Shatish Patel, M.D., Hemalatha Vijayan, M.D., Subodh Sonwalkar, M.D., Wolley Oladut M.D. v. St. Luke's Sugar Land Partnership, L.L.P. and St. Luke's Community Development Corporation-Sugar Land

Opinion issued November 7, 2013

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-13-00273-CV
———————————
SHATISH PATEL, M.D., HEMALATHA VIJAYAN, M.D., SUBODH
SONWALKAR, M.D., WOLLEY OLADUT, M.D., Appellants
V.
ST. LUKE’S SUGAR LAND PARTNERSHIP, L.L.P. AND ST. LUKE’S
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION-SUGAR LAND,
Appellees

On Appeal from the 152nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2011-24016

DISSENTING OPINION

Appellants, Dr. Shatish Patel, Dr. Hemalatha Vijayan, Dr. Subodh

Sonwalkar, and Dr. Wolley Oladut (the “Physician Partners”), appeal the trial
court’s denial of this their renewed application for a temporary injunction seeking

to enjoin appellees, St. Luke’s Sugar Land Partnership, L.L.P. (the “Partnership”)

and St Luke’s Community Development Corporation-Sugar Land (the “Managing

Partner”) (collectively, “St. Luke’s”), from (1) treating their Class A partnership

interests in the Partnership as terminated; (2) taking actions requiring the approval

of partners representing 75% of the partnership interest; and (3) taking actions

requiring the approval of Governing Board members representing 75% of the

voting interest of the Partnership, including making a capital call. The trial court

denied the application as moot on the ground that all of these actions had already

occurred. The Physician Partners appealed. The majority reverses and orders the

trial court to issue the injunction and to set an injunction bond.

I respectfully dissent. I would find that all actions sought to be enjoined

have already occurred, such that the application is moot, and that the majority

opinion and judgment are advisory. I would also find that, even if the application

is not moot, the Physician Partners have not satisfied the burden of proof for

obtaining a temporary injunction. I would affirm the order of the trial court

denying the application for temporary injunction.

Background

The Partnership was a general partnership created to own and operate the St.

Luke’s Sugar Land Hospital in Sugar Land, Texas (the “Hospital”). The Physician

2
Partners were four of ninety-six Class A partners. Dr. Patel and Dr. Vijayan each

owned four partnership units, and Dr. Sonwalkar and Dr. Oladut each owned two

partnership units. The Managing Partner owned all Class B units.

In July 2007, the Partnership adopted the Amended Partnership Agreement

(“the Amended Agreement”), the terms of which are at issue in the underlying

litigation.

The Amended Agreement eliminated a provision in the original Partnership

Agreement that Class A Units would always represent 49% of the Percentage

Interest and Class B Units would always represent 51% of the Percentage Interest

in the Partnership. It substituted, in its stead, a provision which stated that each

partner’s Percentage Interest was to be calculated by “dividing the number of Units

held by the Partner by the total number [of] Units issued and outstanding among all

Partners at the time, all irrespective of class.” The “Current Ownership” was listed

as “Managing Partner,” 51% and “Class A Partners,” 49%. The Amended

Agreement provided that additional capital might be required to be contributed to

the Partnership “only with approval of Partners holding at least seventy-five (75%)

of the Partnership Interest . . . .” The Amended Agreement also stated, “Such

approval is required in addition to the consent of the Governing Board required

under Section 8.9(e) hereof.”

3
 Section 8.9 provided that, generally, Governing Board decisions would

require the affirmative vote of Board members controlling greater than 50% of the

Voting Interest of all Board members. The Managing Partner’s representatives

controlled 51% of the Voting Interest, and the Physician Partners’ representatives

controlled 49% of the Voting Interest. Certain actions, such as requiring additional

capital contributions, required affirmative approval from Board members

controlling at least 75% of the Voting Interest. This provision remained

unchanged from the original partnership agreement.

The Amended Agreement also provided that the affirmative vote of at least

75% of the total Partnership Interest was required to approve certain major

transactions, including amending the Partnership Agreement, and that “neither the

individual Partners nor the Governing Board nor the Managing Partner shall have

any authority to . . . cause the Partnership to . . . amend or otherwise change this

Agreement” without “the consent of Partners holding at least seventy-five percent

(75%) of the Partnership Interest.”

