United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS April 23, 2003
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 02-41541
Conference Calendar
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CRISTOBAL FLORES-ESCOBEDO, also
known as Juan Dominguez Martinez,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. B-02-CR-242-ALL
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Before DAVIS, BARKSDALE, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Cristobal Flores-Escobedo appeals the sentence imposed
following his guilty plea conviction of being found in the United
States after deportation/removal in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326.
Flores contends that 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)
are unconstitutional. He argues that the prior conviction that
resulted in his increased sentence is an element of a separate
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined
that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent
except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
No. 02-41541
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offense under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b) that should have been alleged in
his indictment. Flores maintains that he pleaded guilty to an
indictment which charged only simple reentry under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1326(a). He argues that his sentence exceeds the two-year
maximum term of imprisonment which may be imposed for that
offense.
In Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 235
(1998), the Supreme Court held that the enhanced penalties in
8 U.S.C. § 1326(b) are sentencing provisions, not elements of
separate offenses. The Court further held that the sentencing
provisions do not violate the Due Process Clause. Id. at 239-47.
Flores acknowledges that his arguments are foreclosed by
Almendarez-Torres, but asserts that the decision has been cast
into doubt by Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490 (2000).
He seeks to preserve his arguments for further review.
Apprendi did not overrule Almendarez-Torres. See Apprendi,
530 U.S. at 489-90; United States v. Dabeit, 231 F.3d 979, 984
(5th Cir. 2000). This court must follow Almendarez-Torres
“unless and until the Supreme Court itself determines to overrule
it.” Dabeit, 231 F.3d at 984 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
The Government has moved for a summary affirmance in lieu of
filing an appellee’s brief. In its motion, the Government asks
that an appellee’s brief not be required. The motion is GRANTED.
No. 02-41541
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AFFIRMED; MOTION GRANTED.