Opinion issued June 26, 2014.
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-14-00041-CV
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IN THE INTEREST OF K.D.B.
On Appeal from the 314th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2012-0637J
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant H.K.C. (hereinafter, Father or appellant) challenges the trial
court’s termination of his parental rights to the minor child, K.D.B. Father
contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial
court’s findings that he engaged in the conduct described in subsections (O) and
(Q) of Texas Family Code section 161.001(1).1 Because we hold that the evidence
is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Father
engaged in the conduct described in subsection (Q), we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
BACKGROUND
C.N.B. [hereinafter, Mother] has three children—L.K.C., K.D.B., and C.Y.S.
K.L.C.’s father is unknown; appellant is the father of K.D.B. (hereinafter, the
Child); C.J.S. is the father of C.Y.S.
The Department of Family and Protective Services (hereinafter, the
Department) first received a referral for this family in December 2007 when
Mother tested positive for opiates, PCP, and cocaine after the birth of the Child.
The Department did not seek custody at that time, but it offered a family services
plan. However, the family moved and did not leave an address where they could
be found.
In June 2008, the Department received another referral alleging neglectful
supervision, and again the family moved without notifying the Department.
In December 2008—a year after the Child was born—the Department
received a third referral alleging physical abuse and neglectful supervision. The
1
See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1) (Vernon 2014).
2
Department found reason to believe the allegations and offered a family services
plan, but again the family moved without notifying the Department.
On October 16, 2012, the Department received a fourth referral—which
gives rise to the present appeal—alleging that the five-year-old Child had been left
alone on many occasions by C.J.S., the father of one of the Child’s siblings, while
Mother was at work. As a result of leaving the Child unattended, C.J.S. was later
convicted of Abandoning or Endangering a Child.2
On November 8, 2012, the Department filed a petition seeking to be named
temporary managing conservator of the Child and her siblings, L.K.C. and C.Y.S.
After the trial court found that there was a continuing danger to the physical health
or safety of the children and that remaining in their home was contrary to their
welfare, the court placed all three children in the Department’s temporary
conservatorship.
While the children were under the Department’s conservatorship, it created
family service plans for each of the parents, including Father. During the entire
time that the Child was under the Department’s conservatorship, Father was
imprisoned in Louisiana on a 5 year, 2 month, 27 day sentence that began on
December 29, 2011. Because of his incarceration, Father was not involved “in the
circumstances that led up to the children being picked up.”
2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.041 (Vernon 2011).
3
At trial, the Department presented evidence of Father’s extensive criminal
history, including a six-year sentence for burglary, a three-year sentence for
possession of cocaine, a two-year sentence for second degree battery committed
against the Child’s mother, and a three-year sentence for possession of codeine.
The record also showed several parole violations and at least one parole
revocation.
After a bench trial on October 8, 2013, the trial court terminated the parental
rights of Father, Mother, and C.J.S. This appeal concerns the propriety of the trial
court’s order terminating the parent-child relationship between Father and K.D.B.,
the middle child.
PROPRIETY OF TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS
In two issues, Father contends (1) the evidence was legally and factually
insufficient to support termination under subsection (Q) of section 161.001(1), and
(2) that the trial court erred in terminating his parental rights under subsection (O)
because (a) there was legally and factually insufficient evidence to do so and (b)
his right to procedural due process was violated. Because Father does not
challenge the best-interest finding, we must uphold the order of termination if there
is factually sufficient evidence to support either of the two predicate grounds
alleged. See Hann v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 969 S.W.2d 77,
81 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, pet. denied).
4
Termination Under Subsection (Q)
In his first issue, Father contends the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support termination under subsection (Q) of section 161.001(1).
Under this subsection, the Department was required to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that Father knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has
resulted in the Father’s (1) conviction of an offense and (2) confinement or
imprisonment and inability to care for the Child for not less than two years from
the date on which the Department filed the termination petition. See TEX. FAM.
