NUMBER 13-09-00421-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
ESTER SALINAS, Appellant,
v.
PAT TOWNSEND AND NORBERTO SALINAS, Appellees.
On appeal from the 206th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Garza, Benavides, and Wittig1
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
Appellant, Ester Salinas, was found liable for slandering appellees, the current and
former mayors of Mission, Texas. Appellant challenges the judgment by six issues,
1
Justice Linda Reyna Yañez was a member of the panel at the time this case was argued and
submitted for decision. However, Justice Yañez could not participate in deciding the case, see TEX. R.
APP. P. 41.1, and retired Justice Don Wittig was assigned to this Court by the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of Texas pursuant to the Texas Government Code. See TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN. § 74.003 (Vernon
Supp. 2004).
contending that: (1) her speech was constitutionally protected; (2) her statements were
not, as a matter of law, unambiguous defamatory statements of fact; (3) appellees did not
prove mental anguish; (4) appellees did not prove that her statements were made with
actual malice; (5) there was a fatal variance between the pleadings and the proof; and (6)
the trial court erred in admitting certain evidence. We affirm in part and reverse and
render in part.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellee Pat Townsend was mayor of the city of Mission, Texas from 1984 to 1992
and was its city manager from 1995 to 2001; appellee Norberto Salinas (―Salinas‖) is the
city‘s current mayor. Appellant is a self-described community activist representing the
interests of residents affected by chemical contamination at the former Hayes-Sammons
pesticide plant in Mission. 2 According to appellant, she became concerned about
chemical contamination in 1998, when her son alerted her to the presence in their
neighborhood of ―[m]en dressed in scientific biohazardous [sic] outfits with tanks on their
backs and total protection on their faces and their bodies.‖ Appellant learned that these
―men in white‖ were removing ―toxic dirt‖ from various sites around Mission; she also
discovered that the areas had been designated as ―Superfund‖ sites by the
Environmental Protection Agency (―EPA‖).3
2
The contamination at the former Hayes-Sammons plant formed the basis of a lawsuit involving
hundreds of plaintiffs and dozens of defendants. See In re Allied Chem. Corp., 287 S.W.3d 115, 119-20
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2009, orig. proceeding); In re Helena Chem. Co., 286 S.W.3d 492, 494 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 2009, orig. proceeding). Appellant is one of the plaintiffs in the suit; appellees are not
parties to that suit.
3
The term ―Superfund‖ refers to the Hazardous Substance Superfund set up by the federal
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. See 26 U.S.C. §
9507, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9628. A ―Superfund site‖ is a contaminated area for which cleanup and
2
Over the course of the next decade, appellant performed extensive research on
the history of the Hayes-Sammons plant and the effects of chemical contamination on the
area‘s land and its inhabitants. She, along with a committee of other affected citizens,
eventually learned that thousands of people living in the Mission area were suffering from
various ―abnormal‖ illnesses, that hundreds of the residents‘ children were stillborn, and
that many other area children were born with birth defects. As a result of her research
and investigation, appellant developed a fervent belief that these health problems were
caused by chemical contamination emanating from the Hayes-Sammons plant, and that
city officials were negligent in failing to notify Mission residents prior to 1998 that their land
was contaminated. Appellant further believed that city officials, including both appellees,
failed to adequately address the crisis because they did not arrange for the affected
citizens to be relocated from the contaminated areas.
In 1999, appellant retained an attorney to represent her in potential litigation
against Hayes-Sammons‘s successor entities and other suppliers that contributed
chemicals to the sites in question. Appellant entered into a ―fee sharing agreement‖ with
the attorney whereby she would purportedly earn a percentage of the attorney‘s fees
resulting from the representation of any plaintiffs that appellant referred to him.
Appellant later learned that this ―fee sharing agreement‖ was unenforceable because it
contravenes the ethical rules governing Texas attorneys. See TEX. DISCIPLINARY R.
PROF‘L CONDUCT 5.04(a), reprinted in TEX. GOV‘T CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A
(Vernon Supp. 2010) (providing generally that ―[a] lawyer or law firm shall not share or
remediation have been designated by the EPA as eligible to be financed by Superfund proceeds.
3
promise to share legal fees with a non-lawyer‖). Nevertheless, according to appellant,
she eventually received at least $30,000 in payments from the attorney; appellant
characterized these payments as reimbursement for expenses she incurred in
investigating and preparing the case against the chemical companies.
In 2000, appellant, at the advice of counsel, recommended that the city retain the
services of Dr. Robert K. Simon, a toxicologist, to perform testing at the contaminated
sites. The city acceded to the recommendation. However, Townsend, city manager at
the time, was skeptical of Dr. Simon‘s work and received the city council‘s permission to
hire a second toxicologist, Dr. K.C. Donnelly, to do additional testing. According to
Townsend, appellant ―wasn‘t happy‖ about the hiring of a second toxicologist.
Townsend further testified that, to his knowledge, Dr. Simon ―never delivered the results
of the tests‖ that the city had paid him to perform.
Appellant‘s obvious frustration and anger at city officials led her to make the four
statements that are the subjects of the underlying suit. The first of these statements was
made at a Mission city council meeting on March 24, 2003. At this meeting, members of
the public were invited to comment on the proposed appointment of Townsend to lead the
Mission Economic Development Authority (―MEDA‖). Appellant publicly made the
following statement there:
Let me say my family and friends are severely opposing the outrageous
nomination of Mr. Pat Townsend as Interim CEO/President of this MEDA or
any position in the City of Mission. The days of slavery and corruption and
abuse in South Texas have finished. This man in the past has known of
pollution and has known of contamination and has betrayed the citizens that
he was supposed to have represented. He has acted with me and many
people of the South side with negligence for the name of self-profit and
personal political gratification. Many families in the Southwest side have
4
come to me to complain to me about the way the infrastructure has been.
