NO. 07-11-0002-CR
NO. 07-11-0003-CR
NO. 07-11-0004-CR
NO. 07-11-0005-CR
NO. 07-11-0006-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
MAY 15, 2012
______________________________
BARRY KENT BARRETT, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 47TH DISTRICT COURT OF RANDALL COUNTY;
NOS. 20,766-A; 20,767-A; 21,200-A; 21,201-A; 21,615-A;
HONORABLE DAN SCHAAP, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
OPINION
Appellant, Barry Kent Barrett, pled guilty to one count of online solicitation of a
minor and was sentenced to eighteen years confinement and a fine of $5,000. 1 He also
pled guilty to twelve counts of possession of child pornography and was sentenced to
1
Cause No. 20,766-A. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 33.021(b)(2) (West 2011).
ten years confinement as to each offense.2 Finally, he pled guilty to four counts of
promotion of child pornography and was sentenced to ten years confinement as to each
offense.3 All seventeen sentences were ordered to run concurrently. By one issue
stated in three subparts, Appellant asserts the trial court erred by denying his motion to
suppress when (1) the affidavit in support of the search warrant lacked sufficient
allegations to establish probable cause that evidence of child pornography was probably
on the premises searched; (2) items were seized that were not identified in the search
warrant; and (3) the warrant was based on stale information. We affirm.
PROBABLE CAUSE
A search warrant cannot issue unless it is based on probable cause as
determined from the four corners of an affidavit. U. S. Const. amend IV; Tex. Const. art.
I, § 9; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 18.01(b) (“A sworn affidavit . . . establishing
probable cause shall be filed in every instance in which a search warrant is requested.”)
When reviewing a magistrate’s decision to issue a warrant, we apply a highly deferential
standard in keeping with the constitutional preference for a warrant. Rodriguez v. State,
232 S.W.3d 55, 59-60 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (“[E]ven in close cases we give great
deference to a magistrate’s determination of probable cause to encourage police
officers to use the warrant process rather than making a warrantless search and later
attempting to justify their actions by invoking some exception to the warrant
requirement.”)
2
Cause Nos. 20,767-A (two counts); 21,200-A (five counts); 21,201-A (five counts). See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 43.26(a) (West 2011).
3
No. 21,615-A. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 43.26(e) (West 2011).
2
Under the Fourth Amendment and the Texas Constitution, an affidavit supporting
a search warrant is sufficient if, from the totality of circumstances reflected in the
affidavit and the reasonable inferences it supports, the magistrate was provided with a
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. Swearingen v. State, 143
S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). Probable cause exists to issue an evidentiary
search warrant if the affidavit shows facts and circumstances to warrant a person of
reasonable caution to believe that the criteria set forth in article 18.01(c) of the Code of
Criminal Procedure have been met. That is, the affidavit must set forth facts
establishing that (1) a specific offense has been committed, (2) the item to be seized
constitutes evidence of the offense or evidence that a particular person committed the
offense, and (3) the item is located at or on the person, place or thing to be searched.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 18.01(c). See Tolentino v. State, 638 S.W.2d 499, 501
(Tex.Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1982).
A reviewing court should not invalidate a warrant by interpreting the affidavit in a
hypertechnical manner. See Rodriguez, 232 S.W.3d at 59. Rather, when a court
reviews an issuing magistrate’s determination, the court should interpret the affidavit in
a commonsense and realistic manner, recognizing that the magistrate may draw
reasonable inferences. Id. at 61. (“When in doubt, we defer to all reasonable inferences
that the magistrate could have made.”) “The issue is not whether there are other facts
that could have, or even should have, been included in the affidavit; we focus on the
combined logical force of facts that are in the affidavit, not those that are omitted from
the affidavit.” Id. at 62. Furthermore, the magistrate’s determination should prevail in
doubtful or marginal cases. Flores v. State, 319 S.W.3d 697, 702 (Tex.Crim.App.