A. The Physician Partners’ First Application for Temporary Injunction

In April 2011, the original plaintiff, Dr. Patel, sued the Partnership for

breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, misrepresentation, and theft, alleging that he had

been promised healthy returns by the Partnership but that the Hospital was

operating at a net loss.

4
 The next month, in May 2011, the Partnership sent a rescission offer to all of

the Class A unit holders, which informed the Partners of the potential need for a

reorganization and a capital call. This letter gave each recipient thirty days to elect

to rescind his or her purchase of Class A units in exchange for a repayment of the

purchase price plus six percent interest from the date of purchase.

Dr. Vijayan joined the suit as co-plaintiff. Drs. Patel and Vijayan then filed

an application for injunction, seeking to enjoin the Partnership from taking any

further action on the rescission offer, making any offer to purchase, redeem, or

otherwise acquire Class A units, taking any action to alter the composition of the

Governing Board, or taking any action to alter the 49% to 51% ratio of Class A

partners to Class B partners represented as the “Current Ownership” when the

Amended Agreement was executed. The trial court granted the injunction, but

later dissolved it upon St. Luke’s payment of money into the court’s registry, out

of which any eventual judgment in favor of Drs. Patel and Vijayan could be

satisfied.

B. The Physician Partners’ Second Application for Temporary
Injunction

All of the ninety-six holders of Class A units accepted the rescission offer

except for Drs. Patel, Vijayan, Sonwalkar, and Oladut.

The Partnership then sent a notice to all ninety-six Class A unit holders

indicating the overwhelming acceptance of the rescission offer and stating that,
5
after the buyout of Class A units, the remaining four Class A Physician Partners’

ownership interest in the Partnership was less than 15%. This number was

calculated by “dividing the number of Units held by the Partner by the total

number [of] Units issued and outstanding among all Partners at the time, all

irrespective of class,” i.e., by dividing the numbers of units held by the four

remaining Class A Physician Partners by the total number of units issued and

outstanding among all Partners, including the Managing Partner, after the other

physicians’ acceptance of the rescission offer, as provided in the Amended

Agreement.

Having announced the change in percentage ownership of the Partnership

Interests, the Partnership also announced the adoption of an amendment

concerning the composition of its Governing Board, in which the four remaining

Class A Physician Partners would have the right to elect Board members in

proportion to their new percentage interest in the Partnership. At the time the

Amended Agreement was executed, the Class A Unit holders had represented 49%

of the “Current Ownership” of the Partnership, and the Managing Partner had

represented the other 51% of the “Current Ownership.” Because they represented

49% of the total ownership interest of the Partnership, the Class A unit holders had

been entitled to elect seven of the fifteen members of the Governing Board under

the terms of the Amended Agreement. The Partnership relied upon the changed

6
percentage of ownership interests in further amending the Amended Agreement,

drastically reducing the number of members the Physician Partners could elect due

to their significantly reduced Percentage Interest.

The Physician Partners applied for a second temporary injunction seeking to

enjoin the Partnership from calling a Class A unit holders meeting to elect fewer

than seven representatives to the fifteen-member Governing Board. The trial court

denied the injunction. The Physician Partners did not appeal this ruling.

C. The Physician Partners’ Third Application for Temporary
Injunction

On September 2, 2011, after denial of the Physician Partners’ second

application for temporary injunction, the Governing Board sent notice of a capital

call to the Physician Partners for more than $400,000 from Drs. Patel and Vijayan

and for more than $200,000 from Drs. Sonwalkar and Oladut. The notice warned

that if the capital call payments were not received within thirty days, the

Partnership could terminate their interests. In lieu of holding a Partners’ meeting,

the capital call was issued by the Managing Partner, which owned a greater than

75% Partnership Interest in the Partnership after the buyout of ninety-two of the

ninety-six Class A unit holders.

Shortly afterwards, Dr. Sonwalkar and Dr. Oladut joined the lawsuit. None

of the four Physician Partners made any contribution in response to the capital call,

while the Managing Partner contributed $24,000,000. When the Partnership sent
7
the Physician Partners written notice of their default and offered them the

opportunity to cure, they failed to do so.