They went to him about sewage and water and one family came to me with
a deed from 1930 how Shary Union Pacific stole the land way [sic], to Mr.
Pat Townsend asking for his help and what did he do instead of helping the
families he yelled, insulted, and suppressed the truth for the victims[. O]n
many occasions he has treated us with negligence which is heartless and
malice [sic] behavior. . . . Mr. Townsend dwelled on Shar[]yland, Cimarron
and factories to further pollute Mission. He was instrumental in inflicting
human sufferage [sic] and sever[e] property damage. He had little respect
for human health in environmental damages of 3,000 citizens. He
resigned his former position as City Manager due to high stress levels and
the way he treated Dr. Simon or was it because of guilt. My
recommendation is that you be fair and you deal with proper [sic] in the total
development of our community and not insult us with this man who has
caused so many additional health problems, property damage and
emotional distress. I, my family and friends are in opposition to this man
being recommended for this position.
The second statement was made by appellant at an August 25, 2005 city council
meeting4:
Good afternoon Mayor and Members of the Council and public. Ester
Pena Salinas, we the people from the super fund areas demand justice,
justice for all where is it[?] Congratulation[s] to Miss Flores and I wish the
five hundred . . . babies who were born died [sic] also had that opportunity to
live and breath[e] unfortunately five hundred . . . of our babies were lost and
nobody seems to care and if they do care there is no justice. It‘s
unfortunate what that is [sic] has taken decades for EPA and all entities to
come in and say that they are going to see if there is any contaminations
[sic] stop play[ing] games with our lives. We are the people from the super
funds and it[‘]s time for[] relocation. You[] all paid an ex city [council]
member a hundred and eighty-five thousand[] for him to resign[,] well we
want to be relocated. You are paying for additional council where there is
TL TML funds[,] why did you use those funds, why did you have to hire
someone at two hundred dollars an hour[? S]ome of my people got a
hundred and twelve dollars and you know what justice day will come and
some of you will be judged for the way you have stolen and lied and killed[.]
But yet you continue to act as if you are in denial and I know you are timing
me sir.
4
Salinas was present at the August 25, 2005 meeting, as were the other members of the Mission
city council. Townsend was not present at this meeting.
5
The third statement forming the basis of the slander suit was made by appellant
during an interview broadcast on local television in October of 2008. During that
interview, appellant stated: ―So, we have to go fight in Court because even the mayor in
La Joya told me that Norberto Salinas went to talk to him to say that they were going to kill
me.‖5 Billy Leo, the mayor of La Joya, Texas, testified that he could not remember
whether or not he made the statement attributed to him by appellant.
Fourth, and finally, Salinas alleged in his sixth amended plea in intervention that
appellant ―called him a drug dealer and said th[at] he is politically corrupt.‖ The evidence
related to this allegation included testimony by Jose Montes, a Mission resident. Montes
testified that appellant, upon seeing Salinas‘s campaign poster on Montes‘s house, told
Montes that Salinas was ―a big rat.‖ When Montes was asked at trial what he understood
appellant to mean by those words, he stated that ―a big rat is—well, I understand it‘s like
a—somebody big and like—well, you know, control of something, you know. . . . Well,
like somebody, you know—rat means like somebody stealing or something.‖ There was
no other evidence adduced as to the meaning of the words ―big rat.‖ Domingo De La
Garza, another resident of Mission, testified that appellant once called Salinas a ―drug
dealer‖ at a grocery store in front of ―six or seven‖ other people. According to De La
Garza, appellant ―told me loud enough for people to hear what she was telling me.‖ De
La Garza testified that he had heard appellant call Salinas a ―drug Lord‖ or ―drug dealer‖ in
front of other people ―about three or four times.‖6
5
Though the television interview was conducted in Spanish, the parties stipulated to the accuracy
of this English translation that appears in the record.
6
The testimony of Montes and De La Garza was provided in Spanish and was translated into
6
Townsend sued appellant shortly after the first statement was made in 2003, and
Salinas intervened in the suit as a plaintiff in 2005.7 Both Townsend and Salinas alleged
defamation and requested actual and exemplary damages. At trial, appellant testified
that she did make the statements attributed to her at the city council meetings and on the
television interview, but she denied that she ever called Salinas ―corrupt‖ or a ―drug
dealer.‖ After the parties rested,8 the trial court found as a matter of law that the March
24, 2003 statement was defamatory per se as to Townsend and that the remaining three
statements were defamatory per se as to Salinas.9 Accordingly, the jury was not asked
whether the statements were defamatory; rather, the only questions submitted to the jury
were whether each statement was false and whether each statement was made with
actual malice. 10 The jury was also asked whether appellant actually stated that
―Norberto Salinas is a drug dealer and corrupt politician.‖ The jury answered all
English by the court reporter. The original Spanish testimony does not appear in the record before this
Court. No party objected to the translations of the pertinent parts of Montes‘s and De La Garza‘s testimony
as set forth above.
7
Salinas‘s original plea in intervention complained only of the statements made at the August 25,
2005 city council meeting. Subsequent amended pleas in intervention also complained of the statements
made on the 2008 televised interview and the statements made to Montes and De La Garza.
8
Appellant moved for a directed verdict at the close of appellees‘ case-in-chief and again at the
close of all evidence. The trial court denied both motions.
9
The trial court also concluded that the statements made at the March 24, 2003 city council
meeting were potentially defamatory per quod as to Salinas, which would have entitled him to a jury
question on whether the statement was in fact defamatory as to him. However, Salinas did not request
such a question and no such question was included in the jury charge.
