consented to jurisdiction in Texas by the terms of the contract.”

Consent to Jurisdiction

Montgomery contends the trial court erred by concluding Montgomery consented to

jurisdiction through the forum-selection clause in the internet document. Montgomery asserts

the forum-selection clause was not incorporated by reference into the parties’ contract, and that

the court erred by concluding Montgomery had knowledge of and agreed to the clause.

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 Incorporation by Reference

Dent Zone alleged Montgomery consented to the jurisdiction of the Texas courts by

agreeing in the internet document “to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of the State of Texas

which shall be the sole and exclusive jurisdiction for any legal dispute between us.”

Montgomery asserts the internet document was not part of the contract;3 Dent Zone contends the

internet document was incorporated by reference into the contract.

When construing a contract, our primary goal is to determine the parties’ intent as

expressed in the terms of the contract. Chrysler Ins. Co. v. Greenspoint Dodge of Hous., Inc.,

297 S.W.3d 248, 252 (Tex. 2009); Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983). Unsigned

documents may be incorporated into the parties’ contract by referring in the signed document to

the unsigned document. Owen v. Hendricks, 433 S.W.2d 164, 167 (Tex. 1968). The language

used to refer to the incorporated document is not important as long as the signed document

“plainly refers” to the incorporated document. Id.; In re C & H News Co., 133 S.W.3d 642, 645

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2003, orig. proceeding). Documents incorporated into a contract by

reference become part of that contract. In re 24R, Inc., 324 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. 2010) (orig.

proceeding) (per curiam). When a document is incorporated into another by reference, both

instruments must be read and construed together. In re C & H News Co., 133 S.W.3d at 645–46.

Plainly referring to a document requires more than merely mentioning the document. See

Trico Marine Servs., Inc. v. Stewart & Stevenson Technical Servs., Inc., 73 S.W.3d 545, 549–50

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist] 2002, mandamus denied). The language in the signed

document must show the parties intended for the other document to become part of the

3
Montgomery argues we should apply Kentucky law to the determination of whether the internet document with the forum-selection clause
was incorporated by reference into the contract. In the trial court, Montgomery did not assert Kentucky as the appropriate choice of law, did not
object to Dent Zone’s arguments applying Texas law to the incorporation-by-reference issue, and Montgomery cited only Texas law on the issue.
By failing to urge application of Kentucky law in the trial court and by failing to object to Dent Zone’s argument applying Texas law,
Montgomery waived its choice-of-law argument. See Gen. Chem. Corp. v. De La Lastre, 852 S.W.2d 916, 920 (Tex. 1993); Daimler-Chrysler
Motors Co., LLC v. Manuel, 362 S.W.3d 160, 196–97 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.). Accordingly, we apply Texas law to the
determination of whether the internet document was incorporated by reference.

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agreement. See One Beacon Ins. Co. v. Crowley Marine Servs., Inc., 648 F.3d 258, 267 (5th Cir.

2011) (citing 11 SAMUEL WILLISTON & RICHARD A. LORD, A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF

CONTRACTS § 30:25, at 234 (4th ed. 1999) (“in order to uphold the validity of terms incorporated

by reference, it must be clear that the parties to the agreement had knowledge of and assented to

the incorporated terms”)); 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 402 (2011) (“For an incorporation by

reference to be effective, it must be clear that the parties to the agreement had knowledge of and

assented to the incorporated terms.”).

No Texas case has expressly held that the complete incorporation by reference of another

document requires the original document show the parties intended for the referenced document

to become part of the contract. However, the requirement for such a showing is supported by the

general principle of contract law that reference to a document for a particular purpose

incorporates that document only for the specified purpose. See, e.g., 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 402

(2011). In Valero Marketing & Supply Co. v. Baldwin Contracting Co., No. H-09-2957, 2010

WL 1068105 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 19, 2010), the issue was whether a forum-selection clause was

incorporated by reference. In that case, the defendant purchased asphalt from the plaintiff, and

the parties’ signed contract stated, “All prices quoted above are subject to Valero’s General

Terms and Conditions for Petroleum Product Purchases/Sales.” Id. at *1, 3. The General Terms

and Conditions included a forum-selection clause. Id. at *3. The district court concluded the

incorporation of the General Terms and Conditions did not extend to the forum-selection clause

because it was not relevant to the quotation of prices, see id. at *5, and the incorporating

language did not “suggest that Defendant is bound by all of the General Terms and Conditions.”

