Thirty-Four Gambling Devices and Six-Hundred and Thirty Nine Dollars in United States Currency v. State of Texas

NO. 07-10-00002-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL B

APRIL 11, 2011

THIRTY-FOUR GAMBLING DEVICES AND SIX-HUNDRED
AND THIRTY NINE DOLLARS IN UNITED STATES
CURRENCY, APPELLANT

v.

STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

FROM THE 181ST DISTRICT COURT OF RANDALL COUNTY;

NO. 54,834-B; HONORABLE JOHN B. BOARD, JUDGE

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellants, Johnny Shannon and Michelle Medrano, appeal a judgment forfeiting

thirty-four gambling devices, $639 cash, and other items which were seized from

Medrano=s possession. We vacate the judgment of the trial court and dismiss trial court

cause number 54,834-B.
 Background

On June 24, 2003, an Affidavit for Search Warrant was submitted to Judge John

B. Board. The affiant was Corporal Dan Howington of the Amarillo Police Department.

In his affidavit, Howington described the results of an undercover investigation,

concluded that his investigation revealed facts sufficient to establish probable cause to

believe that illegal gambling activities were occurring at a business known as AThe

Other Place,@ and requested the issuance of a search warrant. On that same day,

Judge Board issued a warrant to search AThe Other Place@ based upon Howington=s

affidavit. As a result of the search, the property at issue in this case was seized.

Medrano was the person found in possession of the property at the time of the seizure.

The State filed a Petition for Forfeiture of Gambling Devices and/or Gambling

Paraphernalia and Gambling Proceeds seeking forfeiture of the seized property

pursuant to article 18.18 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.18 (Vernon 2005).1 Medrano filed a general denial. The trial

court set the forfeiture for trial and sent a general notice to the parties.

One day prior to the date set for the trial, Medrano filed a Plea in Abatement and

Motion for Continuance objecting to the court=s notice as failing to comply with the

notice required by article 18.18. The court reset the trial for a later date and issued a

Notice Pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure B Article 18.18 (Athe court=s

notice@).

1
Further reference to provisions of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure will be
by reference to Aarticle ___@ or “art. ___.”

2
 While hearing certain pre-trial motions filed by Medrano in cause number 53,716-

B, the trial court indicated that it had intended for the forfeiture proceeding to have

proceeded under a new cause number initiated by the court=s notice rather than under

the State=s petition. However, because the court=s notice had not been issued a new

cause number and had, in fact, been noted as being given in cause number 53,716-B,2

the trial court called the only cause that existed at that time, cause number 53,716-B.

After resolution of pre-trial matters, the court called the case to be tried by stating Awe

will proceed under the 18.18 notice in 53,716-B.@

Following trial, the court rendered judgment that the seized property was

prohibited gambling devices, paraphernalia, and proceeds. The court then rendered

judgment that the machines were gambling devices and gambling paraphernalia and

that the currency was gambling proceeds.

After rendition but prior to written judgment, the State filed a Motion to Sever

requesting that all issues in cause number 53,716-B be severed into a new cause

number initiated by the court=s notice. The purpose of the severance request was to

effectuate the trial court=s stated intent to conduct the forfeiture proceedings under the

court=s notice. The State further indicated that, if the proceedings were severed into a

new cause arising from the court=s notice, the State intended to dismiss the 53,716-B

cause number. Medrano objected to the severance contending that the State=s

severance request was untimely. The trial court granted the State=s severance on the

2
It appears that the district clerk wrote in cause number 53,716-B on the court’s
notice, and that the notice was served on Medrano identifying cause number 53,716-B
as the cause in which she was noticed to appear and show cause.
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same day that it entered judgment in cause number 53,716-B. By its severance order,

any pleadings filed in cause number 53,716-B that arose from, or were responsive to,

the court=s notice were to be severed into a new cause, which was assigned cause

number 54,834-B. Following the severance, the State filed a Motion for Nonsuit in

cause number 53,716-B, which was granted by the trial court. Medrano filed a Motion

to Strike or, Alternatively, for New Trial objecting that the court=s severance came after

the case had been submitted to the fact-finder. These motions were overruled by

operation of law.

Medrano appealed the judgment. However, her notice of appeal challenged the

judgment entered in cause number 54,834-B. In that appeal, this Court determined that

no judgment was entered in cause number 54,834-B and, therefore, we dismissed the

appeal for want of jurisdiction. See In re Thirty-Four Gambling Devices, No. 07-04-

0548-CV, 2006 Tex.App. LEXIS 775, at *8 (Tex.App.—Amarillo January 30, 2006, no

pet.) (mem. op.). This Court’s mandate issued February 5, 2006.