10
In accordance with appellees‘ pleadings, which requested exemplary damages, the jury was
also asked whether it found by clear and convincing evidence that appellant made the statements with
―malice.‖ See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(a) (Vernon Supp. 2010) (providing that
exemplary damages may be only awarded if the plaintiff proves by clear and convincing evidence that the
harm resulted from fraud, malice, or gross negligence). The jury concluded that all of the statements, other
than that made during the televised interview, were made with malice. Nevertheless, both Townsend and
Salinas waived their exemplary damages claims after the jury returned its verdict.
7
questions in the affirmative and awarded $10,000 in damages to Townsend and $30,000
in damages to Salinas. This appeal followed.11
II. APPLICABLE LAW
A statement is defamatory if it tends to injure one‘s reputation, exposing one to
public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, or financial injury, or to impeach any person‘s
honesty, integrity, virtue, or reputation. Montemayor v. Ortiz, 208 S.W.3d 627, 651 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 2006, pet. denied); Austin v. Inet Techs., Inc., 118 S.W.3d 491, 496
(Tex. App.–Dallas 2003, no pet.); see RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 559 (1977) (―A
communication is defamatory if it tends to so harm the reputation of another as to lower
him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or
dealing with him.‖). Whether a statement is defamatory is initially a question of law for
the trial court and depends on whether a person of ordinary intelligence12 would perceive
the entire statement as so affecting the reputation of the plaintiff. See Carr v. Brasher,
776 S.W.2d 567, 569-70 (Tex. 1989); Musser v. Smith Protective Servs., Inc., 723 S.W.2d
653, 655 (Tex. 1987). In determining this question, the court must construe each
11
Appellees have filed a motion asking this Court to impose $5,000 in sanctions on appellant.
See Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 732 (Tex. 1997) (―Courts possess inherent
power to discipline an attorney‘s behavior.‖). The motion alleges the following: ―Through fraud on the
Hidalgo County District Clerk, Appellant was able to obtain approval of a zero supersedeas bond‖ after
judgment was entered against her; ―[d]espite the clearly void nature‖ of the bond, appellees were ―forced to
challenge‖ the bond in the trial court; as part of this challenge, appellees sought to depose appellant and
obtain documents from her; appellant refused to provide documents on the dates suggested by appellees‘
counsel; appellant was served with a notice to produce the documents on December 7, 2009; appellant filed
an untimely motion to quash said notice; and appellant did not produce the documents or appear for her
deposition until January 2010. Having fully considered appellees‘ motion and appellant‘s response
thereto, we deny the motion for sanctions.
12
A ―person of ordinary intelligence‖ is one who ―exercises care and prudence, but not
omniscience, when evaluating allegedly defamatory communications.‖ New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146
S.W.3d 144, 157 (Tex. 2004).
8
statement as a whole, in light of surrounding circumstances. Turner v. KTRK Television,
Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 114 (Tex. 2000); Musser, 723 S.W.2d at 654-55. If the statement,
seen in this light, has but one clear and obvious meaning, then no further inquiry is
necessary. Gray v. HEB Food Store No. 4, 941 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. App.–Corpus
Christi 1997, writ denied). But when a publication is of ambiguous or doubtful import, the
jury must determine its meaning. New Times, Inc. v. Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d 144, 155 (Tex.
2004); Diaz v. Rankin, 777 S.W.2d 496, 499 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1989, no writ).
Slander is a defamatory statement orally communicated or published to a third
party without legal justification or excuse. Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891
S.W.2d 640, 646 (Tex. 1995); Kelly v. Diocese of Corpus Christi, 832 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 1992, writ dism‘d w.o.j.). To recover for slander, a plaintiff must
prove the following elements: (1) an oral defamatory statement; (2) falsity of the
statement13; (3) reference in the statement to an ascertainable person; and (4) publication
of the statement to someone other than the allegedly defamed person. Reeves v.
Western Co. of N. Am., 867 S.W.2d 385, 393 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1993, writ denied).
To be actionable, a statement must constitute or contain an assertion of an objectively
verifiable fact. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc. v. Gill, 6 S.W.3d 19, 29 (Tex. App.–San Antonio
1999, pet. denied) (citing Burch v. Coca-Cola Co., 119 F.3d 305, 325 (5th Cir. 1997)).
13
Texas courts have differed on whether a private slander plaintiff must prove falsity as part of its
prima facie case, or instead, whether truth of the statement is an affirmative defense available to the
defendant. Compare Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 646 (Tex. 1995) (stating that
truth is an affirmative defense in such suits) with Rogers v. Dallas Morning News, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 467, 472
(Tex. App.–Dallas 1994, writ denied) (stating that private slander plaintiffs have the burden of proving that
the statement is false). However, when a slander plaintiff is a public official or public figure, as here, the
United States Constitution requires the plaintiff to establish falsity. Curtis Publ’g Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S.
130, 155 (1967); N.Y. Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964); Turner v. KTRK Television, 38
S.W.3d 103, 116-18 (Tex. 2000).
9
―[A] plaintiff can bring a claim for defamation when discrete facts, literally or substantially
true, are published in such a way that they create a substantially false and defamatory
impression by omitting material facts or juxtaposing facts in a misleading way.‖ Turner,
38 S.W.3d at 115.
If the trial court finds that the statement is unambiguous and not reasonably
capable of defamatory meaning, then summary judgment for the defendant is proper.
Wheeler v. New Times, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 471, 474 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2001, no pet.).