On October 3, 2011, the Physician Partners filed a third application for a

temporary injunction. They again sought to enjoin the Partnership from

(1) terminating their Partnership Interests; (2) taking actions requiring the approval

of Partners representing 75% of the total Partnership Interest, including amending

the Partnership Agreement; and (3) taking actions requiring the approval of

Governing Board members representing 75% of the Voting Interest, including

making a capital call. The Physician Partners again contended that they owned

49% of the Partnership and of the Voting Interest, which was relevant to actions of

the Governing Board, under the terms of the Amended Agreement, that the

Managing Partner still had only a 51% Partnership and Voting Interest, and that

they would be irreparably harmed by the termination of their Partnership Interests.

While this third application for injunctive relief was pending, the Partnership

went forward with the previously planned and noticed capital call. The Partnership

then notified the Physician Partners that, as of October 19, 2011, their Partnership

Interests had been terminated. As a result, only the Managing Partner remained as

a unit holder. Before the trial court ruled on the Physician Partners’ third

application for a temporary injunction, the Physician Partners informed the trial

court in a supplemental brief that the Partnership had purportedly terminated their

8
partnership interests for failure to participate in the capital call. The trial court

denied injunctive relief on November 7, 2011. The Physician Partners then filed

an accelerated appeal challenging this ruling in this Court. Prior to issuance of an

opinion, Drs. Patel and Vijayan voluntarily moved to dismiss their appeal, leaving

Drs. Sonwalkar and Oladut as the only appellants. The Physician Partners did not

request temporary relief to prevent the Partnership from taking further actions

pending interlocutory appeal.1

Because there was no longer more than one partner after the Physician

Partners’ partnership interests were terminated, the Partnership ceased to operate as

a Partnership and became wholly owned by the Managing Partner, a non-profit

entity. In order to carry out its status as a non-profit corporation and to comply

with regulatory guidelines applicable to the operation of a non-profit hospital, the

Managing Partner undertook certain actions that included terminating existing

agreements, transferring its Medicare provider number, advising various

governmental entities and agencies of the change in provider services, obtaining

1
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 51.014 provides for interlocutory
appeal of denial of an application for temporary injunction. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(4) (Vernon Supp. 2013). It does not stay the
commencement of a trial in the trial court pending resolution of the interlocutory
appeal. Id. § 51.014(b). Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 29.3, in
an interlocutory appeal, an appellate court “may make any temporary orders
necessary to preserve the parties’ rights until disposition of the appeal and may
require appropriate security.” TEX. R. APP. P. 29.3. The Physician Partners did
not seek such relief in this Court.
9
new accreditation, and changing a number of agreements. Finally, the property on

which the Hospital was located, previously leased by the Partnership, was

purchased by an affiliated company of the Managing Partner.

In a published opinion issued on August 16, 2012, a panel of this Court

reversed the trial court’s order denying Dr. Sonwalkar’s and Dr. Oladut’s third

application for a temporary injunction and remanded the case “for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.” Sonwalkar v. St. Luke’s Sugar Land

P’ship L.L.P., 394 S.W.3d 186, 203 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no

pet.). The Court did not, however, instruct the trial court to enter an injunction,

and it did not. The majority now orders enjoined, in response to the Physician

Partners’ interlocutory appeal of the denial of their subsequently filed renewed

application for temporary injunction, the same actions the Physician Partners

sought to enjoin in their third application for temporary injunction.

D. The Physician Partners’ Renewed Application for Temporary
Injunction

On December 13, 2012, the Physician Partners filed this renewed application

for temporary injunction. They again sought to enjoin the Partnership from

excluding them from governance of the now-defunct Partnership, from making a

capital call, and from transferring the operation or ownership of the Hospital—

actions that had formed the subject of their third application for a temporary

injunction and that had already transpired before the application was renewed.
10
 Specifically, the Physician Partners sought to enjoin the Partnership, in

relevant part, from (1) taking any action to terminate their partnership interests and

(2) denying their ability to participate in a Governing Board vote as 49% Voting

Interest holders, including votes on actions to (a) borrow more than $250,000 from

any third party for any purpose; (b) “[s]ell, transfer, assign, dispose of, trade,

exchange, quitclaim, surrender, release or abandon any Partnership property” with

a value of $250,000 or more; (c) “call for any additional capital contributions”; and

(d) “approve any fundamental or material change to the general business objectives

and purpose of the Partnership.” St. Luke’s moved to dismiss the application for

injunction as moot, arguing that circumstances had changed since the filing of the

third application for a temporary injunction, which the Physician Partners had

renewed after remand.