Subsequently, the State requested a trial setting in cause number 54,834-B by

letter dated November 29, 2006. The trial court advised the parties that it had set the

trial in cause number 54,834-B for October 30, 2007. Medrano, now joined by Shannon

(collectively “appellants”), filed a Plea to the Jurisdiction and Plea in Bar that challenged

the trial court’s severance order and asserted that the dismissal of the judgment entered

in cause number 53,716-B barred relitigation under the doctrine of res judicata. The

trial court denied these pleas by order dated January 4, 2008. Appellants then filed a

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Motion to Recuse the trial court judge on January 17, 2008, which they amended on

March 6, 2008. On June 3, 2008, the Honorable H. Bryan Poff, Jr. denied the motion.

On multiple occasions throughout the period from the issuance of this Court’s

mandate in appellate cause number 07-04-0548-CV until the entry of the presently

appealed judgment, appellants filed Motions to Dismiss for Want of Prosecution. Each

of these motions were denied by the trial court. Appellants filed a petition for writ of

mandamus with this Court on August 17, 2009, challenging the denial of their motions to

dismiss. This Court denied appellants’ petition. See In re Thirty-Four Gambling

Devices, 304 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2009, orig. proceeding).

On November 30, 2009, trial was held in cause number 54,834-B. No testimony

was offered by either party. However, the State sought and obtained admission of

Corporal Howington’s Affidavit for Search Warrant and the Search Warrant issued by

Judge Board. In response, appellants moved for directed verdict contending that the

State had failed to meet its burden to establish probable cause for the seizure of the

property. The trial court overruled the directed verdict motion. On December 2, 2009,

the trial court entered a written judgment in cause number 54,834-B that the machines

were gambling devices and gambling paraphernalia and that the currency was gambling

proceeds and forfeiting the property to the State. From this judgment, appellants now

appeal.

Appellants seek appellate relief by seven issues. By their first issue, appellants

contend that the current relitigation of the forfeiture was barred by the doctrine of res

judicata. By their second issue, appellants contend that the trial court’s post-judgment

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severance was invalid and, therefore, there is no cause to have been tried in the

present proceeding. By their third and fourth issues, appellants contend that the case

should have been dismissed for want of prosecution. By their fifth issue, appellants

contend that the evidence was insufficient to support forfeiture of the property. By their

sixth issue, appellants contend that the trial court denied appellants their right to cross-

examine a fact witness. By their seventh issue, appellants contend that the article

18.18 notice that was given by the magistrate was fatally defective. We will limit our

analysis to appellants’ second issue as resolution of this issue is all that is needed to

dispose of the present appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

Severance of Cause Number 53,716-B

Appellants second issue contends that the trial court’s severance of the

pleadings in trial court cause number 53,716-B into a new cause number was invalid

and, therefore, no pleadings are present in cause number 54,834-B to support the

forfeiture of the subject property in this case. Appellants base their contention on the

fact that the trial court severed the pleadings in cause number 53,716-B into cause

number 54,834-B after the case had already been submitted to the trial court for

resolution and, in fact, after judgment had already been rendered in cause number

53,716-B. The State responds that the severance was not actually a severance but was

rather a correction of a clerk’s error that memorialized the trial court’s stated intent

before the original forfeiture proceeding was held in cause number 53,716-B.

Before we address the propriety of the trial court’s severance, we need to

discuss the procedure by which the State obtains a forfeiture of property used in a

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crime. A civil forfeiture proceeding under chapter 18 of the Texas Code of Criminal

Procedure is an in rem proceeding. Hardy v. State, 102 S.W.3d 123, 126-27 (Tex.

2003). As such, it is a proceeding against the property itself, not against the owner and

does not involve the conviction of the owner or possessor of the property seized. Id. at

127. A forfeiture proceeding is initiated when the State presents an affidavit to a

magistrate identifying sufficient facts to establish probable cause exists that the property

is subject to seizure under article 18.02, and obtains a search warrant from the

magistrate. Id. Thus, it is the determination of probable cause to support the issuance

of the search warrant that initiates the forfeiture, rather than the State’s motion or the

show cause notice that the magistrate is required to issue. See id.

After the property is seized and if the person found in possession of the property

has not been convicted, the State may obtain forfeiture of the seized property under the

authority of article 18.18(b). Under this procedure, a law enforcement agency shall

make a motion for forfeiture of the property in a timely manner after it is informed in

writing by the attorney representing the state that no prosecution will arise from the

seizure. See art. 18.18(b); Hardy, 102 S.W.3d at 127. In addition, the magistrate is

required to notify the person found in possession of the property to show cause why the

seized property should not be destroyed or forfeited. See art. 18.18(b); Hardy, 102

S.W.3d at 127. If an interested person contests the proposed forfeiture, the magistrate

must conduct an adversarial show cause hearing at which the interested person is

tasked with proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the property is not subject

to forfeiture. See art. 18.18(f); Hardy, 102 S.W.3d at 127. Ultimately, the property is

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forfeited to the State unless an interested person shows that the property is not subject

to forfeiture under the statute. See arts. 18.02, 18.18(f); Hardy, 102 S.W.3d at 128.

A review of the record in this appeal shows that every required step of the

forfeiture process was accomplished in trial court cause number 53,716-B. However,

for some reason, the trial court attempted to sever the pleadings into a new cause

number after the court had already rendered judgment in cause number 53,716-B.