Otherwise, the statement will be classified either as slander per se or slander per quod.14
Minyard Food Stores, Inc. v. Goodman, 50 S.W.3d 131, 140 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth
2001), rev’d on other grounds, 80 S.W.3d 573 (Tex. 2002). For an oral statement to
constitute slander per se, it must fall within one of four categories: (1) imputation of the
commission of a crime; (2) imputation of a loathsome disease; (3) injury to a person‘s
office, business, profession, or calling; or (4) imputation of sexual misconduct. Id. (citing
Gray, 941 S.W.2d at 329; Villasenor v. Villasenor, 911 S.W.2d 411, 418 (Tex. App.–San
Antonio 1995, no writ)). If a statement is slanderous per se, no independent proof of
damage to the plaintiff‘s reputation or of mental anguish is required, as the slander itself
gives rise to a presumption of general damages.15 Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561,
14
―Per quod‖ is Latin for ―whereby,‖ BLACK‘S LAW DICTIONARY 1141 (6th ed. 1990), and is defined as
―requiring reference to additional facts.‖ Moore v. Waldrop, 166 S.W.3d 380, 384 n.1 (Tex. App.–Waco
2005, no pet.). ―Per se,‖ on the other hand, is defined as ―of, in, or by itself; standing alone.‖ BLACK‘S LAW
DICTIONARY 1142.
15
Compensatory damages in defamation cases are divided into two categories: general and
special. Peshak v. Greer, 13 S.W.3d 421, 427 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2000, no pet.). General
damages are damages for injuries to character or reputation, injuries to feelings, mental anguish, and other
like injuries incapable of monetary valuation, Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Barron, 698 S.W.2d 435, 441 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 1985, no writ), while special damages involve some form of pecuniary or economic
loss. See Hurlbut v. Gulf Atlantic Life Ins. Co., 749 S.W.2d 762, 767 (Tex. 1987).
10
604 (Tex. 2003); Mustang Athletic Corp. v. Monroe, 137 S.W.3d 336, 339 (Tex.
App.–Beaumont 2004, no pet.) (citing Leyendecker & Assocs., Inc. v. Wechter, 683
S.W.2d 369, 374 (Tex. 1984) (op. on reh‘g)). If the statement is not slanderous per se,
the plaintiff must plead and prove special damages—i.e., some form of pecuniary or
economic loss—in order for the statement to be actionable as slander per quod. Kelly,
832 S.W.2d at 94; Stearns v. McManis, 543 S.W.2d 659, 661-62 (Tex. Civ. App.–Houston
[1st Dist.] 1976, writ dism‘d); see Minyard Food Stores, 50 S.W.3d at 140. Here, neither
Townsend nor Salinas have alleged or requested special damages. Moreover,
appellees have not asserted that appellant‘s statements imputed disease or sexual
misconduct, or injured their office, business, profession, or calling. See Minyard Food
Stores, Inc., 50 S.W.3d at 140. Accordingly, the statements at issue in this case are
actionable only if they are properly classified as slanderous per se by virtue of having
imputed the commission of a crime. See id.
Finally, if suit is brought by a public figure or public official, as here, the plaintiff
must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant acted with ―actual
malice.‖16 Turner, 38 S.W.3d at 114 (citing Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union, 466 U.S.
485, 510-11 (1984)). In the context of defamation, ―actual malice‖ is a term of art distinct
from traditional common-law malice and does not include ill will, spite, or evil motive.
Alaniz v. Hoyt, 105 S.W.3d 330, 346 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.) (citing
Hagler v. Proctor & Gamble Mfg. Co., 884 S.W.2d 771, 771 (Tex. 1994) (per curiam);
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Lane, 31 S.W.3d 282, 291 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2000, pet.
16
Prior to trial, the parties stipulated that Townsend and Salinas were public figures at the time
each allegedly slanderous statement was made, and that the statements involved public issues.
11
denied)). Instead, ―‗[a]ctual malice‘ requires proof that the defendant made the
statement ‗with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was
true or not.‘‖ Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d at 162 (quoting Huckabee v. Time Warner Entm’t Co.,
19 S.W.3d 413, 420 (Tex. 2000)).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Constitutional Protection
By her first issue, appellant argues that her statements are protected by the United
States and Texas Constitutions. See U.S. CONST. amend. I; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 8
(―Every person shall be at liberty to speak, write or publish his opinions on any subject,
being responsible for the abuse of that privilege . . . .‖). In support of this assertion,
appellant points to the following oft-cited quotations derived from United States Supreme
Court cases:
[T]he Constitution protects ―statements that cannot ‗reasonably [be]
interpreted as stating actual facts‘ about an individual‖ made in debate over
public matters in order to ―provide[] assurance that public debate will not
suffer for lack of ‗imaginative expression‘ or the ‗rhetorical hyperbole‘ which
has traditionally added much to the discourse of our Nation[.]‖
Bentley, 94 S.W.3d at 580 (quoting Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 20
(1990)).
―The fact that society may find speech offensive is not a sufficient reason for
suppressing it. Indeed, if it is the speaker‘s opinion that gives offense, that
consequence is a reason for according it constitutional protection. For it is
a central tenet of the First Amendment that the government must remain
neutral in the marketplace of ideas.‖
Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d at 154 (quoting Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 55-56
(1988)). These statements, however, simply reflect and expound upon the
12
well-established tenet of law that, in order for a statement to be considered capable of
defamatory meaning, it must be, or imply, a false statement of objective fact. See Gill, 6
S.W.3d 19, 29; see also Pisharodi v. Barrash, 116 S.W.3d 858, 863 (Tex. App.–Corpus
Christi 2003, pet. denied) (finding a statement accusing plaintiff of assault to be capable
of defamatory meaning even though couched in terms of defendant‘s ―professional
opinion‖). In Milkovich, the United States Supreme Court rejected the notion that the
First Amendment provides independent protection for defamatory statements which are
categorized as ―opinion‖ as opposed to ―fact.‖ 497 U.S. at 17-22. Instead, the Court
noted that expressions of ―opinion‖ may often imply actionable assertions of objective
fact. Id. at 18. For example,
[i]f a speaker says, ―In my opinion John Jones is a liar,‖ he implies a
knowledge of facts which lead to the conclusion that Jones told an
untruth. . . . Simply couching such statements in terms of opinion does not
dispel these implications; and the statement, ―In my opinion Jones is a liar,‖
can cause as much damage to reputation as the statement, ―Jones is a liar.‖
Id. at 18-19.