3
2010). Accordingly, we apply a deferential standard of review to determine whether the
facts that actually were in the affidavit, combined with all the reasonable inferences that
might flow from those facts, are sufficient to establish probable cause. Rodriguez, 232
S.W.3d at 64. (“We must defer to the [issuing] magistrate’s finding of probable cause if
the affidavit demonstrates a substantial basis for his conclusion.”)
Here, the affidavit provided in support of the search warrant in question alleges
that Amarillo Police Department Sergeant Dustin Ponder received information via FBI
Special Agent Ryan Allen that, on April 30, 2009, Agent Allen, logged onto a Yahoo!
Instant Messenger chat program posing as a twelve year old female under the screen
name “annababee12.” While in the program, Agent Allen entered into a chat session
with a person identified as “Brad Jones.” During that chat session, “Brad Jones” sent
Agent Allen ten images of suspected child pornography. “Brad Jones” showed to have
a Yahoo! User I.D. of “texasdudetwo.” On May 4, 2009, the FBI issued a subpoena to
Yahoo! Inc. to obtain information regarding the identity of “texasdudetwo.” Yahoo! Inc.
identified the internet protocol address of "texasdudetwo" as being 74.197.94.29.4
Yahoo! Inc. further identified Suddenlink Communications as the internet provider that
owned that particular IP address. On May 12, 2009, the FBI subpoenaed Suddenlink
Communications for information pertaining to the subscriber associated with that IP
address. Suddenlink Communications identified the subscriber as Barry Barrett, 5021
4
An internet protocol address, commonly referred to as an "IP address," is a numerical label, consisting of
four numbers (ranging from 1 to 255) separated by periods, uniquely assigned to every device (e.g.,
computer, printer, cell phone) participating in a computer network that uses the internet protocol for
communication. United States v. Vázquez-Rivera, 2011 U. S. App. LEXIS 25554, at 4-5 (1st Cir. Dec. 22,
2011) (citing In re Pharmatrak, Inc., 329 F.3d 9, 13 n.1 (1st Cir. 2003)).
4
John Drive, Amarillo, Texas 79110-2313.5 On June 1, 2009, Sergeant Ponder received
from the FBI copies of the subpoenas and returns, together with two CDs and ten
printed photographs. Sergeant Ponder reviewed four of the photographs which he
described in the affidavit as minor girls posing nude. Based on this information,
Sergeant Ponder averred that he believed that "suspected part[ies]," including
Appellant, were in charge of a "suspected place," 5021 John Dr., Amarillo, Texas, and
that he believed that evidence of a specific crime, "possession and/or promotion of child
pornography," would be found at that location. He further indicated that, based on his
training and experience in the investigation of sexual offenses against children, he
believed that evidence of that offense might be found at that address because it was
common for individuals engaging in such activity to store such images on computer
media. He also believed, based on his training and experience, that persons who
collected images of child pornography do not dispose of them on a regular basis but
store them for long periods of time.
While the possibility does exist that someone using a computer device with that
particular IP address could have accessed the internet through a portal other than the
access provided by Suddenlink Communications to that particular residential address,
because pornographic images were transmitted over the internet using a computer
device associated with that physical address, it would not be unreasonable for the
magistrate to infer that someone did so using a computer device located at that
5
Web page and internet providers such as Yahoo! Inc. and Suddenlink Communications have a vested
interest in protecting their users from viewing materials that violate local, state, national, and international
law. Cotter v. State, Nos. 07-11-00124-CR, 07-11-00125-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 526, at *10 n.8
(Tex.App.—Amarillo Jan. 24, 2012, no pet.) (citing Dawes v. State, No. 05-08-00651-CR, 2009 Tex. App.
LEXIS 2364, at *13-14 (Tex.App.—Dallas Apr. 3, 2009, no pet.) (not designated for publication)).
Information from such sources carries an indicia of reliability. Id.
5
address. Porath v. State, 148 S.W.3d 402, 409 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004,
no pet.); State v. Duncan, 72 S.W.3d 803, 807 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref’d).