At the hearing on the temporary injunction, St. Luke’s Episcopal Health

Care System Senior Vice President David Koontz, a former member of the Board

of the Partnership, testified to the actions that had already taken place, including

the capital call and the termination of the Physician Partners’ Partnership Interests.

He also testified that St. Luke’s Episcopal Health System had paid off several

loans that the Partnership had taken out; that the Partnership’s main asset, the

Hospital, had been transferred to the Managing Partner and the Partnership had

ceased operations; that the non-profit Managing Partner had taken over operation

11
of the Hospital and the Partnership’s licenses, such as the Medicare provider

number; and that the Partnership no longer held any assets.

The trial court denied the Physician Partners’ renewed application for

temporary injunction, finding that it was moot.

The Physician Partners then filed both a notice of accelerated appeal and a

petition for writ of temporary injunction, again asking this Court to reverse the trial

court’s denial of their application for temporary injunction and to remand the case

with specific instructions to the trial court to issue a temporary injunction. A panel

of this Court denied the petition for a writ of temporary injunction in July 2013 on

the ground that the requested relief was not necessary to preserve this Court’s

jurisdiction over the interlocutory appeal. In re Patel, No. 01-13-00330-CV, 2013

WL 3422026, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 2, 2013, orig.

proceeding).

In ruling on this interlocutory appeal, the majority of this panel now reverses

the trial court’s denial of the application for temporary injunction, remands the

case to the trial court with instructions to enter the injunction, and orders the trial

court to set an injunction bond.

I agree with St. Luke’s that the Physician Partners’ application for temporary

injunction is moot. Moreover, I believe the majority has overstepped the bounds of

its interlocutory appellate jurisdiction. It has enjoined actions that have long ago

12
taken place and no longer present a controversy as to which effective injunctive

relief can be granted; it has improperly decided issues in favor of the Physician

Partners relevant to the merits of the underlying litigation; and it has issued an

advisory opinion effectively ordering specific performance of the Amended

Agreement of the now-defunct Partnership as the majority construes its terms,

thereby effectively invalidating, inter alia, the termination of the Partnership, the

$24,000,000 capital call, and an array of license agreements, contracts, and

regulatory filings made by St. Luke’s pursuant to its understanding of the terms of

the Amended Agreement that is the subject of the litigation pending in the trial

court.

I see no jurisdiction in this Court to construe the Amended Agreement,

decide what its terms require, and grant relief in terms of specific performance

when the proper construction of that agreement is the subject of the underlying

proceeding in the trial court. I also see no reason why the Physician Partners could

not be compensated in damages for any injury to their Partnership Interests they

may be found to have suffered from St. Luke’s alleged breach of contract, breach

of fiduciary duty, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation when their claims proceed

to trial. I do not believe, therefore, that the Physician Partners have satisfied the

standard of proof they must meet to justify the issuance of a temporary

13
injunction—even if their application seeking to enjoin past actions of the

Partnership were not moot.

Application for Temporary Injunction

The decision to grant or deny a temporary injunction is within the trial

court’s sound discretion. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 204 (Tex.

2002); Walling v. Metcalfe, 863 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex. 1993) (per curiam). An

appellate court must not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court unless the

trial court’s action was so arbitrary that it exceeded the bounds of reasonable

discretion. Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204. The trial court does not abuse its

discretion by making a decision based on conflicting evidence. Shor v. Pelican Oil

& Gas Mgmt., LLC, 405 S.W.3d 737, 748 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013,

no pet.). The trial court abuses its discretion when it misapplies the law to

established facts or when the evidence does not reasonably support the trial court’s

decision. Id.; Pharaoh Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Ranchero Esperanza, Ltd., 343 S.W.3d

875, 881 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.).

In reviewing an order granting or denying an application for temporary

injunction, we review the evidence submitted to the trial court in the light most

favorable to its ruing, drawing all legitimate inferences from the evidence, and

deferring to the trial court’s resolution of conflicting evidence. INEOS Grp. Ltd. v.

14
Chevron Phillips Chem. Co., 312 S.W.3d 843, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2009, no pet).

A. Mootness

The Physician Partners contend that their application for a temporary

injunction is not moot and that this Court may grant them the relief the trial court

refused to grant when it denied their application. I disagree.