Additionally, to the extent that appellant is arguing that her statements before the
city council are privileged or entitled to a different level of scrutiny because they were
made in the course of an official governmental proceeding, she is incorrect. While
communications made in the due course of a judicial proceeding are privileged and may
not serve as the basis of a defamation action, see James v. Brown, 637 S.W.2d 914, 916
(Tex. 1982), there is no similar privilege recognized for statements made in the context of
legislative, executive, or administrative functions of government. Therefore, the mere
fact that two of appellant‘s allegedly defamatory statements were made during official city
13
government proceedings does not shield her from liability.
Appellant‘s first issue is overruled.
B. Per Se Defamation and Actual Malice
By her second issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred by finding all four
statements to be per se defamatory. By her fourth issue, she contends that the evidence
adduced at trial was legally and factually insufficient to establish that she made the
statements at issue with actual malice. We will consider these issues together as they
apply to each of the allegedly defamatory statements.
As noted, the statements will be actionable only if they are deemed to be
slanderous per se by virtue of having imputed to appellees the commission of a crime.
See Minyard Food Stores, Inc., 50 S.W.3d at 140 (listing categories of statements that are
per se defamatory); Kelly, 832 S.W.2d at 94 (slander plaintiff must plead and prove
special damages in order to recover for defamation per quod); Mitre v. Brooks Fashion
Stores, Inc., 840 S.W.2d 612, 619 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied),
overruled on other grounds by Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577, 578 (Tex. 1994)
(noting that a statement that unambiguously and falsely imputes criminal conduct to
plaintiff is defamatory per se). However, the charge of violating a criminal statute need
not be made in a technical manner such as might be required of an indictment. Mitre,
840 S.W.2d at 620. It is sufficient to constitute slander per se if, in hearing the statement,
an ordinary person would draw a reasonable conclusion that the complaining party was
being accused of violating some criminal law. Id.
14
1. Townsend
We first consider appellant‘s statement at the 2003 city council meeting, which the
trial court found to be defamatory per se as to Townsend. At that meeting, appellant
stated that she was objecting to the appointment of Townsend to lead a local economic
development commission. In expressing her objection, appellant made a number of
pointed criticisms that the trial court determined had implied that Townsend had engaged
in criminal behavior. These statements included the following: ―The days of slavery
and corruption and abuse in South Texas have finished‖; ―[Townsend] has acted . . . with
negligence for the name of self-profit and personal political gratification‖; ―Townsend
dwelled on Shar[]yland, Cimarron and factories to further pollute Mission‖; ―[Townsend]
was instrumental in inflicting human sufferage [sic] and sever[e] property damage‖; and
―[Townsend] has caused so many additional health problems, property damage and
emotional distress.‖
Appellant argues that these statements constitute mere rhetorical hyperbole,
which is not actionable. See Gill, 6 S.W.3d at 30 (―‗Rhetorical hyperbole‘ is ‗extravagant
exaggeration‘ ‗employed for rhetorical effect.‘‖). She further contends that her words
were constitutionally protected in part because of the forum in which they were uttered.
We have noted that the law recognizes no general privilege for remarks made in
governmental proceedings. However, we are required to evaluate the nature of a
statement in light of all surrounding circumstances. Turner, 38 S.W.3d at 114; Musser,
723 S.W.2d at 654-55. Here, those circumstances include the fact that appellant was
speaking in a public forum about an issue—and concerning a public official—with which
15
the audience was intimately familiar. Under such circumstances, even assuming that
appellant‘s remarks unambiguously referred to Townsend and expressed objectively
verifiable facts, we do not believe that a person of ―ordinary intelligence‖ would have
concluded from those words that Townsend was being accused of violating a criminal
law. See Mitre, 840 S.W.2d at 620. That is, an ordinary person hearing appellant‘s
remarks would not have understood them as meaning that Townsend actually engaged in
slavery or theft; instead, such a person would have understood the remarks as
harsh—and possibly unfounded—criticisms of Townsend‘s performance in his official
roles as mayor and as city manager. In reaching this conclusion, we are cognizant of the
―profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be
uninhibited, robust, and wide-open, and that it may well include vehement, caustic, and
sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials.‖ Isaacks, 146
S.W.3d at 154 (citing N.Y. Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 270 (1964)).
We are also mindful that certain public officials—particularly, those in policymaking
positions such as mayor—are prone to receiving hyperbolic criticism precisely because of
the power they wield and the often momentous consequences of their official decisions.
For example, a citizen may accuse a legislator of being a ―murderer‖ because that
legislator supports the death penalty. There, the citizen is relying on an objective
fact—that the legislator supports a policy that may lead to the deaths of individuals—but is
embellishing that fact by ascribing personal responsibility to the legislator for any lives lost
as a result of that policy. In any case, no reasonable person listening to the citizen‘s
statement could believe that the legislator had just been accused of committing a crime.