Id. (emphasis omitted); see also LeBlanc, Inc. v. Gulf Bitulithic Co., 412 S.W.2d 86, 93 (Tex.

Civ. App.—Tyler 1967, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (general contract stated subcontract incorporated terms

of general contract “only insofar as they are applicable to this Sub-Contractor,” which showed

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parties did not intend for subcontract to incorporate by reference all the terms of the general

contract). In other words, the referring language in the original document must demonstrate the

parties intended to incorporate all or part of the referenced document.

In this case, the signed application stated Montgomery would “become a ‘Certified

Repair Center’ as detailed in our PDR LINX Service Program,” and would “be an independent

contractor working within the PDR LINX Service Program.” The application also stated,

“Additional benefits, qualifications and details of the PDR LINX Service Program are available

for your review at our website: http://www.linxmanager.com/pdf/CRCTermsConditions.pdf.”

The question is whether this last-quoted sentence incorporated the internet document by

reference.

The language, “Additional benefits, qualifications and details of the PDR LINX Service

program are available for your review at our website:

http://www.linxmanager.com/pdf/CRCTermsConditions.pdf” does not state the internet

document is incorporated by reference into the parties’ agreement, does not plainly refer to

additional terms and conditions in the internet document as becoming part of the parties’

agreement, and does not otherwise suggest that the parties intended for the internet document to

become part of their agreement. Instead, this language indicates that the internet document

contained informative material only, not binding terms and conditions intended to be part of the

parties’ contract.

None of the cases Dent Zone cites involved the type of language in this case. Instead, in

all the cases except one where the courts found incorporation by reference, the referring

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language made clear that the parties intended for the outside material to become part of the

contract.4

In In re International Profit Associates, Inc., 286 S.W.3d 921 (Tex. 2009) (orig.

proceeding) (per curiam), the forum-selection clause the defendant sought to enforce was

contained on the first page of the parties’ agreement, which was missing from the copy the

plaintiff signed. Id. at 923. The court held the plaintiff should have realized a page of the

contract was missing because he signed pages stating “2 of 4,” “3 of 4,” and “4 of 4” and a

clause on one of the pages he signed stated, “This document, 4 pages in total, constitutes the

entire agreement for services . . . .” Id. This language clearly indicated there was a page “1 of 4”

missing from the plaintiff’s copy of the contract that was intended to be part of the contract.

In In re Boulder Crossroads, LLC, 2012 WL 1066482 (Bankr. W.D. Tex. Mar. 28, 2012),

the parties’ first agreement had attached to it a document titled, “April 2001 Terms and

Conditions,” which contained a limitation-of-liability provision. Id. at *1. The second

agreement may not have had the “April 2001 Terms and Conditions” attached, but the last

paragraph of the second agreement stated, “Terms and Conditions dated April 2001 (see

attached) are hereby incorporated into and made part of this Work Authorization.” Id. at *2.

The court concluded that the “April 2001 Terms and Conditions” were incorporated by reference

into the second agreement. Id. at *8. The incorporating language in that case made clear that the

“April 2001 Terms and Conditions” were intended to become part of the second agreement.

Owen v. Hendricks, 433 S.W.2d 164 (Tex. 1968), involved two letters that did not refer

to each other but involved the same transaction. Id. at 165–67. The Texas Supreme Court

concluded that the letters did not incorporate one another by reference. Id. at 167. The court

4
The exception was Westland Oil Development Corp. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903, 908 (Tex. 1982), which concerned notice of
documents referred to in the chain of title, and it is not relevant under the facts of this case.

