Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-13-00245-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF C.G., a Child
From the 45th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2012-PA-01992
Honorable Martha B. Tanner, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 26, 2014
REVERSED AND REMANDED
In this restricted appeal, Robert 1 G. challenges a no-answer default order terminating his
parental rights to C.G. Robert claims the default judgment was improper because he had filed an
answer, and consequently error is apparent on the face of the record. We agree, and we therefore
reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case to the trial court.
BACKGROUND
On August 21, 2012, appellees Richard and Donna C. filed an Original Petition to
Terminate Parent-Child Relationship in cause number 2012-PA-01992. Richard and Donna are
C.G.’s maternal grandparents and his custodial nonparents. The petition sought to terminate
1
To protect their privacy, we identify the parties in this case by their first name and last initials only. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 104.002(d) (West Supp. 2013).
04-13-00245-CV
Robert’s parental rights to C.G. Robert filed an answer on October 5, 2012. Although the answer
was correctly styled, it contained the wrong cause number, and was filed in cause number 2012-
EM5-01671 instead of in cause number 2012-PA-01992. On October 6, 2012, Robert’s counsel
faxed the answer to appellees’ counsel at the fax number provided on the Original Petition to
Terminate Parent-Child Relationship; Robert’s counsel received a fax confirmation sheet
indicating that the transmission was received.
Thereafter, on January 11, 2013, the trial court signed a default order terminating the
parent-child relationship between Robert and C.G. The judgment reflects that “Respondent,
ROBERT [G.], although duly cited to appear, failed to file an answer and wholly made default.”
Thereafter on March 18, 2013, Robert untimely filed a “Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc,”
seeking to correct the inaccurate cause number on the original answer. Both the original answer
and the fax confirmation sheet were attached to the motion as exhibits. The motion was denied.
Robert subsequently filed a notice of restricted appeal. He now argues that the default judgment
was erroneously granted given that he filed an answer prior to the signing of the order of
termination.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A restricted appeal is a type of direct attack on a default judgment. TEX. R. APP. P.
30; Barker CATV Const., Inc. v. Ampro, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1999, no pet.). To obtain relief through a restricted appeal, Robert must establish that: (1)
he filed notice of restricted appeal within six months after the judgment or order was signed; (2)
he was a party to the underlying suit; (3) he did not participate in the hearing that resulted in the
judgment and did not timely file any post-judgment motions or requests for findings of fact and
conclusions of law; and (4) error is apparent on the face of the record. Ins. Co. of State of Pa. v.
Lejeune, 297 S.W.3d 254, 255 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) (citing Alexander v. Lynda’s Boutique,
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134 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2004)); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1(c), 30. The requirements should
be liberally construed in favor of the right to appeal. Stubbs v. Stubbs, 685 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tex.
1985) (discussing requirements for appeal by “writ of error” procedure, which has been replaced
by the restricted appeal).
The only issue before us is whether error is apparent on the face of the record. The face of
the record includes the reporter’s record 2 and documents that were before the court at the time the
challenged order was signed. Norman Commc’ns v. Tex. Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270 (Tex.
1997) (per curiam); Gen. Elec. Co. v. Falcon Ridge Apartments, Joint Venture, 811 S.W.2d 942,
944 (Tex. 1991); In re Guardianship of V.A., 390 S.W.3d 414, 416 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012,
pet denied).
DISCUSSION
Robert argues that a default judgment taken after an answer is filed, known to opposing
counsel, in the correct court, with the correct style, but with an inaccurate cause number, is error
apparent on the face of the record. A default judgment may not be granted when the defendant
has an answer on file, even if the trial judge was unaware that the answer was filed. TEX. R. CIV.
P. 239; Davis v. Jefferies, 764 S.W.2d 559, 560 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam) (noting that default
judgment was improper even though the answer was not filed on or before answer date, but was
filed two hours and twenty minutes before the default judgment was signed, and even though the
trial judge was unaware that the answer was filed).
Here, although it contained the wrong cause number, Robert’s answer was filed three
months before the default judgment was granted. This court was presented with a similar situation
in Alvarez v. Kirk, where a default judgment was entered against the appellant even though she
2
The termination order reflects that “the record of testimony was duly reported by the court reporter;” however, the
reporter’s record was not filed in this court.
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04-13-00245-CV
had filed an answer, albeit in the wrong cause number. See Alvarez v. Kirk, No. 04-04-00031-CV,
2004 WL 2480141, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 4, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.). We held
that error was apparent on the face of the record, and reversed the granting of the default judgment,
reasoning that “[t]he fact that the answer was filed in the wrong cause number does not defeat its
effectiveness.” Id. (citing City of San Antonio v. Rodriguez, 828 S.W.2d 417, 418 (Tex. 1992)).
We recognize that the appellant in Alvarez mistakenly filed the answer in the wrong cause number
due to the fact that she was not notified of the new cause number that was created by a severance.
See Alvarez, 2004 WL 2480141, at *1. Although those facts are not present in the instant case, we
note that a restricted appeal is not an equitable proceeding and that “[a restricted appeal] appellant
is not required to show diligence or lack of negligence before its complaints will be heard . . .
[because] it is the fact of nonparticipation, not the reason for it, that determines the right to [a
restricted appeal].” Texaco, Inc. v. Cent. Power & Light Co., 925 S.W.2d 586, 590 (Tex. 1996)
(internal citations omitted); see also Orgoo, Inc. v. Rackspace US, Inc., 341 S.W.3d 34, 40 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.). Given that Robert’s answer was on file before the termination
order was signed, we conclude the trial court’s rendition of the default judgment was erroneous
and such error is apparent from the face of the record. Because Robert has demonstrated that he
meets all the requirements for a restricted appeal, Robert is entitled to have the default order of
termination set aside. We therefore reverse the judgment of the trial court ordering that Robert’s
parental rights to C.G. be terminated, and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings.
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
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