“A case becomes moot if at any stage there ceases to be an actual

controversy between the parties.” Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Jones, 1

S.W.3d 83, 86 (Tex. 1999). An issue may be moot if it becomes impossible for the

court to grant effectual relief. In re H&R Block Fin. Advisors, Inc., 262 S.W.3d

896, 900 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding); see Rawlings

v. Gonzalez, 407 S.W.3d 420, 428 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (holding that

trial court could not enjoin actions that had already occurred); see also Williams v.

Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2001) (holding that for plaintiff to have standing,

controversy must exist between parties at every stage of legal proceedings,

including appeal; if case becomes moot, parties lose standing to maintain their

claims).

“Appellate courts are prohibited from deciding moot controversies.” Jones,

1 S.W.3d at 86. “When a temporary injunction becomes inoperative due to a

change in status of the parties or the passage of time, the issue of its validity is also

15
moot,” and an appellate court’s opinion about the temporary injunction’s validity

under such circumstances is an advisory opinion. Id. The mootness doctrine

prevents courts from rendering advisory opinions, which lie outside the jurisdiction

conferred on the courts by the Texas Constitution. See id.; In re H&R Block, 262

S.W.3d at 900; see also Valley Baptist Med. Ctr. v. Gonzalez, 33 S.W.3d 821, 822

(Tex. 2000) (per curiam) (holding that appeal of order became moot when order

was complied with and court of appeals was notified and that court of appeals

erred in issuing advisory opinion on merits of appeal).

I agree with the trial court that the actions the Physician Partners seek to

enjoin all occurred before they filed their renewed application for temporary

injunction and that their request for a temporary injunction enjoining these actions

is moot. There is no evidence of a continuing controversy of the type the

Physician Partners seek to prospectively enjoin. There is pending litigation in the

trial court. And there may be evidence in those proceedings of St. Luke’s breach

of the Amended Agreement. There may also be evidence of breach of fiduciary

duty, fraud, or negligent misrepresentation on the part of St. Luke’s sufficient to

convince a jury that the Physician Partners’ claims in the underlying litigation have

merit and that they are entitled to a judgment against St. Luke’s. But those claims

are not before this Court; they are before the trial court. And there is no evidence

that the controversy the Physician Partners seek to enjoin is ongoing.

16
 There is no evidence that the now-defunct Partnership is (1) taking any

action to terminate the Physician Partners’ Partnership Interests; (2) borrowing

more than $250,000 from any third party for any purpose without the Physician

Partners’ ability to participate in a Governing Board vote to approve that action as

49% Voting Interest holders; (3) selling, transferring, assigning, disposing of,

trading, exchanging, quitclaiming, surrendering, releasing or abandoning any

Partnership Property with a value of $250,000 or more; (4) calling for any

additional capital contributions; or (5) approving any fundamental or material

change to the general business objectives and purpose of the Partnership. Instead,

St. Luke’s presented evidence that the Partnership has already terminated the

Physician Partners’ Partnership Interests and that the Partnership itself has

transferred its assets, including licenses and other documentation essential to

operating the Hospital, to the Managing Partner, the sole remaining Partner after

the termination of the Physician Partners’ interests, and has ceased operating the

Hospital.

The Physician Partners argue that their request for a temporary injunction is

nevertheless not moot because the Partnership altered the status quo before “the

judicial process [could] determine whether a temporary injunction is warranted.”

They rely on Intercontinental Terminals Co., L.L.C. v. Vopak North America, Inc.,

354 S.W.3d 887, 892–93 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (holding

17
that trial court could have reasonably concluded that injunction balanced parties’

interests in status quo when it limited use of track to seventy railcars per day,

although appellant had argued injunction order impermissibly altered status quo

because it had already limited number of railcars to thirty-five).

The Physician Partners’ argument regarding the status quo is misplaced.

The judicial process determined that an injunction was not warranted when the trial

court denied the Physician Partners’ third application for a temporary injunction in

November 2011, and the Physician Partners failed to seek temporary relief when

they appealed that denial to this Court. Even at that time, many of the actions

complained of by the Physician Partners in this renewed application for temporary

injunction had already taken place—including the capital call, the Partnership’s

denial of the Physician Partners’ management rights, and the termination of the

Physician Partners’ Partnership Interests. Subsequently, the other actions the

Physician Partners effectively seek to enjoin—such as the transfer of Partnership

assets—occurred before the Physician Partners filed, and the trial court denied, this

renewed application for temporary injunction.

