COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00412-CR
ROGER EUGENE FAIN APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 372ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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I. Introduction
In three issues, Appellant Roger Eugene Fain appeals the trial court‘s
denial of his post-conviction motion for forensic DNA testing under chapter 64 of
the code of criminal procedure. We affirm.
II. Procedural History
In 2007, a jury convicted Appellant of capital murder, and the trial court
sentenced him to life imprisonment.2 This court affirmed his conviction. See
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
Fain v. State, No. 02-08-00002-CR, 2009 WL 2579580 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
Aug. 20, 2009, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). In April
2010, Appellant filed a pro se application for post-conviction forensic DNA testing
pursuant to chapter 64 of the code of criminal procedure. In June, the State filed
notice with the trial court setting forth the location of evidence potentially
containing biological material. In July 2010, the trial court appointed Appellant
DNA counsel. In August 2010, the State filed its reply. In September 2010, the
trial court denied Appellant‘s DNA motion by written order without a hearing.3
Through appointed counsel, Appellant appeals the trial court‘s order.4
III. Factual Background
The indictment alleged that Appellant killed Linda Donahew by strangling
her with his hand or hands, or with an object unknown to the grand jury, or by
stabbing her with a knife, or by a combination of the strangulation and stabbing,
while committing or attempting to commit aggravated sexual assault. Our direct
appeal opinion set out the following facts:
Bonnie Bishop shared a house with her sister, [Linda] Donahew. On
June 1, 1987, Bishop left work and arrived home at approximately
8:00 p.m. She entered the house to find her sister‘s nude and
blood-covered body lying on the floor in a bedroom closet.
2
The State waived the death penalty before trial.
3
Appellant filed a motion to recuse Judge Scott Wisch, presiding judge of
the 372nd Judicial District Court. Judge W. Salvant presided over the chapter 64
proceedings.
4
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.05 (West 2006).
2
The autopsy revealed that Donahew had died from manual
strangulation and that a secondary cause of death was a stab
wound to her neck. The postmortem examination also revealed
several hairs found clinched in her hands, DNA artifacts in her
mouth, and three foreign pubic hairs in the genital area.
Approximately fourteen years later, in August 2001, a DNA
sample was taken from Appellant, who was incarcerated for an
unrelated crime. The sample was entered into the Combined DNA
Index System (CODIS) of the Texas Department of Public Safety
(DPS). Four years later, in October 2005, the cold case of
Donahew‘s murder was reopened, and the DNA samples acquired
during the examination of her body were uploaded into CODIS and
were found to match the DNA profile of Appellant.
....
Dr. Nizam Peerwani, the medical examiner who performed the
autopsy and forensic examination of Donahew‘s body, testified that
he took oral swabs from her mouth and that they contained DNA
material. He testified that he was unable to determine exactly when
the DNA had been deposited in her mouth. Kelly Solis testified that
she was a DNA analyst for the DPS CODIS lab in Austin, Texas.
She testified that the DNA samples from the oral swabs taken by Dr.
Peerwani matched Appellant‘s DNA profile.
Constance Patton testified that she was a senior forensic
biologist and DNA technical leader for the medical examiner‘s office
crime laboratory in Fort Worth. She testified that she had examined
the samples from the oral swabs taken by Dr. Peerwani and that the
results of her examination showed that the samples contained DNA
material consistent with the DNA of Donahew and a mixture
containing one DNA sample consistent with that of Appellant and a
sample of male DNA foreign to both Donahew and Appellant.
Patton testified that it could not be determined whether Appellant‘s
DNA had been contributed before or after the other male DNA or
how long it had been present. She also testified that she had tested
a portion of a towel taken from Donahew‘s house. The towel tested
presumptively for blood and also for a mixture of DNA from
Donahew. She testified that a sample of male DNA from Ronald
Nix, a boyfriend of Donahew, could not be excluded from matching
the sample on the towel. Patton also found a sperm stain on the
comforter from Donahew‘s bed, the DNA profile of which also
matched Nix‘s sample.
3
Dr. Peerwani had found several hairs clutched in Donahew‘s
hand during the postmortem examination. One of the hairs was
identified as dog hair. Other hairs were consistent with either the
hair of Donahew or that of her sister, Bishop. One hair, however,
was not matched to Donahew, Bishop, or Appellant.
Susan Kenney testified that in 1987 she had been working as
a serologist in the Fort Worth Police Department Crime Lab. She
examined the evidence taken by Dr. Peerwani as part of the
examination of Donahue‘s body. She testified that part of the
protocol of the examination was to comb the pubic hair area of
Donahew. In this case, the combing resulted in finding three hairs
that were not similar to those of Donahew.
Detective Jim Ford testified that he had requested DNA testing
of the unknown pubic hair found on Donahew‘s body. The test
showed that Nix could not be eliminated as a contributor of the hair.
....
Ernest Fain, Appellant‘s brother, testified that in 1987,
Appellant drove a mid-1970s white Ford pickup truck and that the
truck had a black tool box and PVC piping attached to its bed. . . . .
Sheila Nelson testified that she lived next door to Donahew in
1987. On the day of Donahew‘s murder, Nelson and her husband
left the house at approximately 5:15 p.m. to take a walk. They
noticed a white Ford pickup truck parked on the street ―not in front of
my house and not in front of Linda‘s but kind of between the two.‖
She testified that it was an older model truck with a tool box. The
truck was still there when she returned from her walk about fifteen to
twenty minutes later. She and her husband went out to eat, and
when they returned at about 8:30 p.m., the pickup was gone.
Nelson testified that Donahew had had a lot of friends and quite a bit
of company.
....
Michael Higham testified that in the late spring and summer of
1987, he was the detail shop manager of Pleasant Ridge Car Wash
in Arlington. In the late spring or early summer of 1987, Donahew
took her car in for detailing. When he had finished with the car, he
went to the horse stables to pick her up and take her back to her car.
She was with a man whom he identified as Appellant. Higham drove
both the man and Donahew back to pick up her car.
