NO. 07-09-00089-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL B
NOVEMBER 19, 2010
EDWARD F. SWANSON, APPELLANT
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
FROM THE 137TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
NO. 2008-421,735; HONORABLE DAVID GLEASON, JUDGE
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Edward F. Swanson appeals from his jury conviction of the offense of
robbery and the resulting sentence of fifty years of imprisonment. Through two issues,
appellant contends the trial court erred by overruling appellant=s objection to the
omission of a lesser-included offense instruction of misdemeanor assault and erred by
overruling appellant=s objection to an incorrect statement of law during the State=s
closing argument, thereby harming appellant. We will affirm.
Background
By a December 2008 indictment, appellant was charged with robbery.1 The
State alleged three different manners and means of commission of the offense. On his
plea of not guilty, only the first theory, that appellant Aintentionally and knowingly, while
in the course of committing theft of property and with intent to obtain and maintain
control of said property, threaten[ed] and place[d] [the victim] in fear of imminent bodily
injury, by swinging [appellant=s] hand at the said [victim],@ was submitted to the jury.
Also included in the indictment were two enhancement paragraphs setting forth
appellant=s two prior final felony convictions.2
Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction, so we will recite only so much of the evidence as is necessary to an
understanding of the issues presented. The events leading to appellant’s conviction
occurred in September 2007 at South Plains Mall in Lubbock. Evidence showed that a
sales associate at Dillard’s department store called the store=s security officer to report
that she noticed appellant and an unidentified man acting suspiciously. Appellant went
into a dressing room with four pairs of jeans but came out with only three pairs. The
security officer broadcast a radio message describing the two men. A uniformed mall
security officer heard the broadcast, and saw two men consistent with the radioed
description running out of the mall. He chased them, catching the unidentified man. He
1
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 29.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003).
2
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 12.42 (Vernon Supp. 2010). Appellant=s
punishment was enhanced from a second degree felony to a first degree felony,
increasing his punishment to a term between 25 and 99 years.
2
then chased appellant, yelling several times at him to Astop.@ Appellant turned and
looked at the officer but did not stop. Instead, he got into a parked car and started it.
The mall officer arrived at the car and pulled appellant out. Appellant told the officer Ahe
wasn=t going back.@ The officer put appellant against the side of the car. The car
started to move and ran over the officer=s right foot, causing a Ashock and a sharp pain.@
As the car ran over the officer’s foot, appellant was able to step aside and swing at the
officer’s head. The blow did not make contact as the officer ducked.
Appellant then ran again. The officer again chased him. When the officer
grabbed appellant, he took another swing at the officer=s face. The officer ducked under
the blow, tackled appellant and grabbed him by the legs. The officer noticed appellant
had a pair of pants and a shirt tied around his leg. The Dillard=s security officer arrived
on-scene and identified appellant as the man she saw leaving Dillard=s and identified
the merchandise he had tied around his legs as Dillard=s merchandise. The shirt and
jeans had Dillard=s tags attached to them.
Analysis
Lesser-Included Jury Instruction of Misdemeanor Assault
In appellant=s first issue, he contends the trial court erred by omitting an
instruction on the lesser-included offense of misdemeanor assault. At the close of the
guilt-innocence phase of trial, appellant stated, AYour Honor, I=m going to request a
charge of lesser included of assault under the theory that if the jury finds the assault
was not done with intent to maintainBobtain or maintain control of property.@ The trial
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court denied the request but suggested appellant may want to prepare a requested or
proposed charge. He did not do so. Thereafter, the following exchange took place:
Appellant: I would object to the charge as a whole for its failure to
include a definitionBI mean an instruction on the lesser included offense of
assault by again threatening or placing someone in imminent fear of
serious bodily injury. Your Honor, and I don=t feel I need toBI think the
case law is clear. I don=t need to offer a proposed charge on that.
The Court: You=re just objecting to the failure to include that instruction?
Appellant: To include.
The Court: All right. The record will be clear that objection is overruled.
Any further objections?
Appellant: No, your Honor.