CODE § 161.001(1)(Q); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 360 (Tex. 2003) (construing
phrase “two years from the date of filing the petition” to apply prospectively from
date of filing petition).
On appeal, Father does not argue that the evidence is legally or factually
insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that the he knowingly engaged in
criminal conduct that resulted in his conviction of an offense. Rather, Father
argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the finding
that his criminal conduct resulted in his confinement or imprisonment for not less
than two years from the date on which the Department filed the termination
petition.3
3
Termination under subsection (Q) also requires that the Father’s criminal
conduct would result in the his inability to care for the Child for not less than
two years from the date on which the Department filed the termination
5
Standard of Review
In a proceeding to terminate the parent-child relationship brought
under section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code, the petitioner must establish by
clear and convincing evidence one or more acts or omissions enumerated under
subsection (1) of 161.001 and that termination is in the best interest of the child
under subsection (2). See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001; In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84
(Tex. 2005). When, as here, a parent does not challenge the best-interest finding on
appeal, the appellate court will affirm if any of the predicate acts or omission in
subsection (1) of 161.001 are met. Hann, 969 S.W.2d at 81.
Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof that will
produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of
the allegations sought to be established. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25–26 (Tex.
2002). The heightened “clear and convincing evidence” burden of proof alters the
appellate legal-sufficiency standard of review. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256,
petition. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 110 (Tex. 2006). Once the
petitioner has established that a parent’s knowing criminal conduct would
result in his incarceration or confinement for at least this two-year period,
the incarcerated or confined parent must produce some evidence showing
how he would provide or arrange to provide care for the child during this
period of incarceration. See In re H.R.M., No. 14-05-00281-CV, 2007 WL
707553, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 8, 2007, no
pet.) (mem. op.). Father essentially argues that this burden never shifted to
him because the Department failed to show that he would be incarcerated for
more than two years from the date the petition was filed.
6
264–66 (Tex. 2002). In conducting such a legal-sufficiency review, a court must
look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the termination findings to
determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or
conviction that these findings are true. Id. at 266. “To give appropriate deference
to the factfinder’s conclusions and the role of a court conducting a legal-
sufficiency review, looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to the
judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the factfinder resolved
disputed facts in favor of its findings if a reasonable factfinder could do so.”
Id. Furthermore, a reviewing court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable
factfinder could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id. This does
not mean that a reviewing court must disregard all evidence that does not support
the findings in question. Id. “Disregarding undisputed facts that do not support the
finding could skew the analysis of whether there is clear and convincing
evidence.” Id. “If, after conducting its legal-sufficiency review of the record
evidence, a court determines that a reasonable factfinder could not form a firm
belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then that court must
conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient.” Id.; see also In re J.L., 163
S.W.3d 79, 84–85 (Tex. 2005) (outlining legal-sufficiency standard of review).
In reviewing a factual-sufficiency challenge to termination findings, we give
due consideration to evidence that the factfinder reasonably could have found to be
7
clear and convincing. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The factual-sufficiency
inquiry is whether the evidence is such that the factfinder reasonably could form a
firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department’s allegations. Id. We
consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could
not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. Id. “If, in light of
the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have
credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not
reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction [about the truth of the
petitioners’ allegations], then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. We give
due deference to fact findings, and we do not supplant the factfinder’s judgment
with our own. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). In affirming
the trial court’s ruling on a factual-sufficiency challenge, we need not detail all of
the conflicting evidence. In re A.B., No. 13-0749, 2014 WL 1998440 at *6 (Tex.
May 16, 2014).
We apply the same legal-sufficiency and factual-sufficiency standards in
reviewing the evidence regardless of whether we are reviewing a jury’s verdict or,
as in this case, the trial court’s findings following a bench trial. Catalina v.
Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994).
8
Analysis
Thus, we address the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s
finding that Father’s criminal conduct would result in his confinement or
imprisonment for not less than two years from the date on which the Department
filed the termination petition. The Department filed the petition to terminate
Father’s rights on November 8, 2012; accordingly, two years after filing the
petition is November 8, 2014. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 359–60.