16
Instead, an ordinary person would believe that the citizen merely disagreed with the
legislator‘s policy choices and chose to express that disagreement in unusually stark
terms. This analogy also holds for matters less weighty than the morality of capital
punishment—for example, a citizen may call a county commissioner a ―thief‖ because he
or she advocates higher taxes; or, a citizen may call a judge a ―crook‖ because of some
perceived bias. In both cases, the citizen uses words that, under normal circumstances,
imply the commission of a crime. But, given the public status of the individuals made the
subject of those statements, no ordinary listener—i.e., no one that ―exercises care and
prudence,‖ Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d at 157—would reasonably believe that the speaker was
actually making accusations of criminal behavior. Without any further elaboration, such
remarks instead reflect only the citizen‘s strong disagreement with the officials‘ lawful
exercise of discretion in their role as public servants. See Greenbelt Coop. Publ’g Ass’n
v. Bresler, 398 U.S. 6, 13-14 (1970) (finding an accusation of ―blackmail‖ not to be
defamatory per se because, among other things, the plaintiff was a public figure, the
subject matter was well-known, and the statement was made at a city council meeting).
Similarly, given Townsend‘s former status as mayor and city manager, and given
the well-understood context surrounding the Hayes-Sammons affair, no ordinary listener
would perceive appellant‘s remarks at the 2003 city council meeting as having charged
Townsend with committing a crime. The only reasonable conclusion an ordinary listener
could have drawn from those remarks is that appellant fiercely disapproved of how
Townsend performed his official duties with regard to the chemical contamination at the
Hayes-Sammons plant, and that she believed that his official decisions resulted in
17
property damage and serious public health problems. Whether or not appellant was
justified in those beliefs is immaterial—our only concern is whether her remarks would be
reasonably understood by an ordinary listener as having charged Townsend with criminal
behavior. They would not.
We therefore conclude that the trial court erred in classifying appellant‘s 2003
statement as slanderous per se. Because Townsend neither pleaded nor proved special
damages, the trial court‘s only available course of action was to dismiss Townsend‘s
claims. See Kelly, 832 S.W.2d at 94; Stearns, 543 S.W.2d at 661-62. We sustain
appellant‘s second issue as it relates to the 2003 statement.17
2. Salinas
We next consider the statements allegedly made by appellant that the trial court
found to be defamatory per se as to Salinas. At the outset, we note that the jury charge
included only a single broad-form damages question, question number eighteen, asking
what amount of money would fairly and reasonable compensate Salinas ―for the injury, if
any, that resulted from the occurrence[s] in question.‖ At the charge conference,
appellant‘s counsel did not object to the submission of question number eighteen on the
grounds that a broad-form submission of damages was improper and, instead, multiple,
granulated damages questions should be submitted.18 Therefore, we will sustain the
17
Having concluded that appellant‘s March 24, 2003 statement was not defamatory per se, we
need not address appellant‘s fourth issue, challenging the sufficiency of the evidence as to actual malice, as
it relates to that statement. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
18
Appellant‘s counsel did object to question number eighteen at the charge conference, but only
on the following grounds:
[Defense counsel]: As to question number eighteen, the Defendant, again, incorporates
by reference the objections lodged as to questions fifteen [asking
18
damages award to Salinas if any of the three allegedly defamatory statements are
legitimately actionable and supported by the evidence. See Wackenhut Corr. Corp. v.
De La Rosa, 305 S.W.3d 594, 619-21, n.26 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.)
(holding that, when a broad-form damages question allows the jury to base its award on
both valid and invalid grounds, the award may not be disturbed on appeal if the defendant
did not preserve an objection to the broad-form question on the basis that the jury may
have based its award on an improper ground) (citing Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc., 166
S.W.3d 212 (Tex. 2005); In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 350 (Tex. 2003); Harris County v.
Smith, 96 S.W.3d 230, 232 (Tex. 2002)).
First, we consider whether appellant‘s statements during the 2008 television
interview were defamatory per se. The entire statement, as submitted to the jury, is as
whether the 2008 television statement was false], sixteen [asking
whether appellant acted with actual malice as to the 2008 television
statement] and seventeen [asking whether the 2008 television
statement proximately caused Salinas to suffer mental anguish]
regarding the variance with the pleadings and the statement as
printed in question fifteen and the lack of any evidence to support any
issue regarding that statement, the failure of [Salinas] to plead
[slander] per quod of the statement that—that could, at best, either
be incapable of defamatory meaning or ambiguous and, likewise,
there being no pleading for special damages, innuendo, or
implication, there can be no entitlement to money damages
in—in—and this being the case, this is improper.
In addition, there is no evidence or insufficient evidence of any injury
suffered by Norberto Salinas as a proximate result of any matter at
issue in this case that would rise to the level of an entitlement to
money damages for mental anguish.
And this is regarding entitlement as it pertains to and as conditioned
upon [answer]s of yes to questions number eight [asking whether the
2005 city council statement proximately caused Salinas to suffer
mental anguish], thirteen [asking whether the statement that Salinas
is a ―drug dealer and a corrupt politician‖ proximately caused him to
suffer mental anguish], or seventeen.
THE COURT: Overruled.
19
follows: ―[W]e have to go fight in Court because even the mayor in La Joya told me that
Norberto Salinas went to talk to him to say that they were going to kill me.‖ Salinas
concedes in his appellate brief that these allegations ―possessed the believability of an
Elvis sighting; even in the Rio Grande Valley, political opponents are not executed.‖ But
we are not called upon to evaluate the objective credibility of allegedly defamatory
statements; instead, our task is to determine whether a person of ―ordinary intelligence‖
would have understood that Salinas was being accused of criminal behavior. In this
instance, considering the surrounding circumstances, we conclude that an ordinary
listener would have reasonably understood appellant‘s statement as accusing Salinas of
plotting to have her killed, which is a criminal offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§
15.02 (criminal conspiracy), 19.02 (murder) (Vernon 2003). We therefore find that the
trial court did not err in determining that this statement constituted slander per se.