A claim may be properly severed only if: (1) the controversy involves more than

one cause of action, (2) the severed claim is one that would be proper if independently

asserted, and (3) the severed claim is not so interwoven with the remaining action that

they involve the same facts and issues. State Dep’t of Highways & Pub. Transp. v.

Cotner, 845 S.W.2d 818, 819 (Tex. 1993). Additionally, even when a case may be

properly severed, a severance must be affected prior to the point at which all the facts

have been presented to the finder of fact and the parties have requested a resolution.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 41; In re El Paso County Hosp. Dist., 979 S.W.2d 10, 12

(Tex.App.—El Paso 1998, orig. proceeding).

In the present case, it is clear that there was only one cause of action asserted in

cause number 53,716-B, specifically a request for forfeiture of the seized property.

Further, the State did not request severance nor did the trial court enter its severance

order until after the case was submitted to the fact-finder. In fact, the trial court had

already rendered judgment of forfeiture in open court prior to its entry of the severance

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order. Thus, it is clear that the trial court was without authority to enter its severance

order.3

The State contends that the order denominated as a severance order was simply

a correction of the trial court clerk’s erroneous identification of the wrong cause number

on the trial court’s show cause notice, and that it memorialized the trial court’s stated

intent for the show cause hearing to have proceeded under a separate cause initiated

by the trial court’s article 18.18 notice. However, as discussed above, a forfeiture

proceeding is initiated by a request for and the issuance of a search warrant, rather than

by the magistrate’s required notice under article 18.18. See Hardy, 102 S.W.3d at 127.

Further, the trial court did not clearly state its intent for the show cause hearing to

proceed under a separate cause number initiated by the court’s show cause notice. In

fact, after noting that a new cause number was not assigned to the show cause notice,

the trial court proceeded to hold the show cause hearing by specifically calling the

original cause number, 53,716-B. Finally, while we do not find support for the State’s

position in the record, even if we were to accept the State’s characterization of the trial

court’s severance order, such an action would constitute an improper post-trial attempt

to sever a cause of action into another cause.4 See Coalition of Cities for Affordable

3
We note that our prior opinion discussed the trial court’s severance order as if it
were valid. See In re Thirty-Four Gambling Devices, 2006 Tex.App. LEXIS 775, at *5-
*6. However, our analysis of the severance order was limited to a review of what the
order purported to sever. That opinion did not need to address the validity of the
severance order because it was based on the absence of a final judgment in cause
number 54,834-B combined with the severance order not even purporting to sever the
judgment in cause number 53,716-B. See id. at *8.
4
The State argues that the trial court’s severance order cannot be construed as
an improper post-trial attempt to split a cause of action because there was no cause of
9
Util. Rates v. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 798 S.W.2d 560, 564 (Tex. 1990) (after submission of

a case to the trier of fact, the PUC’s attempt to sever a portion of the cause for

subsequent reconsideration constitutes an “improper post-trial attempt to split a cause

of action”).

Finally, the State contends that, even if the severance was invalid, appellants did

not suffer harm from the error since the effect of the severance and this Court’s prior

ruling was to afford appellants a second trial of the forfeiture. However, while the

judgment entered in cause number 53,716-B was proper and could have been

enforced, the State voluntarily dismissed this cause of action. Because the severance

of the pleadings in cause number 53,716-B into cause number 54,834-B was invalid,

there were no pleadings to support the second trial in cause number 54,834-B.

Consequently, cause number 54,834-B did not contain the show cause notice that the

magistrate is required to issue in a forfeiture proceeding under article 18.18. See art.

18.18(b); see also Fifty-One Gambling Devices v. State, No. 07-03-0133-CV, 2004

Tex.App. LEXIS 2896, at *8-*10 (Tex.App.—Amarillo March 31, 2004, no pet.) (Because

the law abhors forfeiture, the requirements of article 18.18 must be strictly complied with

before property may be forfeited). Since this notice is required for forfeiture, the trial

court did not have authority to enter judgment of forfeiture in cause number 54,834-B,

and appellants were harmed.

action left to split. While we agree with the State that the sole cause of action asserted
in cause number 53,716-B was incapable of being split and that all issues to be
resolved in cause number 53,716-B had been resolved before the trial court entered its
“severance order,” the State has failed to identify any authority and we found no
authority that would authorize a trial court to try a case to rendition under one cause
number only to then assign the case a different cause number afterward.
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 While the State presumably could have filed a new petition for forfeiture of the

property, the record establishes that it did not do so. Additionally, because the

severance order in cause number 53,716-B was invalid and did not transfer the

pleadings entered in cause number 53,716-B into cause number 54,834-B, there was

no valid cause under which the State could obtain forfeiture of the seized property. As

such, we sustain appellants’ second issue, vacate the trial court’s judgment in cause

number 54,834-B, and dismiss cause number 54,834-B.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and dismiss

cause number 54,834-B.

Mackey K. Hancock
Justice

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