At trial, Kayla Sorich, a caseworker for the Department testified as follows:
Q. Now [Father], the father of one child and not the father of the
oldest that we thought he was the father of the oldest, was tested in
jail, correct?
A. Correct.
Q And it took a long time for the test to come back but we finally got
it back; is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. And it shows that he is the father of [the Child] but not the father
of [Mother’s eldest child]?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. And he’s in jail in Louisiana and facing a release date of
2016, and possibly under work release, he could be out in 2014 in
February; is that correct?
A. Yes, that’s correct.
****
9
Q. Okay. Now then, you know that [Father] has an extensive criminal
history as well; is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. But that history, presently he’s in prison in Louisiana?
A. Yes.
Q. Serving a five year sentence, correct?
A. Correct.
Q. And his release date is in 2016. But if he’s lucky on his work
release, he could be out in 2014?
A. Yes.
Q. But that’s possible?
A. That’s a possibility.
On cross-examination of Sorich, the following exchange took place:
Q. Thank you. Now Mr. McInnis asked you the grounds from which
you wanted to proceed to terminate the parental rights of [Father] as to
[the Child]?
A. Yes.
Q. And was that the (Q) grounds?
A. I believe so.
Q. He can advise you. I won’t object.
A. Yes. He can advise you.
10
Q. That’s what he told us anyway. Are you aware from talking with
him, as I am, that the actual set date for [Father’s] release date is June
24 of 2016?
A. Yes. That’s the actual date.
Q. But are you also aware that if he continues to progress in what he’s
doing, good time and everything, he can be released—he can be
released as early as January 9 of 2014. Did he make you aware of
that?
A. Yes, he did. But it isn’t a guaranteed release date.
Q. Right. That’s right. But it’s neither not a guarantee that he will stay
there and serve the full sentence, is it?
A. Yes.
Q. All right. So—and that—the file date on the original petition in this
case was November 8th, 2014. Would you accept that? Or 2012, I
mean.
A. Yes.
Q. Thank you for the correction. 2012. So looking ahead on that date,
the file date, if he is paroled out or early released for any reason on
January 9, ’14 as set out in the official records, that would be only a
period of about 14 months, all together, wouldn’t it, from the date of
the filing of the original petition?
A. Correct.
However, Father argues that, according to the Department’s Exhibit 17,
which is a copy of his prison records from Louisiana, “the Louisiana documents
indicates that appellant will most likely be released on January 9, 2014 rather than
serve his full sentence[,]” and that “the exhibit itself raises a strong inference that
11
appellant is more likely to be released on January 8, 2014 rather than after
November 8, 2014.” The document to which Father refers provides that Father’s
total sentence was for 5 years, 2 months, and 27 days. Under a section entitled
“Release Dates” it contains the following information:
FTD: 06242016 PED: DISCB ORIGINAL DS DT: 01092014
ADJUSTED DS DT: 01092014
In considering the possibility of parole,4 the Supreme Court of Texas has
provided the following guidance in how we must review a finding that a parent’s
criminal conduct would result in the parent's confinement for not less than two
years from the date on which the termination petition was filed:
We recognize that a two-year sentence does not automatically meet
subsection Q’s two-year imprisonment requirement. In some cases,
neither the length of the sentence nor the projected release date is
dispositive of when the parent will in fact be released from prison. A
parent sentenced to more than two years might well be paroled within
two years. Thus, evidence of the availability of parole is relevant to
determine whether the parent will be released within two years. Mere
introduction of parole-related evidence, however, does not prevent a
factfinder from forming a firm conviction or belief that the parent will
remain incarcerated for at least two years. Parole decisions are
inherently speculative, Ex Parte Moussazadeh, 64 S.W.3d 404, 413
(Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (citing Ex Parte Evans, 690 S.W.2d 274, 278
(Tex. Crim. App. 1985)), and while all inmates doubtless hope for
early release and can take positive steps to improve their odds, the
decision rests entirely within the parole board’s discretion. See In re
K.R.M., 147 S.W.3d 628, 630 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no
4
We recognize that this case does not involve parole, but appears to concern the
possible diminution of Father’s sentence because of accrued “good time” under a
Louisiana statute. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 15:571.3 (West Supp. 2012). We,
nonetheless, find the supreme court’s analysis regarding parole to be instructive.