4
....
Danny Smith, a sixty-three-year-old inmate who at the time of
trial was serving forty-five years‘ confinement for involuntary
manslaughter, enhanced to a habitual offense, testified that he knew
Appellant from having been in prison with him. In 2005, while they
were housed in the same cell block of the Eastham Unit, Appellant
told him that Arlington detectives had visited him and had taken
mouth swabs for DNA purposes. After the visit, Appellant started
―acting in an excited type of manner.‖ Appellant told Smith that he
had been having sex with Donahew and had unintentionally
strangled her during sex. Smith claimed that Appellant told him that
the strangulation was part of the sex act.
....
Ronald Nix testified that he had dated Donahew from
February 1987 until her death. In May 1987, he and Donahew had
taken a vacation together to Mexico. . . . He also testified that he
had seen Donahew on the Friday preceding her death. He testified
that shortly before her death, he had been at a club with Donahew
and had seen her talking with a man whom Nix identified as
Appellant. Nix testified that Donahew had given Appellant her
phone number. . . .
Fain, 2009 WL 2579580, at *1–4.
IV. ANALYSIS
In three issues, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by (1) not
granting his DNA application, (2) not conducting a live hearing before denying his
application, and (3) failing to make proper findings.
A. Chapter 64 Hearing
In his second issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by not
conducting a hearing before denying his request for forensic DNA testing.
Appellant acknowledges that the court of criminal appeals and this court have
ruled that a trial court is not required to conduct a hearing to resolve whether a
5
defendant is entitled to DNA testing under article 64.03.5 See Ex parte Gutierrez,
337 S.W.3d 883, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (―Article 64.03 does not require any
evidentiary hearing before the trial judge decides whether a convicted person is
entitled to DNA testing.‖); see also Whitaker v. State, 160 S.W.3d 5, 8 (Tex.
Crim. App.), cert. denied, 543 U.S. 864 (2004); Jones v. State, 161 S.W.3d 685,
689 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref‘d). He contends, however, that a
hearing should be required in most article 64 proceedings and especially in this
case.
Appellant filed his DNA application and a request for counsel on April 15,
2010. DNA counsel was appointed on July 20, 2010. On August 17, 2010, the
State filed its reply. On September 1, 2010, the trial court issued its order
denying DNA testing. Based on these facts, Appellant asserts,
Article 64.01(c) requires a trial court to appoint counsel
whenever a convicted person has requested DNA testing under
Article 64. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. Art. 64.01(c). . . .
In the event that a trial judge chooses to rule on a pro se
motion without a hearing, the trial judge should, at the least, notify
appointed counsel of the court‘s intention and allow a reasonable
amount of time for appointed counsel to respond to the State‘s
argument. That didn‘t happen in the instant case. In this case, the
trial court‘s denial of a hearing is the equivalent of denying
Defendant his right to counsel. This case presents the perfect
scenario for requiring a hearing before ruling on a[n] Article 64
application. In this case, the sum of the State‘s responses totally
disregarded the applicant‘s main and only request in his application.
5
As the State notes, the legislature has provided for a hearing under article
64.04 after a convicted person has obtained DNA testing under article 64.03, and
it could have similarly required the trial court to hold a hearing on whether the
convicted person is entitled to DNA testing.
6
Under the instant circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not err in
ruling on Appellant‘s motion before contacting Appellant‘s DNA counsel and
without conducting a live hearing. As originally enacted in 2001, article 64.01(c)
stated that a convicted person was entitled to the appointment of counsel merely
upon requesting counsel and establishing indigence. See Act of April 5, 2001,
77th Leg., R.S., ch. 2, ' 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 2–3 (amended 2003 and
2007). In 2003, however, the legislature amended article 64.01(c) to provide that
the convicting court ―shall appoint counsel for the convicted person if the person
informs the court that the person wishes to submit a motion under this chapter,
the court finds reasonable grounds for a motion to be filed, and the court
determines that the person is indigent.‖ See Act of May 9, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S.,
ch. 13, ' 1, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 16, 16–17 (amended 2007)6 (current version at
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(c)) (emphasis added); Ex parte Gutierrez,
337 S.W.3d at 889 (noting that an indigent convicted person intending to file a
post-conviction DNA motion now has a limited right to appointed counsel). This
language has remained in effect since 2003, and thus, Appellant was not
automatically entitled to counsel when he requested it in April 2010.
In addition to requesting counsel in April 2010, Appellant simultaneously
filed a detailed, twelve-page application for DNA testing (rather than simply
6
In 2007, the legislature amended article 64.01(c) to simply add that
counsel must be appointed ―not later than the 45th day after the date the court
finds reasonable grounds or the date the court determines that the person is
indigent, whichever is later.‖ See Act of June 15, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch.
1006, ' 2, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 3523, 3523–24 (current version at Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(c) (West Supp. 2011)).
7
expressing his wish to submit a DNA motion). See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 64.01(c) (providing that defendant must inform trial court that he ―wishes‖ to
submit motion for DNA testing); see also Gutierrez v. State, 307 S.W.3d 318, 323
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (―[A] motion for appointed counsel is a preliminary matter
that precedes the initiation of Chapter 64 proceedings.‖). While the record
demonstrates that the Office of Attorney Appointments notified Appellant‘s DNA
counsel of his appointment, the record does not contain a finding by the trial
court that it found ―reasonable grounds for a motion to be filed.‖ See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(c).
Once appointed, Appellant‘s DNA counsel chose not to seek a delay or
announce an intent to file a new or amended testing motion in the intervening
weeks between his appointment and the issuance of the DNA order; in fact, DNA
counsel‘s motion for new trial/reconsideration stated that ―Defendant‘s application
for DNA testing is very thorough, very well written, cites the record, and raises
some very important issues.‖7 In light of these circumstances, we cannot fault
the trial court for ruling on Appellant‘s five-month-old DNA motion.8 See
generally In re Beasley, 107 S.W.3d 696, 698 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.).