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stated, “It is uniformly held that an unsigned paper may be incorporated by reference in the paper

signed by the person sought to be charged. The language used is not important provided the

document signed by the defendant plainly refers to another writing.” Id. at 166. Because the

documents did not reference each other, the court did not have before it whether the signed

contract must show the parties intended for the referenced document to become part of the

contract.

In re Prudential Insurance Co. of America, 148 S.W.3d 124 (Tex. 2004) (orig.

proceeding), involved incorporation of terms in a lease into a signed personal guaranty of the

lease. The lease, which was between a corporate landlord and limited-partnership tenant, stated

that in the event of litigation, the parties to the lease waived their right to a jury trial. Id. at 127–

28. The principals of the tenant’s limited partner also signed a personal guaranty stating they

promised “to ‘faithfully perform and fulfill all of [the] terms, covenants, conditions, provisions,

and agreements’ of the lease in the event of the partnership’s default.” Id. at 135. The supreme

court concluded this language incorporated the terms of the lease, including the jury waiver, into

the guaranty agreement because the guaranty plainly referred to the lease’s terms and because

“documents executed at the same time, with the same purpose, and as part of the same

transaction, are construed together.” Id. The language in the guaranty incorporating by

reference the terms of the lease made clear that the parties intended for all the agreements in the

lease to become binding on the guarantors when the partnership defaulted.

In Gray & Co. Realtors, Inc. v. Atlantic Housing Foundation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d 431 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.), a seller and purchaser of real estate entered into a real estate

contract. Id. at 432. In a separate written agreement, the purchaser promised to pay a

commission to a broker if the transaction was closed or consummated. Id. at 432–33. Nominal

title was passed to the purchaser for tax purposes, but the purchaser never paid the purchase

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price, and it later returned the title to the seller. Id. at 433. The broker sued for its commission,

and one of the issues was whether the terms of the real estate contract were incorporated by

reference into the broker’s representation agreement. Id. This Court concluded the real estate

contract was incorporated by reference because it was mentioned six times in the representation

agreement and because the representation agreement had no purpose without the real estate

contract. Id. at 436. Thus, the parties did not merely mention the real estate contract but

intended for its terms to be included in the representation agreement.

Castroville Airport, Inc. v. City of Castroville, 974 S.W.2d 207 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

1998, no pet.), involved a dispute over a city’s lease of an airport. The parties entered into a

settlement memorandum, and the city drafted a new lease. Id. at 209. The lessee rejected the

new lease, and the city sued the lessee for breach of the settlement memorandum and the original

lease. Id. The lessee argued the settlement memorandum was not sufficiently definite to be

enforceable. Id. at 211. The court of appeals set forth the required elements for an enforceable

lease and observed that these terms were contained in Exhibit A and Exhibit B of the settlement

memorandum. Id. at 212. The lessee asserted that the exhibits were not attached to the

settlement memorandum, but the court of appeals concluded they were incorporated by

reference. The court stated,

Contracting parties are obligated to protect themselves by reading what they sign
and are presumed, as a matter of law, to know the contract’s terms.

The Settlement Memorandum plainly referred to the description of the
leased premises on the attached Exhibit A and the sample FBO lease agreement as
Exhibit B. Under the doctrine of incorporation by reference, the property
description and the sample FBO lease became a part of the Settlement
Memorandum. Therefore, [lessee and its guarantor] were obligated to protect
themselves by reading the exhibits and are presumed to know their terms.

Id. at 211–12 (citations omitted). The court then set forth the requirements for an enforceable

lease and stated, “The Settlement Memorandum contains each of these terms.” Id. at 212.

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Although the court did not quote the language referring to the exhibits, the court’s description of

the language shows the parties intended for the exhibits to become part of their contract.