Therefore, based upon the contents of the affidavit, we hold that the issuing magistrate
could have reasonably concluded a probability existed that child pornography would be
found at that address. See Cotter v. State, Nos. 07-11-00124-CR, 07-11-00125-CR,
2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 526, at *9-13 (Tex.App.—Amarillo Jan. 24, 2012, no pet.).6
Appellee relies heavily on Taylor v. State, 54 S.W.3d 21 (Tex.App.—Amarillo
2001, no pet.), in asserting the affidavit is deficient. Upon comparison, however, the
circumstances of Taylor are distinguishable from the facts of this case. In Taylor, there
was no specific evidence that the individual who was the subject of the search was
registered to the screen name used to send the pornographic image at the time of its
transmission. Id. at 26. Rather, the affiant's representation was that the screen name
"somehow c[ame] back to [the individual]." Id. Here, we have evidence from two
reliable sources, Yahoo! Inc. and Suddenlink Communications, that images depicting
child pornography were transmitted via the internet by someone using IP address
74.197.94.29, and that IP address was associated with internet service provided to the
address the subject of the search warrant in question.
Considering the totality of the circumstances, the issuing magistrate could have
reasonably inferred from the facts set forth in the affidavit the following: (1) suspected
persons, including Appellant, resided at the residence located at 5021 John Drive,
6
See also Armstrong v. State, No. 10-08-00114-CR, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 2971, at *3-5 (Tex.App.—
Waco Apr. 29, 2009, no pet.) (not designated for publication); State v. Moore, No. 05-06-01295-CR, 2007
Tex. App. LEXIS 9628, at *15 (Tex.App.—Dallas Dec. 11, 2007, pet. ref’d) (not designated for
publication).
6
Amarillo, Texas; (2) Suddenlink Communications provided internet access to that
address; (3) a computing device connecting to the internet through that access was
assigned IP address number 74.197.94.29; (4) IP address number 74.197.94.29 was
associated with “Brad Jones” whose Yahoo! User ID was “texasdudetwo”; and (5)
someone using that IP address possessed and distributed images depicting child
pornography. Accordingly, we conclude the affidavit in support of the search warrant in
question contained sufficient allegations to establish probable cause that evidence of
child pornography would be found at 5021 John Drive, Amarillo, Texas.
SEIZURE OF UNLISTED ITEMS
Appellant next asserts that officers illegally seized female underwear while
executing the search warrant because the warrant did not specifically describe those
items. The State contends the seizure of the underwear was justified by the plain view
doctrine. Appellant contends the plain view doctrine is inapplicable because the search
warrant did not specifically list female underwear as an item to be seized and the mere
possession of female underwear is not unlawful.
It is well established that under certain circumstances the police may seize,
without a warrant, evidence of a crime that is in plain view. Horton v. California, 496
U.S. 128, 134, 110 S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112 (1990). Where the initial intrusion that
brings the police within plain view of the evidentiary item is supported by a warrant, it is
not the search, but the seizure which becomes the focus of the constitutional analysis.
Id. at 135-36. The plain view doctrine may not be used to extend a search supported by
a warrant for a specified item into a general exploratory search for incriminating
7
evidence. Id. at 136. The extension of the plain view doctrine to the seizure of an
unspecified item is legitimate "only where it is immediately apparent to the police that
they have evidence [of a crime] before them . . . ." Id. Therefore, under the plain view
exception to the warrant requirement, seizure of unspecified items is only lawful if three
requirements are met. First, law enforcement officials must lawfully be where the item
can be "plainly viewed"; second, the "incriminating character" of the item in plain view
must be "immediately apparent" to the officials; and third, the officials must have the
right to access the item. Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d 330, 334 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009)
(citing Horton, 496 U.S. at 137).
Here, although not attached to the search warrant as evidence of probable
cause, officers executing the search warrant were aware of chat logs, received from the
FBI, containing a transcript of chat sessions between "Brad Jones" and "annababee12."
During online chat sessions with Agent Allen, "Brad Jones" referred to himself as
“pantiefetishguy,” expressed interest in the type of underwear worn and owned by
“annababee12,” requested pictures of her underwear, and indicated that he
masturbated with girls’ underwear while inviting “annababee12” to participate in that
activity with him. During the execution of the search warrant, officers seized thirty-three
pair of female underwear from Appellant’s bedroom. Officers found eighteen pair of
female underwear, both women's and children's, lying around Appellant’s computer and
in a cabinet underneath his computer, two pair in his bedroom closet and thirteen pair in
a shaving kit bag.