7
DNA counsel also requested the opportunity to be heard and to point out
the important issues presented in Appellant‘s pro se application for DNA testing.
8
Because the record does not indicate whether it was Judge Salvant or
Judge Wisch who set the appointment of counsel into motion, it is not clear that
Judge Salvant knew about the appointment of counsel when he signed the order
denying DNA testing.
8
Beasley is instructive (albeit distinguishable in certain aspects). Beasley
filed a pro se motion for DNA testing (under the prior version of the statute when
the right to counsel was absolute). Id. at 697. Although Beasley did not ask for
counsel, the trial court appointed counsel on February 20, 2002. Id. On July 5,
2002, the trial court denied Beasley‘s DNA motion without input from appointed
counsel. Id. Later, Beasley‘s counsel filed an ―appearance of counsel‖ objecting
to the State‘s proposed order and requesting additional time to investigate. Id.
On appeal, Beasley asserted that the district court denied his constitutional rights
to counsel and to effective assistance of counsel by ruling on the pro se motion
for testing while knowing that he was represented by an attorney who had not
filed a further motion for testing. Id. In overruling Beasley‘s points of error, the
Austin court of appeals held,
Clearly, the statute contemplates the appointment of counsel before
a testing motion is filed. Whether an attorney so appointed would be
entitled to an unlimited amount of time to prepare a testing motion,
as Beasley asserts, is a question we need not decide because
Beasley did not seek appointed counsel but instead filed his own pro
se motion. Although the court thereafter appointed counsel,
Beasley‘s motion for testing had been filed and the court was
obligated to act on it. [Fn 3: We express no opinion as to whether
the statute required the court to appoint counsel under these
circumstances.] We are unpersuaded that due process required the
district court to ignore Beasley‘s pro se motion and wait indefinitely
for counsel to file a superseding motion.
Id. at 698.
Appellant asserts that if the trial court had provided his DNA counsel the
opportunity to be heard before ruling on the DNA motion, counsel could have
raised the ―important point‖ that ―the sum of the State‘s responses totally
9
disregarded [his] main and only request in his application.‖ As noted above,
however, his DNA counsel filed a motion for new trial/reconsideration within
several days of the trial court‘s ruling and raised this same argument (and many
of the same issues Appellant raises here), including that the State‘s arguments
and the trial court‘s order failed to address Appellant‘s request to test several
items that were previously not tested. The denial of counsel‘s reconsideration
motion, however, indicates that a hearing and the presence of Appellant‘s DNA
counsel would not have altered the trial court‘s ruling. Moreover, because we
have conducted our own de novo review of the trial court‘s order denying testing,
we hold that Appellant has not been harmed. Cf. Jones, 161 S.W.3d at 689
(holding harmless trial court‘s failure to hold an article 64.04 hearing because
issues raised by defendant would not have shown DNA test results to be
anything other than not favorable, as entered by the trial court). We overrule
Appellant‘s second issue.
B. Denial of DNA Motion
In his first issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred by denying his
request for the DNA testing of (1) a pair of panty hose; (2) six head hairs
clenched in Donahew‘s hands; (3) loose pubic hairs combed from Donahew‘s
pubic hair that appeared dissimilar to Donahew‘s; (4) blood transfer on the hot
water knob of a bathroom faucet; (5) Donahew‘s fingernail cuttings; (6) male
10
DNA discovered on the bra and shirt Donahew wore on the day of her death, and
a hair on the shirt; (7) a knife; and (8) the oral swabs from the sexual assault kit.9
1. Chapter 64
To be entitled to post-conviction DNA testing, a convicted person must
meet the requirements of articles 64.01 and 64.03. Since its enactment, chapter
64 has undergone several amendments, most recently in 2011.10 The 2011
amendments do not apply in this case, however, because the effective date of
the amendments is September 1, 2011, and Appellant filed his DNA motion in
April 2010. Thus, we apply the statute as it existed at the time Appellant filed his
motion.
As it existed in April 2010, article 64.01(b)(1) provided that a person could
request the convicting court to permit forensic DNA testing of previously untested
evidence containing biological material that was in the State‘s possession during
trial of the offense if he could show that the evidence was not previously
subjected to DNA testing: (A) because DNA testing was (i) not available; or (ii)
9
Although in his DNA motion, Appellant globally requested the testing of
―all available items gathered at the residence of Linda Donahew, and any other
place deemed a possible crime area,‖ this type of request does not satisfy the
dictates of article 64. See generally Dinkins v. State, 84 S.W.3d 639, 642 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002) (convicted person must do more than merely assert chapter
64‘s requirements have been met). Thus, we address only those items
specifically discussed by Appellant.
10
That year, the legislature amended subsections (a) and (b) and added
subsection (a-1) to article 64.01; these amendments apply to motions filed on or
after September 1, 2011. See Act of June 17, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 278
(H.B. 1573), ' 5, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 882, 884; Act of June 17, 2011, 82nd
Leg., R.S., ch. 366 (S.B. 122), ' 1, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 1015, 1015–16.
11
available, but not technologically capable of providing probative results; or (B)
through no fault of the convicted person, for reasons that are of a nature such
that the interests of justice require DNA testing. See Act of April 5, 2001, 77th
Leg., R.S., ch. 2, ' 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 2-3 (amended 2011) (current
version at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(b)(1) (West Supp. 2011)).11 The
convicted person could also seek to re-test biological evidence previously
subjected to DNA testing if he could establish that it could be ―subjected to
testing with newer testing techniques that provide a reasonable likelihood of
results that are more accurate and probative than the results of the previous
test.‖ See id. art. 64.01(b)(2) (West Supp. 2011). If one or more of the items that
an appellant wished to subject to post-conviction DNA testing met any of these
criteria, the trial court could order testing—but only if the appellant also satisfied
other statutory predicates, including a showing under article 64.03(a)(2)(A) that
he would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained from
DNA testing of as many of the items as meet the article 64.01(b) criteria. See
Routier v. State, 273 S.W.3d 241, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A)).