12
pet.) (stating that a father’s “hope that he might be granted early
release is pure speculation”). If the mere possibility of parole prevents
a jury from ever forming a firm belief or conviction that a parent will
remain incarcerated for at least two years, then termination under
subsection Q will occur only when the parent has no possibility of
parole. By that rationale, the party seeking termination would have to
show that there is zero chance of early release. This would
impermissibly elevate the burden of proof from clear and convincing
to beyond a reasonable doubt.
In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108–09. Further, evidence of participation in a pre-
release program available to inmates within two years of parole does not preclude a
finding the parent will remain incarcerated. Id. at 109.
Here, Father argues that “the Louisiana documents indicates that appellant
will most likely be released on January 9, 2014 rather than serve his full sentence.”
(emphasis added). However, the only testimony about the meaning of the terms
“ORIGINAL DS DT: 01092014” and “ADJUSTED DS DT: 01092014” came
from Sorich, who acknowledged that “if [Father is] lucky on his work release, he
could be out in 2014[,]” but that the “actual set date for [Father’s] release date is
June 24, of 2016[.]” Sorich also testified that early release was merely a
“possibility.” Father did not challenge the source of Sorich’s knowledge, nor did
he cross-examine her about the same. Thus, the record is silent about the source of
Sorich’s knowledge. However, appellant’s own counsel acknowledged the
uncertainty of early release when he asked Sorich, “[I]f he continues to progress in
13
what he’s doing, good time and everything, he can be released—he can be released
as early as January 9 of 2014?”
While the evidence illustrated the possibility of Father’s release prior to
November 2014, as the court determined in H.R.M., such evidence did not prevent
the trial court from forming a firm belief or conviction he would remain
incarcerated after that date. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109. The trial court was
free to credit and give greater weight to the fact that Father was serving a 5–year
sentence that had a release date of June 24, 2016. See id. Likewise, the factfinder
could reasonably conclude that Exhibit 17’s projected release date of January 2014
was speculative, especially in light of the testimony that early release because of
“good time” was merely a “possibility.” See In re K.R.M., 147 S.W.3d 628, 630
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.) ([“Appellant’s] hope that he might be
granted early release is pure speculation.”); In re J.L.R., No. 11-05-00094-CV,
2006 WL 728069, at *2 (Tex. App.—Eastland Mar. 23, 2006, no pet.) (holding
evidence sufficient under subsection Q despite testimony that petitioner could be
released early because of “good time” credits). The trial court could also have
considered appellant’s criminal history and his unsuccessful completion of
probation in determining whether it was likely that he would successfully obtain
early release. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109.
14
Summary
Viewing the evidence under the proper standards, we find the evidence
before the trial court was legally and factually sufficient to permit the court to form
a firm conviction or belief that Father would remain incarcerated until at least two
years after the petition was filed, i.e., until November 2014. See In re H.R.M., 209
S.W.3d at 109.
Accordingly, we overrule Father’s first issue.
CONCLUSION
Having found legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s finding that the Father engaged in the conduct described in subsection (Q)
of section 161.001, and because appellant does not challenge the best-interest
finding, we need not address the trial court’s finding that Father also engaged in
the conduct described in subsection (O) and decline to do so. See In re A.V., 113
S.W.3d at 362 (affirming termination decree based on one ground without reaching
second ground found by fact finder and challenged by appellant).
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Sherry Radack
Chief Justice
15
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley and Brown.
16
in the Interest of L.K.C., K.D.B., and C.Y.S. v. Department of Family and Protective Services
Combined Opinion