We next turn to the issue of actual malice. The United States Supreme Court has
held that judges have a constitutional duty to ―exercise independent judgment and
determine whether the record establishes actual malice with convincing clarity‖ in
defamation suits brought by public officials. Bose Corp., 466 U.S. at 514; Clark v.
Jenkins, 248 S.W.3d 418, 435 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2008, pet. denied). Because actual
malice is required to be proved by clear and convincing evidence, we will find the
evidence to be legally sufficient only if it is substantial enough such that the jury could
reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that appellant acted with actual malice. See
Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607, 627 (Tex. 2004); see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009). ―If, in light of the entire record, the
20
disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the
finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or
conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.‖ In the Interest of J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002).
As noted, defamatory words are communicated with actual malice when the
defendant knows the words are false or recklessly disregards whether the words are false
or not. Randall’s Food Mkts., 891 S.W.2d at 646; Hagler, 884 S.W.2d at 772.
―Reckless disregard‖ is a subjective standard, focusing on the defendant‘s state of mind.
Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d at 162 (citing Bentley, 94 S.W.3d at 591). Mere negligence is not
enough. Id. Rather, the plaintiff must establish that the defendant in fact entertained
serious doubts as to the truth of his publication, or had a high degree of awareness of the
probable falsity of the published information. Id. Although actual malice focuses on the
defendant‘s subjective state of mind, a plaintiff can prove it through objective evidence
about the circumstances surrounding the alleged defamatory words. Alaniz, 105 S.W.3d
at 347 (citing Turner, 38 S.W.3d at 120). Actual malice also may be proved by
circumstantial evidence of the defendant‘s state of mind. Id.
At trial, appellant was asked during direct examination about the circumstances
regarding the statement allegedly made by Mayor Leo that led to appellant‘s remarks
during the televised interview. Appellant explained:
I went to a function where we were fund-raising to send a couple of younger
kids, or in their 20's, to the national democratic convention. At that time, I
sat with Mr. [a]nd Mrs. Leo and some other friends. . . . When I was talking
to Mr. Leo, I said, well, how‘s Mr. Raymond doing? That‘s Ramon Garcia
because they‘re good friends. He says, no, I haven‘t talked to Ramon, the
one who‘s calling me is Norberto. And Norberto told me he was going to
21
kill you or he was going to have you killed. And I looked at Billy, like, what
are you talking about? And he said, no, he said—he—he told me—he told
me that. And I said, Mr. Billy, that‘s not funny. That‘s not—are you for
serious [sic]? He said, no. You know he‘s a very powerful man.
Mayor Leo testified that, although he did not have any specific recollection of Salinas
telling him that he was ―going to kill‖ appellant, he believed that was something Salinas
―might have said‖ given Salinas‘s anger toward appellant at the time he spoke to Mayor
Leo. On cross-examination, Salinas‘s counsel inquired further as to the circumstances
surrounding Mayor Leo‘s alleged statement:
Q. [Salinas‘s counsel] In October of 2008 after you heard this, what you
told the jury was a very serious accusation that was
being made by—purported statement that was
being made by the mayor [of La Joya], did you call
the police?
A. [Appellant] No, sir.
Q. You didn‘t report the fact that you‘d gotten
information from someone that someone was trying
to kill you? You didn‘t—you didn‘t think that that
was something you should have reported to the
police?
A. No, sir, I didn‘t report it but I should have.
Appellant‘s admission that she did not call the police in response to Mayor Leo‘s
alleged statement, in combination with Mayor Leo‘s failure to recall having made the
statement, allowed the jury to reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that appellant
harbored ―serious doubts‖ as to whether Salinas actually planned to kill her. See
Isaacks, 146 S.W.3d at 162. Accordingly, the evidence was legally and factually
sufficient to establish that the appellant made the televised remarks with actual malice.
See Garza, 164 S.W.3d at 627. Appellant‘s fourth issue is overruled as it relates to the
22
statements made during the 2008 televised interview.
In light of our conclusions that (1) the 2008 televised statement was defamatory
per se as to Salinas, and (2) the evidence was sufficient to establish that appellant acted
with actual malice in making that statement, we need not address appellant‘s second or
fourth issues as they relate to (1) the statement made at the 2005 city council meeting, or
(2) the statement that ―Norberto Salinas is a drug dealer and corrupt politician.‖19 See
Wackenhut Corr. Corp., 305 S.W.3d at 619-21, n.26 (citing Romero, 166 S.W.3d at 212;
In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d at 350; Harris County, 96 S.W.3d at 232). That is, because at
least one of the grounds upon which the jury based its damage award was legally valid,
and because appellant did not object to the broad-form damages question on the basis
that more than one such question should have been submitted, we may not disturb the
jury‘s award of $30,000 in damages to Salinas. See id.
C. Sufficiency of Evidence of Mental Anguish
By her third issue, appellant contends that there was insufficient evidence shown
that appellees suffered compensable mental anguish. However, it is not necessary to
19
We note that there was no evidence adduced at trial that appellant ever actually uttered the
words ―Norberto Salinas is a drug dealer and corrupt politician.‖ In fact, no witness testified that appellant
ever used the words ―corrupt politician‖ to describe Salinas. Appellant‘s counsel objected at trial to the
submission of jury charge question number ten, asking whether appellant ―made‖ the statement that
―Norberto Salinas is a drug dealer and corrupt politician,‖ on this basis. However, the trial court overruled
the objection, and appellant does not challenge that ruling on appeal. Accordingly, we may not consider
the issue. See Walling v. Metcalfe, 863 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex. 1993) (―[T]he courts of appeals may not
reverse the judgment of a trial court for a reason not raised in a point of error.‖) (citing Vawter v. Garvey, 786
S.W.2d 263, 264 (Tex. 1990); San Jacinto River Auth. v. Duke, 783 S.W.2d 209, 210 (Tex. 1990)).