11
The version of article 64.01(b)(1) that applies in this case was enacted in
2001. Although the legislature amended article 64.01(c) and other articles in
chapter 64 in 2003 and 2007, it did not amend article 64.01(b)(1) until 2011.
The current version does not require the convicted person to show why the
evidence he wants tested was not previously tested; instead, he must simply
show that the evidence ―was not previously subjected to DNA testing.‖ See Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(b)(1) (West Supp. 2011).
12
The person requesting DNA testing bears the burden of satisfying the
chapter 64 requirements. Wilson v. State, 185 S.W.3d 481, 484 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006). Because the trial court did not conduct a live hearing, we review the trial
court‘s denial of DNA testing de novo.12 See Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361,
363 (Tex Crim. App. 2005) (holding that because trial court did not hold a hearing
on a request for DNA testing, reviewing court would review the issues de novo as
trial court was in no better position); Sheckells v. State, No. 05-09-00747-CR,
2011 WL 1367087, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 12, 2011, pet. ref‘d) (not
designated for publication).13
Appellant asserts generally that ―all of the necessary elements under Art.
64 are met.‖ He explains that ―during [his] jury trial, and today, ‗identity‘ has been
and is an ‗issue‘ as required by Art. 64‖; that ―according to the State‘s art. 64
inventory, all of the evidence that was never tested is still available today, and
has been subjected to the proper chain of custody;‖ and that ―if DNA testing of
the material [A]ppellant is requesting to be tested are in fact exculpatory, there is
12
In reviewing the trial court‘s chapter 64 rulings, this court usually gives
―almost total deference‖ to the trial court‘s findings of historical fact and
application-of-law-to-fact issues that turn on witness credibility and demeanor
and considers de novo all other application-of-law-to-fact questions. Ex parte
Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d at 890; see Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 246.
13
We have reviewed and take judicial notice of the appellate record in our
possession. See Tex. R. Evid. 201(f); Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 244 n.2. Both
parties referred to the reporter‘s record in their DNA pleadings, although it is not
clear to what extent, if any, the trial court considered the reporter‘s record.
13
a greater than 50% chance that he would not have been convicted if those DNA
testing results had been available to the jury at his trial.‖14
The State responds that evidence from this murder has already been
subjected to forensic DNA testing and inculpated Appellant and that there is no
reasonable probability that further DNA testing would prove his innocence given
the prior testing. The State argues that ―STR DNA testing has shown that the
appellant cannot be excluded as the contributor of the semen found in the
victim‘s mouth. It is unlikely that newer testing of this evidence or any other
evidence would provide results which would exonerate him.‖15
2. The No Fault Provision
Before addressing the specific pieces of evidence Appellant wants tested,
we address one of the threshold requirements that impact some of his requests.
See Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 246. Several pieces of evidence that Appellant
wants tested have not previously been tested. Thus, to be entitled to testing,
Appellant must show that the evidence was not tested: (A) because DNA testing
was (i) not available; or (ii) available, but not technologically capable of providing
probative results; or (B) through no fault of his own, for reasons that are of a
14
Appointed appellate counsel refers several times to Appellant‘s DNA
motion, which sets out more specifically his reasons for requesting testing. Thus,
we look primarily to the DNA motion for Appellant‘s arguments.
15
Except for the oral swabs, the State does not discuss (in either its DNA
response or its appellate briefing) the evidence Appellant requested be tested,
stating instead in a footnote: ―The State recognizes that the appellant is seeking
to test other evidence besides the oral swab. The State would simply note that
the oral swab is the most probative evidence of who killed Linda Donahew.‖
14
nature such that the interests of justice require DNA testing. See Act of April 5,
2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 2, ' 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 2–3 (amended 2011).
The court of criminal appeals has held that the person seeking DNA testing must
make a particularized showing of the absence of fault under article 64.01(b)(1)(B)
because chapter 64 requires ―defendants to avail themselves of whatever DNA
technology may be available at the time of trial.‖ Ex parte Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d
at 895.
In his DNA motion, Appellant asserted generally that he can invoke the
article 64.01(b)(1)(B) ―no fault‖ provision because he filed a pro se pretrial Motion
to Inspect, Examine, and Test Physical Evidence.16 The motion asked that the
State (and any agencies designated by the State) be ordered to ―produce certain
items of physical evidence in its [or any other State or law enforcement
agencies‘] possession, and control for inspection and testing by the Defendant
and Experts designated by the Defendant,‖ including,
1) All clothing taken as evidence from the Defendant, the
victim, and any other person connected to this case;
2) All fingerprints taken as part of the investigation of this
case;
3) All blood samples, bodily fluids, tissues or hair samples
taken from the scene of the alleged offense or from the Defendant‘s
person, home or vehicle, or from any complainant or witness;
16
In his briefing, Appellant‘s appellate counsel does not address this issue.
Instead, he merely states that ―all of the evidence that was never tested is still
available today, and has been subjected to the proper chain of custody.‖
15
4) All physical evidence, including photographs, video tapes,
composite drawings, relied upon to refresh or used to assist a State
witness, or expert to testify at trial;
5) All evidence, photographs, plats, and diagrams of the scene
where the body of the victim was discovered;
6) All written reports, Agency Response Report, Incident
Report, Witnesses Statements, Medical Examiner‘s Autopsy Report,
[and other reports]; [and]
7) All physical evidence the State, with Associated Agencies
may introduce into evidence at the trial of this case.
Appellant asserts on appeal that he satisfies the ―no fault‖ provision
because he filed this motion, the trial court never ruled on it, and his appointed
trial counsel failed to file a similar motion requesting DNA testing.