Dent Zone also cited Westland Oil Development Corp. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903

(Tex. 1982). Dent Zone quotes the opinion in its brief as stating, “‘any description, recital of

fact, or reference to other documents puts the purchaser upon inquiry, and he is bound to follow

up this inquiry, step by step, from one discovery to another and from one instrument to another,’

until he obtains ‘complete knowledge’ of all of the matters referred to.” (Quoting Westland, 637

S.W.2d at 908.) That case involved title to oil and gas leases and whether one party was put on

notice of another party’s equitable title from a reference to a letter agreement contained in an

operating agreement that was part of the party’s chain of title. The supreme court stated that in

matters of chain of title, “[i]t is well settled that ‘a purchaser is bound by every recital, reference

and reservation contained in or fairly disclosed by any instrument which forms an essential link

in the chain of title under which he claims.’” Id. at 908 (quoting Wessels v. Rio Bravo Oil Co.,

250 S.W.2d 668, 670 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 1952, writ ref’d)). The court then set forth the

language quoted by Dent Zone.5 The court concluded that because the party had the duty to

investigate the operating agreement, it was charged with notice of the contents of the operating

agreement. Id. And, because the operating agreement made a clear reference to the letter

agreement, the party had the duty to inspect that document. Id. This level of notice and

incorporation goes beyond that of incorporation by reference in contracts. Because this case

does not involve documents in a chain of title to real estate, Westland Oil is not relevant.

5
The court stated,
The rationale of the rule is that any description, recital of fact, or reference to other documents puts the purchaser upon
inquiry, and he is bound to follow up this inquiry, step by step, from one discovery to another and from one instrument to
another, until the whole series of title deeds is exhausted and a complete knowledge of all the matters referred to and
affecting the estate is obtained.

Westland Oil, 637 S.W.2d at 908 (quoting Loomis v. Cobb, 159 S.W. 305, 307 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1913, writ ref’d)).

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 The parties cite one case involving incorporation by reference of terms and conditions

found on an internet site, One Beacon Insurance Co. v. Crowley Marine Services, Inc., 648 F.3d

258 (5th Cir. 2011).6 One Beacon involved maritime law, not Texas law, but purported to apply

general contract principles. Id. at 267. In that case, a contractor was repairing a barge owned by

Crowley Marine Services when one of the contractor’s employees was injured. Id. at 261. The

employee sued Crowley and the contractor. Id. Crowley sought indemnity from the contractor

and its insurance company based on the terms and conditions incorporated by reference into

Crowley’s repair service order that were listed on a website. The referring language in that case

stated, in all capital letters, “THIS RSO [repair service order] IS ISSUED IN ACCORDANCE

WITH THE PURCHASE ORDER TERMS & CONDITIONS ON WWW.CROWLEY.COM /

DOCUMENTS & FORMS, UNLESS OTHERWISE AGREED TO IN WRITING.” Id. at 263.

This language made clear the parties’ intent to incorporate the terms and conditions on the

website into their agreement.

We conclude the referring language in this case, “Additional benefits, qualifications and

details of the PDR LINX Service Program are available for your review at our website:

http://www.linxmanager.com/pdf/CRCTermsConditions.pdf,” does not indicate the parties

intended to incorporate the internet document. Instead, the language indicates the internet

document contained informative but noncontractual material about the PDR LINX Service

Program.

6
No Texas court appears to have addressed incorporation by reference into a contract of material at a website. However, as the Fifth
Circuit stated,
We see no reason to differ from these principles [of incorporation by reference] where, as here, the terms to be
incorporated are contained on a party’s website. We note that contracts formed in whole or in part over the internet present
relatively new considerations for the courts, and will continue to challenge the courts as the internet plays an increasingly
important role in commerce. However, “[w]hile new commerce on the Internet has exposed courts to many new situations,
it has not fundamentally changed the principles of contract.”

One Beacon, 648 F.3d at 268 (quoting Register.com, Inc. v. Verio, Inc., 356 F.3d 393, 403 (2nd Cir. 2004)).

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 Dent Zone also asserts incorporation by reference occurred through Geise’s telling Rich

before he signed the application that the website contained terms and conditions applicable to the

program. The trial court made findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of this

incorporation theory. However, when a contract is unambiguous, we determine the parties’

intent from the terms of the written contract, not from parol evidence. David J. Sacks, P.C. v.

Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 450 (Tex. 2008) (“An unambiguous contract will be enforced as

written, and parol evidence will not be received for the purpose of creating an ambiguity or to

give the contract a meaning different from that which its language imports.”). In this case, the

language referring to the internet document does not show any intent by the parties that the

internet document would become part of their written contract. There is no ambiguity

concerning the parties’ intent to incorporate the internet document, and we do not consider any

parol evidence. We conclude the trial court erred by determining the internet document was

incorporated by reference into the parties’ contract.

Ratification

Montgomery challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s

findings of fact and conclusions of law that Montgomery ratified the terms and conditions of the

internet document. The trial court found and concluded:

[Finding of Fact] 1.22 Bob Montgomery Chevrolet accepted the benefits of the
contract, and continued to accept the benefits of services and profit, after
admitting knowledge that the terms and conditions set forth in Plaintiff’s Exhibit
2 [the internet document] applied to the contract.

....

[Finding of Fact] 1.25 After Defendant admitted knowing about the terms and
conditions, Defendant requested that Plaintiff continue its work in progress to
completion, which was a benefit to Defendant, and Defendant kept all the
proceeds (not just the 25%) of the work performed by Plaintiff after this
admission.

....

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 [Conclusion of Law] 2.19 Defendant ratified the contract, including the terms and
conditions, by continuing to accept and insist on performance after admitting
knowledge of all terms and conditions, and keeping and retaining the benefits of
such performance, including the amounts that were due and payable to Plaintiff.

The challenged findings and conclusion are based on Montgomery’s admitting knowledge of all

the terms and conditions and admitting they applied to the contract. There is no evidence that

Montgomery admitted knowledge of the terms and conditions in the internet document or that

Montgomery admitted those terms and conditions applied to the contract. Instead, the evidence

shows Montgomery never agreed that the internet document was part of the contract, and no

evidence shows Montgomery had knowledge of the terms and conditions.

Geise testified that when Rich told him Dent Zone would have to leave, Geise told Rich

they had a contract and that Rich should be prepared for someone to contact him about the

contract. Geise testified about what happened next:

Q. And what did he say in response to that?

A. He kind of laughed. And he said, first of all, I wouldn’t hold anything against
you, he said, but I have signed many contracts in my life, and this is merely an
agreement, basically this—this—

Q. You can use the word—

A. —crap. . . . I said, sir, I don’t understand why you would say that. I explained
our process to you very clearly. Our terms and conditions I think are very clearly
marked in the middle of our page underlined. We’re not trying to hide it.

He made the comment, Judge, that any time you sign something that has
this small print and makes me go somewhere else, I—that’s crap. He said, I’ve
signed many of these. This is merely an agreement. You go ahead and tell the
powers that be that if they need to contact me, feel free to contact me. . . .

Q. In other words, he admitted he saw the reference in the middle of the page
because you weren’t sitting there analyzing it? [sic]

A. Correct. Correct.

Q. He knew—he referenced—he said he knew he’d seen it?

A. And it was—and it was reviewed by himself and Mr. Montgomery overnight
on the 30th as well, so they had time to look at the link, print the link, whatever

–18–
 they may need to do. So I try to make this as very clear there’s nothing—we’re
not hiding anything. We actually have terms and conditions written right there in
the—in the link. So it’s not—he did—yes, he did.

Q. Did he say that he had seen it but not read it—

A. He—

Q. —seen the provision in the contract?

A. —he said whenever you put small print like this and make me go to a website,
you know, to see something, it’s crap. So that’s acknowledgment to me that he
saw the terms and conditions link. Whether or not he said I went there, I—I
can’t—I can’t say that he—he said he personally went there. I know that it was
reviewed.

Q. Okay. And then—so you specifically discussed these provisions, and yet he
allowed you to continue working over the weekend, right?