Pursuant to article 37.09, an offense is a lesser included offense if: (1) it is
established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the
commission of the offense charged; (2) it differs from the offense charged only in the
respect that a less serious injury or risk of injury to the same person, property, or public
interest suffices to establish its commission; (3) it differs from the offense charged only
in the respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission; or
(4) it consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an otherwise included
offense. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.09 (Vernon 2006).
The first step in the lesser-included-offense analysis, determining whether an
offense is a lesser-included offense of the alleged offense, is a question of law. Hall v.
State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535-36 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). It does not depend on the
evidence to be produced at the trial. Id. It may be, and to provide notice to the
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defendant must be, capable of being performed before trial by comparing the elements
of the offense as they are alleged in the indictment or information with the elements of
the potential lesser-included offense. Id. The evidence adduced at trial should remain
an important part of the court’s decision whether to charge the jury on lesser-included
offenses. Id. The second step in the analysis should ask whether there is evidence that
supports giving the instruction to the jury. Id. AA defendant is entitled to an instruction
on a lesser-included offense where the proof for the offense charged includes the proof
necessary to establish the lesser-included offense and there is some evidence in the
record that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty
only of the lesser-included offense.@ Id. In this step of the analysis, anything more than
a scintilla of evidence may be sufficient to entitle a defendant to a lesser charge. Id. In
other words, the evidence must establish the lesser-included offense as Aa valid,
rational alternative to the charged offense.@ Id. See also Rousseau v. State, 885
S.W.2d 666 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993); Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 446 (Tex.Crim.App.
1981) (plurality opinion on reh=g) (holding adopted by majority of court in Aguilar v.
State, 682 S.W.2d 556 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985).
A person commits robbery if, in the course of committing theft as defined in Penal
Code Chapter 31 and with intent to obtain or maintain control of the property, he
intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or
death. Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 29.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). A person commits an
assault by intentionally or knowingly threatening another with imminent bodily injury.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. ' 22.01(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2010).
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The State does not directly dispute that the elements of misdemeanor assault are
contained within the allegations of appellant’s indictment for robbery. We agree with
appellant that the first step of the required analysis is satisfied. See Jones v. State, 984
S.W.2d 254, 257 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998) (affirming finding of error in denial of request for
instruction on misdemeanor assault as lesser-included offense of robbery); Nottingham
v. State, No. 07-08-0131-CR, 2009 Tex. App. Lexis 649, at *2-*3 (Tex.App.--Amarillo
January 30, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting some courts have held simple assault
may be lesser-included offense of robbery). But we agree with the State that
appellant’s argument fails to accomplish the second step, that is, fails to point to some
evidence that, if appellant is guilty, he is guilty only of misdemeanor assault.
The evidence clearly showed appellant took merchandise from Dillard’s.
Appellant cannot point to any evidence rebutting the State’s evidence he committed
theft, nor does appellant argue any evidence rebuts a conclusion he committed his
assaultive conduct in the course of his commission of theft. Cf. Jones, 984 S.W.2d at
257 (defendant’s testimony denying theft negated theft element of robbery, if believed).
Instead, appellant contends the jury heard evidence that, if believed, would have
negated the element of robbery requiring proof he assaulted the security officer with
intent to obtain or maintain control of the clothes he took from Dillard’s. Tex. Penal
Code Ann. § 29.02(a) (Vernon 2003). The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that “a
lesser included offense may be raised if evidence either affirmatively refutes or negates
an element establishing the greater offense, or that evidence on the issue is subject to
two different interpretations, and one of the interpretations negates or rebuts an element
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of the greater.” Schweinle v. State, 915 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996) (per
curiam), citing Saunders v. State, 840 S.W.2d 390 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992).
The evidence appellant sees as potentially negating or rebutting his intent to
obtain or maintain control of Dillard’s clothes is the testimony that the security officer
initiated the physical contact between them when he pulled appellant from the vehicle
and then when he took appellant to the ground in the parking lot, and testimony that
appellant exhibited anger at the security officer. One witness testified that after
appellant was arrested, “[h]e was wanting [the security officer] to take off the handcuffs
so that he can go toe-to-toe with him.”3 The security officer similarly testified that
appellant said if it had not been for the wet and drizzly conditions, “he would have
kicked my ass.” Appellant argues such testimony is subject to the interpretation that
appellant swung his fist as a response to the security officer’s aggressive physical
contacts and not with the intent to obtain or maintain control of the clothes. Thus, he
argues, the jury could have found his assault of the officer was unrelated to the theft.