Appellant‘s pretrial motion does not constitute an attempt to avail himself of
the available DNA technology. First, his motion globally requested ―testing‖ and
appears to have been filed more in the spirit of a discovery motion than a specific
request for DNA testing. Indeed, the motion was filed less than a month after
Appellant was indicted, presumably before Appellant would have known what
evidence existed, what evidence had been tested, and what results had been
obtained.17 The motion did not specifically request DNA testing of the items he
now wants tested. Because Appellant‘s motion does not show an absence of
fault in obtaining DNA testing, the trial court‘s alleged failure to rule on this
motion cannot be said to have thwarted Appellant‘s efforts to obtain DNA testing.
17
As Appellant notes in his DNA motion, his trial commenced nineteen
months after he filed this motion.
16
Notably, the same day Appellant filed this pretrial ―testing‖ motion, he also
filed a motion requesting appointment of legal counsel. The trial court appointed
Appellant counsel the next day and subsequently appointed a second attorney
(presumably because the State was initially seeking the death penalty). In
discussing the ―no fault‖ provision, the court of criminal appeals has stated that
―[i]f trial counsel declines to seek testing as a matter of reasonable trial strategy,
then post-trial testing is not usually required in the interest of justice.‖ Ex parte
Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d at 895. The court has also stated that
evidence that counsel provided constitutionally ineffective assistance
in failing to seek DNA testing of certain items could be sufficient to
show that the failure to test was not appellant‘s fault ―for reasons that
are of a nature such that the interests of justice require DNA testing.‖
The reasoning behind permitting challenges to the effectiveness of a
trial attorney‘s representation is that ―[a]n accused is entitled to be
assisted by an attorney . . . who plays the role necessary to ensure
that the trial is fair.‖
Skinner v. State, 293 S.W.3d 196, 202 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citation omitted).
In light of the court of criminal appeals‘s instruction, we will analyze trial counsels‘
effectiveness regarding the DNA evidence at the time of trial.
Appellant‘s trial counsel filed motions requesting the prosecution to file a
list of physical evidence and to provide ―copies of any medical or scientific
reports, testings, examinations, comparisons, analysis, and/or experiments
received or made dealing with any person or physical evidence associated with
this case.‖ Before trial, defense counsel hired and designated Dr. Laura Gahn as
their ―DNA/Forensic evidence expert.‖ The record indicates that the State
provided defense counsel the underlying documentation regarding the testing.
17
The record demonstrates that Appellant‘s trial counsel were aware of
untested evidence, and there is no indication that they requested, but were
denied, the opportunity to test these items. Although the record does not contain
an explicit explanation from trial counsel as to why they did not ask to test
untested evidence, counsels‘ strategy appears clear: counsel used the untested
evidence to Appellant‘s advantage throughout trial as demonstrated below. No
showing of ineffective assistance is apparent here. See Ex parte Gutierrez, 337
S.W.3d at 896. Nonetheless, we will assess counsels‘ effectiveness in declining
to seek testing for each item that could have been but has not previously been
tested, as set out below. Because the record demonstrates that in each instance
in which this analysis applies, it was a reasonable trial strategy not to request
testing, Appellant cannot demonstrate that the interests of justice require DNA
testing.
3. Evidentiary Materials Not Previously Tested
In conducting our de novo review, we begin by considering if the items
Appellant asked to be tested would qualify for post-conviction DNA testing. See
Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 245 (―Before addressing the question of whether it is
more probable than not that the appellant would not have been convicted had the
results of the testing she now seeks been exculpatory, we deem it appropriate
first to determine which of the nine items would qualify for post-conviction DNA
testing[.]‖); see also Faison v. State, No. 05-08-01311-CR, 2010 WL 851406, at
*1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 12, 2010, pet. ref‘d) (not designated for publication).
―Only those items that qualify for testing under [article 64.01(b)(1)‘s] threshold
18
criteria should be included in the collective calculus for determining whether the
appellant would not have been convicted.‖ Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 245.
a. Panty Hose
Appellant asserts on appeal that ―[a]mong the more important items that
law enforcement witnesses concede were never tested is . . . panty hose found
at the crime scene that could have possibly been used to strangle the victim . . .
.‖18 The State questioned Dr. Peerwani about a pair of panty hose on Donahew‘s
bedroom floor in front of her dresser (as depicted in a crime scene photograph),
as follows:
Q. [State]: Based upon your autopsy findings, did you have
an opinion as to what was used to strangle Linda Donahew?
A. [Peerwani]: I would give a predicted value that more than
likely it was done with bare hands, a manual strangulation.
And this is, in fact, how I listed that in the findings. However,
it‘s quite possible that other soft objects could have been
used, clothing items that may not have left any marks on the
anterior neck.
Q. Such as panty hose?
A. Certainly within the realm of possibilities.
Crime scene investigator Officer Brozgold testified he did not collect the
panty hose on Donahew‘s bedroom floor but would have done so if he had seen
something suspicious about them. Our review of the record indicates that the
panty hose were not collected from the scene. A convicted person may request
forensic DNA testing only of evidence that was ―secured in relation to the offense
18
Notably, Appellant did not specifically request testing of the panty hose in
his DNA motion filed in the trial court.
19
that is the basis of the challenged conviction and was in the possession of the
state during the trial of the offense.‖ Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.01(b).
Because this requirement is not met here, Appellant has failed to establish that
he is entitled to conduct DNA tests of the panty hose. Thus, we do not reach the
―no fault‖ provision or whether Appellant would not have been convicted if
exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA testing.
b. Knife
The record indicates that one ―wooden handled kitchen knife‖ was
collected from the crime scene. The record further indicates that the State did
not introduce a knife into evidence, but instead relied on Dr. Peerwani‘s
testimony describing Donahew‘s neck wound as ―a very large gaping defect‖ that
had a ―sharp angulated area . . . and a blunted area consistent with a stab
produced by a knife, a blade, a single sharp edge.‖ In his DNA motion, Appellant
noted that, not long after Donahew‘s death, lead investigator Detective Ford
tendered a knife to Dr. Peerwani to determine whether it was used to inflict the
stab wound to Donahew‘s neck. Appellant attached to his DNA motion Dr.