An application for injunction invokes a court’s equitable jurisdiction. In re

Gamble, 71 S.W.3d 313, 317 (Tex. 2002); NMTC Corp. v. Conarroe, 99 S.W.3d

865, 868 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, no pet.). Equity “aids the diligent and not

those who slumber on their rights.” In re Laibe Corp., 307 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex.

18
2010) (per curiam) (quoting Rivercenter Assocs. v. Rivera, 858 S.W.2d 366, 367

(Tex. 1993)). In this case, the Physician Partners were provided notice on several

occasions that the Partnership was planning to terminate their Partnership Interests

for their failure to contribute in response to the capital call. On October 19, 2011,

before the trial court ruled on the third application for injunctive relief, the

Partnership sent the Physician Partners a letter informing them that their

Partnership Interests had been terminated. Yet, even with several letters informing

them that the Partnership was planning to terminate their Partnership Interests and

even though the Partnership had sent a notice informing them that it had actually

terminated their Partnership Interests, the Physician Partners did not seek a stay

when they appealed the trial court’s denial of their request for an injunction in

November 2011. See TEX. R. APP. P. 29.3 (providing, in interlocutory appeals, that

appellate courts may “make any temporary orders necessary to preserve the

parties’ rights”).

Thus, unlike in Intercontinental Terminals in which the injunction entered

by the trial court could have preserved the status quo, see Intercontinental

Terminals Co., 354 S.W.3d at 893, in this case the trial court could have

reasonably concluded that the status quo had already been altered and the actions

the injunction sought to preclude were already accomplished. See Day v. First City

Nat’l Bank of Houston, 654 S.W.2d 794, 795 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

19
1983, no writ) (“Since the action sought to be enjoined has already been

performed, we are no longer capable of ruling on the matter before the Court.”).

All of these actions took place before the renewed application for temporary

injunction was even filed, much less before the trial court denied it as moot.

I would hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the

Physician Partners’ renewed application for a temporary injunction. 2 See

Rawlings, 407 S.W.3d at 428 (holding that trial court could not enjoin actions that

had already occurred); In re H&R Block, 262 S.W.3d at 900 (stating that issue may

be moot if it becomes impossible for court to grant effectual relief). I agree,

therefore, with the trial court that the Physician Partners’ application for temporary

injunction is moot, and I would affirm the trial court’s order dismissing the

application.

2
The Physician Partners also argue that the appeal of the denial of the temporary
injunction is not moot because several of the actions already accomplished, such
as termination of their partnership interests, were ultra vires actions under the
Amended Agreement. Whether or not the Partnership was authorized to terminate
the Physician Partners’ interests and transfer the Partnership without their
participation in a Governing Board vote, this Court has no jurisdiction to render
advisory opinions when all of the requested relief has been foreclosed by a change
in circumstances. See Speer v. Presbyterian Children’s Home & Serv. Agency,
847 S.W.2d 227, 229 (Tex. 1993) (“Dismissal for mootness is not a ruling on the
merits.”).

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 B. Interlocutory Appellate Jurisdiction Over Temporary Injunction
Rulings

Because I believe the controversy with respect to which the majority writes

is moot, I also believe that this Court is without jurisdiction to grant the relief

sought by the Physician Partners and that the majority opinion and judgment are

advisory. See Jones, 1 S.W.3d at 86 (prohibiting rendition of advisory opinions);

see also Valley Baptist Med. Ctr., 33 S.W.3d at 822 (vacating court of appeals’

judgment and opinion on moot controversy as advisory and dismissing cause as

moot).

The interlocutory appeal statute is strictly construed as an exception to the

general rule that only final judgments are appealable. LTTS Charter Sch., Inc. v.

C2 Constr., Inc., 342 S.W.3d 73, 76 (Tex. 2011); see Tex. A&M Univ. Sys. v.

Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 840 (Tex. 2007) (“Appellate courts have jurisdiction to

consider immediate appeals of interlocutory orders only if a statute explicitly

provides such jurisdiction.”). Interlocutory appellate jurisdiction over denial of a

temporary injunction accorded by statute is restricted to determining whether the

trial court has overstepped the bounds of its discretion in ruling on the application

for temporary injunction, and it does not extend to determining the underlying case

on its merits. See Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 861–62 (Tex. 1978); Shor, 405

S.W.3d at 748 (holding same); see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

21
§ 51.014 (a)(4) (Vernon Supp. 2013) (granting right to appeal from interlocutory

order of district court that “grants or refuses a temporary injunction”).