Having found the search warrant was valid, we also find the officers were lawfully
where the underwear could be "plainly viewed." Furthermore, given the chat logs
8
already known to the officers, the "incriminating character" of the underwear was
"immediately apparent," and they had the right to seize that evidence. Keehn, 279
S.W.3d at 334. Therefore, although female underwear was not specifically listed on the
search warrant as an item to be seized, the seizure was lawful under the plain view
doctrine.7
STALE INFORMATION
We agree with the State that the information contained in Sergeant Ponder’s
affidavit was not stale. To support the issuance of a warrant, the facts relied upon in the
probable cause affidavit must not have become “stale” by the time the warrant is issued;
Kennedy v. State, 338 S.W.3d 84, 93 (Tex.App.—Austin 2011, no pet.), and the “proper
method to determine whether the facts supporting a search warrant have become stale
is to examine, in light of the criminal activity involved, the time elapsing between the
occurrence of the events set out in the affidavit and the time the search warrant was
issued.” Crider v. State, 352 S.W.3d 704, 707 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011) (quoting McKissick
v. State, 209 S.W.3d 205, 214 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d)).
Although the passage of time is one factor that should be considered when
determining if the information in an affidavit is stale, the amount of time passed is less
significant if the affidavit contains facts showing “activity of a protracted and continuous
nature, i.e., a course of conduct.” Kennedy, 338 S.W.3d at 93 (citing McKissick, 209
7
As for those items of evidence which were not easily seen upon entering Appellant's bedroom, e.g., the
underwear located in the closet, cabinet drawers and shaving kit, officers were lawfully permitted to
search the "suspected place" for any device which might store pornographic images. Because electronic
computer memory devices can be easily concealed in a myriad of places, including closets, cabinets and
shaving kits, the officers were lawfully searching places where the items were in plain view.
9
S.W.3d at 214). Further, a determination regarding whether the information in an
affidavit is stale should also involve consideration of the type of property to be seized
and the probability that the property has been consumed or relocated. Kennedy, 338
S.W.3d at 93 (citing State v. Bradley, 966 S.W.2d 871, 875 (Tex.App.--Austin 1998, no
pet.)). The type of property that was the subject of this search, a pornographic image
transmitted over the internet via digital media, is the type of item that is customarily
uploaded onto the internet and/or downloaded and stored on a personal computer, and
such property is often retrievable even after it had been purportedly erased from that
computer. McKissick, 209 S.W.3d at 215.
The affidavit tendered to the magistrate in support of the warrant in question
states that the investigation leading to this prosecution commenced on April 30, 2009,
and that it relied upon information received pursuant to subpoenas issued May 4 and
May 12, 2009. The affidavit further states that, based upon the affiant's training and
experience in the field of investigating sexual offenses against children, persons who
collect pornographic images, such as those transmitted to Agent Allen, do not dispose
of them on a regular basis, but instead tend to store them for long periods of time. The
warrant in question was issued at 2:55 p.m. on June 16, 2009, and was formally
executed at 8:45 a.m. on June 17, 2009. Thus, the warrant in question was obtained
and executed within forty-eight days of the date the suspect first transmitted (and
therefore possessed) images depicting child pornography.
Considering the affidavit as a whole and the reasonable inferences it supports,
we conclude the issuing magistrate had a substantial basis to find that a fair probability
existed that images depicting child pornography would continue to be on or recoverable
10
from a computer device that would be readily accessible to one of the suspected parties
at the residential address stated in the search warrant. See id. Accordingly, we
conclude the information contained in Sergeant Ponder’s affidavit was not stale.
Conclusion
Having addressed Appellant's arguments seriatim, we find the trial court did not
err in denying Appellant's motion to suppress. Appellant's issue is overruled and the
trial court’s judgments are affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Publish.
11
Barry Kent Barrett v. State
Combined Opinion