Peerwani‘s letter to Detective Ford stating that he had compared ―the knife‖ with
Donahew‘s wound and that ―this is a possible weapon.‖19
Appellant asserts, and the record indicates, that DNA testing was not
conducted on the knife referred to in Dr. Peerwani‘s letter. Appellant contends
19
In his letter to Detective Ford, Dr. Peerwani described the knife as having
―a tapering meta[l]lic blade and a wooden maroon dyed or discolored handle.
The blade is single edged having a length of approximately 4 1/2 inches and a
somewhat tapering thickness of approximately 1/8 inch.‖
20
that biological testing of the knife submitted to Dr. Peerwani could reveal some
exculpatory evidence; however, ―[a] literal reading of [article 64.01(a)]
unequivocally mandates that all evidence to be tested must first be proven to
contain biological material.‖ Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728, 732 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010). ―[A] mere assertion or a general claim that existence of
biological material is probable will fail to satisfy the appellant‘s burden.‖ Id.
Appellant does not establish that the attacker would have left biological material
containing DNA on the knife. He also does not present expert testimony,
scientific data, or trial records or testimony to support his conclusory statement.
Moreover, the record does not indicate that biological material existed on the
knife examined by Dr. Peerwani. A report from the medical examiner‘s forensic
biology lab states that in 2001 presumptive tests for blood on a ―buck knife‖ were
negative.20 Appellant fails to establish that biological material exists on the knife
examined by Dr. Peerwani, and therefore he is not entitled to testing under
chapter 64. See id. at 732–33 (defendant not entitled to DNA testing of ligature,
even though evidence showed perpetrator touched it, because defendant made
only a general claim that biological material could be found from the touching); In
re Nealy, No. 03-09-00471-CR, 2010 WL 1730050, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Austin
Apr. 29, 2010, pet. dism‘d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (affirming
order denying DNA testing of knife found at the scene, noting that evidence did
20
It is not clear whether this is the same knife as the ―kitchen knife‖
collected from the scene or the knife Dr. Peerwani examined.
21
not establish that knife inflicted wound or that person would have left biological
material containing DNA).
Even assuming the knife Dr. Peerwani examined contained biological
material, Appellant fails to satisfy article 64.01(b)(1). He does not assert that
DNA testing was not available or that it was available but not technologically
capable of providing probative results. Moreover, he does not demonstrate that
through ―no fault‖ of his own, testing was not conducted. As discussed above,
his pretrial ―testing‖ motion does not satisfy this provision. Further, his counsel
could have reasonably determined that testing the knife Dr. Peerwani examined
was not necessary and too risky. If DNA on the knife matched Appellant‘s, it
would seal his guilt; if it did not, it would not exonerate him because the knife was
not definitively identified as the one used in the killing. Thus, Appellant‘s counsel
were not ineffective for not requesting DNA testing on the knife.
c. Donahew’s fingernail cuttings
In his DNA motion, Appellant asked the trial court to order DNA testing on
Donahew‘s fingernail cuttings collected during the autopsy, asserting that it is
―highly probable that [Donahew] might have scratched her assailant‘s skin and
have his/her DNA embedded under the fingernails‖ and that this discovery could
―by a preponderance of the evidence identify [Donahew‘s] assailant.‖
Serologist Susan Kenney testified that she worked for the Fort Worth crime
lab in 1987, that fingernail cuttings were collected during Donahew‘s autopsy
(and still exist), but that she found no record of any testing of or conclusions
regarding the cuttings. Appellant fails to establish and the record does not
22
indicate, however, that Donahew‘s fingernail cuttings actually contain biological
material. Indeed, Appellant‘s theory at trial (discussed further below) was that
Donahew likely grabbed the hair of her assailant during the attack because her
clenched fists contained hairs. While Dr. Peerwani testified that ―the more
probable way‖ that Donahew would have defended herself would have been to
try to release her assailant‘s grip, this testimony does not establish that the
cuttings contain biological material. See Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at 733–34
(affirming the trial court‘s denial of DNA testing of the ligature used to strangle
the victim because ―no expert testimony or scientific data was presented to
support the conclusion that DNA would necessarily be deposited through
grasping with strong force‖); Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 250 (rejecting defendant‘s
speculative claim that a tube sock near crime scene could contain biological
material in the form of saliva). Thus, Appellant fails to establish that biological
material exists on the fingernail cuttings, and he therefore fails to satisfy chapter
64. See Ex parte Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d at 900-01 (denying appellant‘s request
to test fingernail scrapings of victim because there was no evidence to suggest
she was able to hit or scratch her murderers with her fingernails). Because
Appellant fails to establish that biological material exists on or in the fingernail
cuttings, he is not entitled under chapter 64 to test the fingernail clippings.
Even assuming that the fingernail cuttings contain biological material,
Appellant does not establish that he is entitled to testing. Appellant does not
assert that DNA testing was not available or that it was available but not
technologically capable of providing probative results. Moreover, Appellant‘s
23
counsel were not ineffective for not asking for that DNA testing. Counsel could
have reasonably determined that any value in testing the clippings did not
outweigh the risk. If DNA found in the clippings matched Appellant‘s, it would
seal his guilt; if it did not, it would not exonerate him because there is no way to
know whether it came from her killer. See id.
d. Clenched Hairs
In his DNA motion, Appellant asserts that the Arlington police collected
eleven hairs from Donahew‘s clenched fists, that four were tested, that one hair
was apparently lost, and that the remaining six were not tested. He requests
DNA testing on the six remaining hairs because ―[t]here exists a reasonable
probability that the last act [Donahew] might have done was grasp in her fists her
assailant‘s head hair, knowing she was facing possible death.‖ Our review of the
record indicates that the only hairs not subjected to DNA testing were the ones
microscopically determined to be Donahew‘s or her sister‘s and a ―dust bunny‖
containing several hairs knotted together.