The majority, however, disagrees that this application for temporary

injunction is moot, and, therefore, it assesses and determines issues related to the

merits of the underlying litigation in order to determine whether the trial court

overstepped the bounds of its discretion in ruling on the Physician Partners’

application for temporary injunction, in contradiction of established case law

holding that interlocutory appellate jurisdiction does not extend to determining the

merits of the underlying case. See Davis, 571 S.W.2d at 861–62; Shor, 405

S.W.3d at 748. The majority analyzes the language of the underlying agreement

and notes that (1) the previous panel’s opinion “already explained that the doctors

demonstrated a probable right to injunctive relief to prevent the Partnership from

squeezing out the physicians by means of the capital call without approval by 75%

of the Voting Interest as required by the Amended Partnership Agreement” and

(2) “[e]ven assuming that the capital call was legitimate, and even assuming the

physician partners defaulted by failing to respond to the capital call, the

Partnership still failed to effectively terminate the physicians’ partnership interests

under the Amended Partnership Agreement . . . .” Slip Op. at 17 (citing

Sonwalkar, 394 S.W.3d at 202).

22
 The majority further concludes that the Physician Partners were not in

default and that their Partnership Interests were not actually terminated. Slip Op.

at 18. It determines that the Partnership has not completed its winding-up process

and has not terminated. Slip Op. at 19–20. It also concludes, without reference to

legal authority (and noting the absence of evidence in the interlocutory appellate

record) that “the misunderstanding held by the managing partner about the legal

effect of its attempt to terminate the physicians’ partnership interests did not have

the effect of extinguishing the Partnership or any ownership rights the Partnership

has in the hospital.” Slip Op. at 21. Finally, it concludes “that the suggestion of

intervening circumstances causing the physicians’ application to become moot is

unavailing” and that it finds no reason not to grant the requested injunction. Slip

Op. at 22.

Thus, the majority ultimately reverses the order of the trial court and

remands the cause “for further proceedings to set an injunction bond and issue the

[Physician Partners’] requested temporary injunction.” Slip Op. at 23. In short,

under the guise of deciding whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying

the Physician Partners’ renewed application for a temporary injunction as moot,

the majority issues an advisory opinion, preemptively construing the terms of the

Amended Agreement and partially determining the merits of the underlying

litigation pending in the trial court.

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 I find no jurisdiction in this Court to construe the terms of the contract at

issue in the underlying litigation for breach of the Amended Agreement, breach of

fiduciary duty, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation or to decide the merits of the

case. See Davis, 571 S.W.2d at 861–62 (holding jurisdiction of appellate court on

interlocutory appeal of temporary injunction strictly limited to ruling on

application and merits cannot be reached); see also Williams, 52 S.W.3d at 184 (“If

a case becomes moot, the parties lose standing to maintain their claims.”); Valley

Baptist Med. Ctr., 33 S.W.3d at 822 (vacating court of appeals’ judgment and

opinion on moot controversy as advisory); Jones, 1 S.W.3d at 86 (holding that

appellate courts are prohibited from deciding moot controversies and opinion about

validity of trial court’s temporary injunction ruling after temporary injunction

becomes inoperative is advisory); In re H&R Block, 262 S.W.3d at 900 (stating

that issue may be moot if it becomes impossible for court to grant effectual relief).

Therefore, the opinion of this Court granting that relief based on its opinion as to

whether St. Luke’s actions should have taken place is, at this point, advisory. 3 See

Jones, 1 S.W.3d at 86 (stating that Texas Constitution prohibits rendition of

3
The Physician Partners did not ask the trial court to unwind, to the extent possible,
the actions taken by the Partnership that they allege abrogated their rights and that
the majority opinion and judgment nevertheless effectively grants. Nor have they
standing to make such a request of this Court in this interlocutory appeal. See
Williams v. Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2001) (“If a case becomes moot, the
parties lose standing to maintain their claims.”).
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advisory opinions). I would determine this interlocutory appeal solely on

mootness grounds.

C. Proof of Entitlement to Temporary Injunction

Even if I were to agree with the majority that the Physician Partners’

application for a temporary injunction was not moot, however, I would affirm the

trial court’s order denying the injunction because I do not think the Physician

Partners have satisfied their burden of showing their entitlement to a temporary

injunction.