A. Of course, yes.

This testimony shows Rich admitted being aware of the website address printed on the

application he signed, but the testimony does not contain evidence that Rich admitted knowledge

of the actual terms and conditions or that he admitted the terms and conditions listed on the

website applied to their agreement. Instead, the record shows Geise did not know whether Rich

or anyone else at Montgomery ever looked at the internet document, and Geise’s testimony

shows Rich rejected Geise’s statement that the terms and conditions in the internet document

were part of their agreement. We conclude that no evidence supports the trial court’s findings

and conclusions that Montgomery admitted knowledge of the terms and conditions on the

website and that the dealership admitted those terms and conditions applied to the contract.

We next consider whether the record supports the trial court’s conclusion of law that

Montgomery ratified the terms and conditions in the internet document by accepting the benefits

of the contract after Geise told Rich that the internet document applied to the contract. We

conclude no ratification occurred.

–19–
 Ratification is the adoption or confirmation, by one with knowledge of all material facts,

of a prior act that did not then legally bind that person and which that person had a right to

repudiate. Thomson Oil Royalty, LLC v. Graham, 351 S.W.3d 162, 165 (Tex. App.—Tyler

2011, no pet.). Ratification of a contract occurs when a party recognizes the validity of a

contract by acting under, performing under it, or affirmatively acknowledging it. Barrand, Inc.

v. Whataburger, Inc., 214 S.W.3d 122, 146 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, pet. denied); Mo.

Pac. Ry. Co. v. Lely Dev. Corp., 86 S.W.3d 787, 792 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. dism’d).

In other words, a party ratifies a contract by conduct recognizing the contract as valid with

knowledge of all relevant facts. Barrand, 214 S.W.3d at 146. Any act inconsistent with an

intent to avoid a contract has the effect of ratifying the contract. Id.; Barker v. Roelke, 105

S.W.3d 75, 85 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003, pet. denied). Whether a party has ratified a contract

may be determined as a matter of law if the evidence is not controverted or is incontrovertible.

Barrand, 214 S.W.3d at 146; Barker, 105 S.W.3d at 85.

The doctrine of ratification is not applicable in this appeal. Montgomery does not dispute

on appeal that the parties had a legally binding contract or argue that any contract was voidable. 7

See Thomson Oil Royalty, 351 S.W.3d at 165. Instead, the issue is whether the internet

document was part of the contract. As discussed above, the internet document was not

incorporated by reference. We conclude the doctrine of ratification does not apply.8 See

Barrand, 214 S.W.3d at 146.

7
In the trial court, Montgomery argued there was no contract because Rich lacked authority to sign contracts on behalf of Montgomery and
because Rich thought he was signing a credit application, not a contract. The trial court found Montgomery’s evidence on these matters was not
credible and found Rich had authority to sign the application at the time he signed it. Montgomery does not challenge these findings in this
appeal.
8
The court of appeals stated in Barrand, Inc.:

There is no dispute in this case regarding the validity of the Settlement Agreement and the Modified Franchise Agreement,
the only contracts at issue between Whataburger and BurgerWorks. Although Whataburger has maintained that the
Settlement Agreement is terminable at-will, we do not view that argument as casting a cloud on the validity of the contract.
To the contrary, Whataburger’s position recognizes the existence of a valid contract and then suggests that the contract
may be terminated at-will. This, in our view, is different from a claim that there is no contract or that the contract relied

–20–
 Estoppel

The trial court entered conclusions of law that Montgomery was estopped, quasi-

estopped, and equitably estopped from denying applicability of the terms and conditions of the

internet document to the parties contract:9

2.15 Defendant is estopped to deny the existence of the contract (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 1 [the one page application] and 2 [the internet document]) by accepting
and retaining the benefits of the contract after obtaining knowledge of all of the
terms.

2.16 Defendant is estopped from claiming that the terms and conditions of
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 are not binding on Defendant because Defendant accepted
and retained the benefits of the contract after acquiring knowledge that the terms
and conditions in Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 were part of the Program that Defendant
joined.

2.17 Defendant is quasi estopped from claiming that the terms and conditions of
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 are not binding on Defendant because Defendant accepted
and retained the benefits of the contract after acquiring knowledge that the terms
and conditions in Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 were part of the Program that Defendant
joined.