Dr. Peerwani testified that he collected hairs found in Donahew‘s clenched
hands. Patricia Eddings, a senior trace analyst with the Tarrant County Medical
Examiner‘s Crime Lab, testified that in August 2007 the district attorney‘s office
asked her to microscopically examine hairs collected in this case. Eddings
explained that she examined eleven slides that had been previously assembled
to correspond to the hairs collected from Donahew‘s hands. According to
Eddings, five of the slides, designated as 23J1–23J5, contained hairs from
Donahew‘s right hand. Eddings testified that ―[t]hose hairs all appeared to be
24
within the same range of microscopic characteristics‖ and that she believed that
they came from the same individual. She further testified that six of the slides,
designated as 23K1–23K4 and 23K6–23K7, contained hair from Donahew‘s left
hand.21 Eddings testified that slides 23K1–23K4 and 23K6 each contained one
piece of hair but that slide 23K7 contained a ―dust bunny,‖ meaning it contained
several hairs knotted together including animal hairs. Regarding slides 23K1–
23K4 and 23K6, three of the hairs appeared to be consistent with Donahew‘s. Of
the remaining two hairs, Eddings testified that one was ―possible Caucasian
origin, possible animal,‖ noting that ―[s]ome hairs are just not clearly defined‖ and
explaining that ―[t]his hair was just not microscopically — or did not bear the
characteristics that would allow [her] to differentiate specifically between animal
and human on that particular hair.‖ The remaining hair was a medium-length
human hair that appeared to be ―blunt cut‖ as if cut with scissors, and it had a
telogen root, meaning that it was ready to fall (and could have fallen) from the
person‘s head.
Eddings testified that the purpose of her analysis was to identify (and send
to another lab for further testing) a sample of hair from each of Donahew‘s hands
that Eddings believed to be consistent with Donahew‘s hair and any hairs that did
not appear to be consistent with Donahew‘s. Eddings sent four hairs to Dr. Amy
21
Eddings noted that slide 23K5 was either missing or someone
misnumbered the slides.
25
Smuts at the University of North Texas (UNT) for mitochondrial DNA testing.22
Eddings testified about Dr. Smuts‘s results including that two of the hairs
belonged to either Donahew or her sister;23 one hair yielded no DNA, which is
―very consistent‖ with it being animal hair; and the fourth hair was not consistent
with Donahew‘s, her sister‘s, or Appellant‘s head hair.24
Thus, while the record supports Appellant‘s assertion that not all of the
hairs were tested, our review of the record indicates that the hairs not subjected
to mitochondrial DNA testing were the ones microscopically determined to be
Donahew‘s or her sister‘s hair and the dust bunny. To be entitled to testing,
Appellant must demonstrate that through ―no fault‖ of his own, testing was not
conducted. Here, Appellant‘s trial counsel were not ineffective for not asking that
DNA testing be conducted on hairs microscopically determined to be Donahew‘s
or her sister‘s (two of which were verified through mitochondrial DNA testing to
be Donahew‘s or her sister‘s). As the evidence stood, his counsel were able to
elicit from Dr. Peerwani that ―there was not any hair in [Donahew‘s] hand or near
her body or attached to her body by blood or anything else like that of
22
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA testing differ in that the root of the hair
must be present to conduct nuclear DNA testing, while no root is required to
conduct mitochondrial DNA testing.
23
Eddings explained that mitochondrial DNA analysis follows the maternal
lineage, therefore, if mitochondrial DNA analysis shows that hair may have come
from Donahew, her sister cannot be eliminated as a source.
24
Dr. Peerwani testified that ―[o]bviously, hair fibers, other things could be
easily transferred from the carpet onto a human body.‖
26
[Appellant].‖ Because Appellant fails to satisfy article 64.01(b)(1), he is not
entitled to testing under chapter 64.
e. Pubic Hairs
In his DNA motion, Appellant asserted that three foreign pubic hairs were
collected from Donahew‘s pubic area and that one hair was identified as that of
Ronald Nix. Appellant requests that DNA testing be conducted on the
―remaining, untested hairs from [Donahew‘s] pubic hair combings.‖
Serologist Susan Kenney testified that in 1987 she examined three
―questioned‖ loose pubic hairs combed from Donahew‘s pubic hair during her
autopsy and that they did not appear (from a visual inspection) to be similar to
Donahew‘s pubic hair.25 When Appellant‘s trial counsel asked, whether ―those
pubic hairs from the combings would still remain available for any fancier science
that we‘ve got now,‖ Kenney responded, ―Yes. They may be mounted on slides.‖
A June 18, 2001 report from the medical examiner‘s DNA lab provides that
it received ―[t]hree slides FWPD ‗23F‘ pubic hair combings‖ but that no testing
was conducted. Kenney testified that she spoke with trace analyst Dana Austin
(with the medical examiner‘s lab) in July and August 2002 about the pubic hairs
and that ―there was some discussion whether or not that would be a suitable
candidate to be sent off for mitochondrial, and I believe she was going to confer
with Detective Ford to see if that was going to be a request.‖
25
Kenney further explained that these hairs ―could belong to someone else
or they could just be the result that there‘s a variety of [Donahew‘s own] hairs.
People‘s hairs don‘t all just look alike . . . .‖
27
According to two reports, Orchid Cellmark conducted mitochondrial DNA
testing in September 2002 and January 2003 on two of the slides, 23F-1 and
23F-3. The 2002 report indicates that the lab received (1) hair on slide 23F-1; (2)
hair on slide 23F-3; (3) reference bloodstain, Linda Donahew; and (4) buccal
swab, Michael Dealey. The 2003 report indicates that the lab received the same
evidence received in 2002 but also the buccal swab of Ronald Nix. The reports
conclude that mitochondrial DNA testing revealed that Donahew was included as
being a possible contributor of the hair on slide 23F-3. The reports also
concluded that Donahew and Michael Dealey were excluded as being possible
contributors of the hair on slide 23F-1, but that Ronald Nix could not be excluded
as being a contributor of the hair on slide 23F-1.26 The reports also provide that
the hair on slides 23F-1 and 23F-3 were ―compared to a database of 4052
mtDNA sequences compiled by the FBI‖ and that no matching sequences were
found.