We disagree that the evidence appellant cites, even if interpreted in the manner
appellant suggests, negated or rebutted his intent related to the theft. See Schweinle,
915 S.W.2d at 19 (referring to evidence subject to two different interpretations, and “one
of the interpretations negates or rebuts an element of the greater” offense). An intent to
respond in anger to the security officer’s physical contact is not inconsistent with an
intent to obtain or maintain control of the stolen clothes. Said another way, the jury’s
conclusion that appellant assaulted the officer out of anger over his physical contact
3
The same witness agreed that appellant “appeared to be pretty upset with” the
security officer who apprehended him.
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would not have precluded their conclusion, necessary to a guilty verdict for robbery, that
appellant also acted with the intent to obtain or maintain control of the clothes.
Appellant’s suggested interpretation does not negate or rebut an element of the greater
offense. See Saunders, 840 S.W.2d at 392 (jury’s conclusion which culpable mental
state defendant possessed would determine guilt of greater or lesser offense; lesser-
included-offense instruction required); In re A.E.B., 255 S.W.3d 338, 347
(Tex.App.BDallas 2008, no pet.) (jury’s conclusion which of two possible items
defendant had in his hand when he assaulted victim would determine his possible guilt
of sexual assault; instruction required). Accordingly, the evidence appellant cites does
not constitute evidence that if he is guilty, he is guilty only of assault. We overrule his
first issue.
State=s Argument in Closing
In appellant=s second issue, he argues the trial court erred by overruling his
objections to the State=s closing arguments. The law provides for and presumes a fair
trial free from improper jury argument. Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259, 267
(Tex.Crim.App.1991). Proper jury argument falls into four categories: 1) summation of
evidence presented at trial, 2) reasonable deductions drawn from evidence presented at
trial, 3) answers to opposing counsel’s argument, or 4) pleas for law enforcement.
Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 619 (Tex.Crim.App.1997). To constitute reversible
error, the argument must be extreme or manifestly improper, violative of a mandatory
statute, or have injected new facts, harmful to the accused, into the trial proceedings.
Id. at 59. The argument must be considered within the context in which it appears.
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Gaddis v. State, 753 S.W.2d 396, 398 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988). Proper argument may
refer to the law as stated in the court’s charge. See Helleson v. State, 5 S.W.3d 393,
397 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref'd) (finding such argument proper).
Appellant’s issue focuses on two statements made by the prosecutor during his
closing argument. The first included, A[a]nd that=s all robbery is, it=s a theft with an
assault.@ Appellant objected, stating A[t]hat=s a misstatement of the law. It=s not just a
theft in an assault, Your Honor.@ The court overruled appellant=s objection. In the
second statement, the prosecutor said, A[t]wo things, intentBand remember, it=s intent to
place someone in fear of bodily injury. All we have to show is in the course of
committing theft, and you can read that in the charge.@ Appellant objected, AYour
Honor, again I=m going to object. He=s misstating the law. He=s totally forgetting the
element of intent to obtain and maintain control of property, Your Honor. He=s
totallyBthey want to ignore that, Your Honor.@ The court again overruled appellant=s
objection.
Considering the prosecutor’s statements in context, we find the court did not err
by overruling appellant’s objections. A trial court possesses broad discretion in
controlling the scope of closing argument. Lemos v. State, 130 S.W.3d 888, 892
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2004, no pet.); see Herring v. New York, 422 U.S. 853, 862-63, 95
S.Ct. 2550, 2555-56, 45 L.Ed.2d 593 (1975). If, in the objected-to statements the
prosecutor was purporting to recite all the elements the jury must find to convict
appellant, his objections might have been well taken. But we find the court reasonably
could have considered the statements merely to be referring to individual elements of
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the offense, and summarizing the evidence concerning them. The prosecutor’s “all we
have to show” statement refers explicitly only to the element requiring that the assault
must have occurred in the course of committing theft. We see no reversible error in the
trial court’s rulings, and overrule appellant=s second issue. Having overruled both
appellate issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
James T. Campbell
Justice
Do not publish.
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