2.18 Defendant is equitably estopped from claiming that the terms and conditions
of Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 are not binding on Defendant because Defendant accepted
and retained the benefits of the contract after acquiring knowledge that the terms
and conditions in Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2 were part of the Program that Defendant
joined.

All of these conclusions are based on the court’s findings that the terms and conditions in the

internet document were terms of the parties’ contract and that Montgomery agreed that the terms

in the internet document were part of the contract. As discussed above, the contents of the

internet document did not become part of the parties’ agreement because the document was not

upon is invalid. In fact, Whataburger’s entire suit for declaratory judgment is, in essence, a request for the trial court to
review the parties’ written agreements and to declare their respective rights and obligations under those agreements, not to
declare them invalid. Accordingly, there is no reason for us to conclude, as urged by BurgerWorks, that the affirmative
defense of ratification presents fact issues precluding summary judgment for Whataburger.

Barrand, Inc., 214 S.W.3d at 146 (citation omitted).

9
On appeal, Dent Zone asserts, “There is no challenge to the finding that BMC [Montgomery] is estopped to deny that the Terms and
Conditions were incorporated into the contract.” Dent Zone does not identify which of the court’s findings of fact found Montgomery was
estopped. None of the findings of fact mention “estoppel.” On appeal, Montgomery challenges all of the trial court’s conclusions of law that
Montgomery was estopped.

–21–
signed by Montgomery, the document was not incorporated by reference, and no evidence

supports a finding that Montgomery agreed that the contents of the internet document were part

of the parties’ agreement.10 Because the factual findings supporting the court’s conclusions of

law concerning estoppel are not supported by any evidence, those conclusions are erroneous as a

matter of law. See Wright Group Architects-Planners, P.L.L.C. v. Pierce, 343 S.W.3d 196, 205

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

CONCLUSION

Having determined (1) the internet document was not incorporated by reference into the

parties’ contract, (2) Montgomery did not ratify the internet document, and (3) the evidence does

not support the trial court’s conclusions of law that Montgomery was estopped from denying the

terms and conditions in the internet document applied to the contract, we conclude the

forum-selection clause was not a part of the parties’ contract. Accordingly, the trial court erred

by concluding Montgomery consented to jurisdiction in Texas. We sustain Montgomery’s first

four issues.11

We reverse the trial court’s order denying Montgomery’s special appearance, and we

render judgment granting the special appearance and dismissing the cause for want of personal

jurisdiction.

130197F.P05 /Lana Myers/
LANA MYERS
JUSTICE

10
In its appellee’s brief, Dent Zone asserts that Montgomery did not challenge “the finding that BMC [Montgomery] is estopped to deny
that the Terms and Conditions were incorporated into the contract.” The court’s findings of fact do not mention “estoppel,” and the court’s
conclusions of law about estoppel do not mention incorporation of the internet document into the parties’ contract by reference.
11
Because of our disposition of the first four issues, we do not reach Montgomery’s fifth issue asserting the evidence was legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding and conclusion that the forum-selection clause was not the result of overreaching by Dent
Zone.

–22–
 Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

BOB MONTGOMERY CHEVROLET, On Appeal from the 95th Judicial District
INC. D/B/A BOB MONTGOMERY Court, Dallas County, Texas
COLLISION, Appellant Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-06337-D.
Opinion delivered by Justice Myers.
No. 05-13-00197-CV V. Justices Moseley and Fillmore participating.

DENT ZONE COMPANIES, Appellee

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
REVERSED and we RENDER judgment granting appellant BOB MONTGOMERY
CHEVROLET, INC. D/B/A BOB MONTGOMERY COLLISION’s special appearance and
dismissing the cause for want of personal jurisdiction.
It is ORDERED that appellant BOB MONTGOMERY CHEVROLET, INC. D/B/A
BOB MONTGOMERY COLLISION recover its costs of this appeal from appellee DENT
ZONE COMPANIES.

Judgment entered this 5th day of August, 2013.

/Lana Myers/
LANA MYERS
JUSTICE

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