Question number ten was also arguably erroneous as a matter of law because it merely asked
whether appellant ―made‖ the statement and did not ask whether she published the statement to a third
party. See, e.g., Reeves v. Western Co. of N. Am., 867 S.W.2d 385, 393 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1993,
writ denied) (reciting elements of slander). However, appellant did not object to the question at trial on this
basis, and she does not raise the issue on appeal, so we cannot reverse on this basis. See Walling, 863
S.W.2d at 58.
23
prove mental anguish where the words used are slanderous per se, because the law
presumes actual damages. Kelly, 832 S.W.2d at 91; Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. v.
Tucker, 806 S.W.2d 914, 922 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1991, writ dism‘d w.o.j.). As
noted, appellant‘s statements, if actionable, are actionable only as slander per se
because neither appellee pleaded or proved special damages. See Kelly, 832 S.W.2d at
94; Stearns, 543 S.W.2d at 661-62. Accordingly, appellees were under no obligation to
prove that they suffered compensable mental anguish. We overrule appellant‘s third
issue.
D. Variance Between Pleadings and Proof
By her fifth issue, appellant claims the judgment must be reversed because there
was a fatal variance between the pleadings and the evidence adduced at trial with respect
to the 2008 television interview. Texas follows a ―fair notice‖ standard for pleading,
which looks to whether the opposing party can ascertain from the pleading the nature and
basic issues of the controversy and what testimony will be relevant. Horizon/CMS
Healthcare Corp. v. Auld, 34 S.W.3d 887, 896 (Tex. 2000). To be reversible, any
variance between the pleadings and the proof ―must be substantial, misleading,
constitute surprise and be a prejudicial departure from the pleadings.‖ Fruehauf Corp. v.
Ortega, 687 S.W.2d 777, 782 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1985, no writ).
In his sixth amended plea in intervention, Salinas alleged that:
[J]ust yesterday in a television interview [appellant] has stated that [Mayor]
Salinas was going to kill her. She then contacted Mr. Billy Leo (Mayor of
La Joya) also telling him that Mr. Norberto Salinas was going to kill her.
These statements were made in front of many people.
Appellant argues that the evidence did not precisely establish that appellant told Mayor
24
Leo that Salinas was going to kill her. Instead, according to appellant, the evidence
established that she stated during the interview that Mayor Leo told her that Salinas told
him that Salinas was going to kill her. We disagree that this slight difference between the
pleadings and the proof presented at trial was substantial or misleading. ―[A] broad
submission of an issue will [not] be reversed simply because one or more acts which
contributed to the injury was not particularly pleaded or proved.‖ Fruehauf Corp., 687
S.W.2d at 782 (citing Brown v. Am. Transfer & Storage Co., 601 S.W.2d 931 (Tex. 1980)).
Further, a pleading is deemed sufficient ―if it gives fair and adequate notice of the facts
upon which the pleader bases his claim. The purpose of this rule is to give the opposing
party information sufficient to enable him to prepare a defense.‖ Roark v. Allen, 633
S.W.2d 804, 810 (Tex. 1982). Here, the variance between appellant‘s statement as
alleged in Salinas‘s pleadings and the statement as proved was not prejudicial, nor did it
prevent appellant from preparing her defense. Her fifth issue is therefore overruled.
E. Evidence of Fee Sharing Agreement
By her sixth issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred by admitting evidence
of her ―fee sharing agreement.‖ Evidentiary rulings are committed to the trial court‘s
sound discretion. Bay Area Healthcare Group, Ltd. v. McShane, 239 S.W.3d 231, 234
(Tex. 2007); City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 753 (Tex. 1995). A trial
court abuses its discretion when it rules without reference to any guiding rules or
principles. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998)
(citing City of Brownsville, 897 S.W.2d at 753). If error is found, we will reverse only if:
(1) the excluded evidence was controlling on a material issue; (2) the excluded evidence
25
was not cumulative of other evidence; and (3) the error probably caused the rendition of
an improper judgment or probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the
case on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1; Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608,
617 (Tex. 2000).
Appellant argues that the evidence of her ―fee sharing agreement‖ was irrelevant
to any issue properly before the jury and was ―extremely prejudicial.‖ Appellees contend
that the evidence was relevant as to appellant‘s motive for making the allegedly
defamatory statements. As noted, in the context of defamation, ―actual malice‖ does not
include ill will, spite, or evil motive. Alaniz, 105 S.W.3d at 346. However, ordinary
―malice‖ was also an issue before the jury, because both appellees pleaded exemplary
damages. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(a) (providing that exemplary
damages may be only awarded if the plaintiff proves by clear and convincing evidence
that the harm resulted from fraud, malice, or gross negligence). It was not an abuse of
discretion for the trial court to have found that the ―fee sharing agreement‖ was relevant to
the issue of ordinary malice. See id. § 41.001(7) (Vernon 2008) (―‗Malice‘ means a
specific intent by the defendant to cause substantial injury or harm to the claimant.‖).
Further, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion by concluding that
the probative value of this evidence outweighed its prejudicial value. See TEX. R. EVID.
403 (―Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the
jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence.‖). Appellant‘s sixth issue is overruled.
26
IV. CONCLUSION
We reverse the judgment of the trial court with respect to appellee Townsend and
render judgment that Townsend take nothing by way of his suit against appellant. The
remainder of the trial court‘s judgment is affirmed.
________________________
DORI CONTRERAS GARZA
Justice
Delivered and filed the
6th day of January, 2011.
27
Ester Salinas v. Pat Townsend and Norberto Salinas
Combined Opinion