The purpose of a temporary injunction is to preserve the status quo of the

litigation’s subject matter pending a trial on the merits. Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at

204; Walling, 863 S.W.2d at 57. A temporary injunction is an extraordinary

remedy that does not issue as a matter of right. Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204. To

obtain a temporary injunction, an applicant must plead and prove “(1) a cause of

action against the defendant; (2) a probable right to the relief sought; and (3) a

probable, imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim.” Id. “An injury is

irreparable if the injured party cannot be adequately compensated in damages or if

the damages cannot be measured by any certain pecuniary standard.” Id.

The Physician Partners’ causes of action pleaded against St. Luke’s for

breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation

have been pending in the trial court since 2011, during which time the Physician

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Partners have repeatedly delayed resolution of the litigation by filing serial

applications for a temporary injunction seeking to enjoin past actions of St. Luke’s.

I see no legal right of the Physician Partners at this time to enjoin the Partnership

from (1) taking any action to terminate their partnership interests, which were

terminated in 2011 or (2) barring them from participating in Governing Board

votes of the now-defunct Partnership as 49% Voting Interest holders with respect

to actions to (a) borrow more than $250,000 from any third party for any purpose;

(b) “sell, transfer, assign, dispose of, trade, exchange, quitclaim, surrender, release

or abandon any Partnership property” with a value of $250,000 or more; (c) “call

for any additional capital contributions”; or (d) “approve any fundamental or

material change to the general business objectives and purpose of the Partnership.”

Again, these actions have already taken place.

Moreover, any right the Physician Partners might have had to stop any of

these actions in the past would have depended upon the construction of the

disputed terms of the Amended Agreement in their favor—the principal issue

pending in the trial court. And, while the majority construes those terms in the

Physician Partners’ favor and preemptively decides issues relevant to the merits of

the underlying case, I do not see that the Physician Partners have presented any

legal argument, authority, or evidentiary support for their construction of the

Amended Agreement in this Court that would enable us to determine their rights in

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their favor for purposes of an injunction, that is, to determine that they are, or were,

probably entitled to a judgment in the underlying litigation that, on balance, would

justify maintaining the status quo ante until the trial could be had.

Even if I were to find support in the interlocutory appellate record for

maintaining the status quo ante until the Physician Partners’ claims in the trial

court could be decided—claims that St. Luke’s violated its fiduciary duty to the

Physician Partners by failing to keep the Partnership’s alleged promise to make

money; that St. Luke’s made misrepresentations to the Physician Partners and

defrauded them; and that St. Luke’s breached its fiduciary duties and breached the

Amended Agreement by counting the Physician Partners’ percentage interest in

ownership of the Partnership at less than 49% after the buyout of the other Class A

unit holders by St. Luke’s; improperly further amended the Amended Agreement

after the buyout and violated their rights as Partnership Interest Owners by not

allowing them the opportunity to appoint seven members to the Governing Board;

improperly issued the capital call to which they failed to respond; improperly

terminated their Partnership Interests; and then improperly terminated the

Partnership and transferred its assets—I still would find no reason to believe that

the Physician Partners could not be adequately compensated for those actions by

an award of damages, as is customary in breach of contract, breach of fiduciary

duty, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation cases. See, e.g., N. Cypress Med. Ctr.

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Operating Co. v. St. Laurent, 296 S.W.3d 171, 176 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (holding that remedy on appeal was adequate for termination

of ownership interest of physician who owned shares in limited partnership that

owned and maintained hospital, but did not have right to manage or control

partnership’s operation, business, or activities, where physician’s loss was “only

his proportionate share in the partnership’s net income and any future

distributions,” both of which “represent an interest in money”) (emphasis in

original).

For those same reasons, I am unable to conclude that the Physician Partners

will suffer the required “probable, imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim”

between this Court’s action on their renewed application for temporary injunction

and trial on the merits of their claims, as required to overturn an order denying a

temporary injunction. See Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204 (“An injury is irreparable if

the injured party cannot be adequately compensated in damages or if the damages

cannot be measured by any certain pecuniary standard.”).

Conclusion

Because the trial court was presented with adequate evidence that the actions

that the Physician Partners sought to enjoin had already occurred, I would hold that

it did not abuse its discretion in denying their application for a temporary

28
injunction. I would affirm the order of the trial court denying the Physician

Partners’ renewed application for a temporary injunction as moot.

Evelyn V. Keyes
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.

Justice Keyes, dissenting.

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