The record indicates that two of the three pubic hairs were tested. We are
unable to determine from the record whether the third slide (or corresponding
hair) still exists. Testing cannot be required of evidence that does not exist. See
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(1)(A)(i); Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at
732 (―Before a convicting court may order forensic DNA testing, it must be shown
26
Detective Ford testified that he received information from Brian Sloan
(with the private DNA lab Orchid Cellmark) in January 2003 that mitochondrial
DNA testing of the pubic hairs revealed that Ronald Nix could not be eliminated
as a contributor of one of the pubic hairs.
28
that the evidence ‗still exists and is in a condition making DNA testing possible.‘‖
(quoting id.)).
Even if the third pubic hair were found, however, Appellant fails to
establish that it would be in a condition suitable for testing. The record suggests
that 23F-2 was not sent to Orchid possibly because it was not a ―suitable
candidate to be sent off for mitochondrial [testing].‖27 Additionally, Appellant fails
to satisfy the ―no fault‖ provision. In this regard, Appellant‘s trial counsel were not
ineffective for not pursuing the location or testing of the third slide or hair. In
closing argument, defense counsel were able to argue that ―we do know that a
pubic hair consistent with Mr. Nix was mixed in with Ms. Donahew‘s pubic hair.‖
Counsel further argued, ―So if you believe Mr. Nix, that he hadn‘t seen her in over
72 hours but she bathes and showers and is a clean person, why is that pubic
hair in her body at the time of her death? You see, because if Mr. Nix is not
guilty, [Appellant] is not guilty.‖ Counsel could have reasonably determined that
testing the third hair would be risky because if the DNA matched Appellant, it
would seal his guilt; if the DNA matched Nix or some other known or unknown
individual, it would not necessarily exonerate Appellant because it could not be
determined when the hair had been deposited.
27
During opening argument, the prosecutor stated, ―[W]e ran every single
DNA test we could possibly think of on all of the evidence that was obtained in
1987 to see if we could find anything.‖
29
f. Blood and Fingerprint Evidence
In his DNA motion, Appellant asserts that ―[t]here was a blood transfer
discovered on the hot water knob of the faucet in the masterbath.‖ He also
asserts that this blood transfer was not DNA tested, and he requests that DNA
testing as well as a fingerprint search be ordered to ―search for the individual who
left their fingerprint on the water faucet in the masterbath.‖ He contends that, if
discovered, this evidence would be highly exculpatory. As the record
demonstrates, Appellant merges two separate pieces of evidence collected from
Donahew‘s bathroom: the partial latent fingerprint lifted from the hot water knob
and the blood transfer identified on the water faucet.
At trial, Officer Brozgold identified a photograph depicting the faucet in
Donahew‘s bathroom, and he testified that a ―red substance transfer that we
believed was blood . . . was somehow transferred onto the front facing of this
faucet.‖ The following dialogue then occurred,
Q. [State]: Based on your training and experience, would that be
indicative of someone with blood on their hands or some part of their
body touching the head of that faucet?
A. [Officer]: Yes. That would be a possibility.
Q. Could the assailant have used that bathroom area to clean up,
so to speak?
A. That is possible.
Officer Brozgold further testified,
Q. [Defense Counsel]: Let me show you now State‘s 32, and this
looks like a faucet and appears to be some type of red substance.
Did you take a sample of that to see if that was blood?
30
A. [Officer]: I took a sample of it. I didn‘t do any physical work with
it at the scene to determine what it is.
....
A. It would have been submitted to a crime lab . . . .
....
Q. Now, historically, if someone — this happens a lot. If someone is
a perpetrator and they get blood on them and they don‘t want to
walk around with blood on them, they generally will go to a bathroom
and wash off what they can; is that fair to say?
A. They could, yes.
Q. I mean, that happens all the time in homicide scenes. You‘ve
seen that, haven‘t you?
A. Yes, sir.
....
Q. Did you check to see if there‘s any prints left on the faucet area?
A. I did.
....
Q. On the faucet I was talking about, I asked you about the knobs
and if you collected any prints. Do you have your report in front of
you?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you collect a partial latent print off the hot water knob?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. But no identifiable print from the cold water knob?
A. Correct.
....
31
Q. If you have a print that‘s taken from a crime scene but you have
no print to compare it to, it doesn‘t do any good, does it?
A. We just have an unidentified print from a crime scene.
Q. I mean, it‘s worthless, basically. But if you have someone who is
a suspect and they have some prints taken at the time of their arrest
and you have the print lifted from the crime scene, someone who is
a fingerprint analysis expert could go back and analyze the
comparisons to see if they have the certain characteristic to match;
is that true?
A. Yes, th[ey] could.
Officer Brozgold testified that he collected a sample of the red substance
from the faucet and submitted it to the Tarrant County crime lab. Susan Kenney
testified that in 1987 she received canisters containing a sample of the substance
from the faucet and that presumptive testing indicated that it was likely or
possibly blood. The record does not indicate that other testing was conducted on
the sample.
Appellant‘s request for a fingerprint search for a match of the latent print
lifted from the hot water knob is not compelled by chapter 64 because it does not
involve the testing of biological material. See Skinner v. State, 122 S.W.3d 808,
812 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (―Chapter 64 deals with the testing of forensic
DNA evidence. Fingerprint evidence is not covered.‖); see also In re Morton, 326
S.W.3d 634, 647 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) (explaining that the analysis
of identifying characteristics inherent in fingerprints does not involve testing of
biological material and therefore is not covered by chapter 64).
32
As to the presumptive blood on the faucet, Appellant does not argue that
DNA testing was not available or available but not technologically capable of
providing probative results at that time. Thus, we must determine whether
testing was not conducted through no fault of Appellant; specifically, we must
determine whether his trial counsel were ineffective for not requesting that DNA
testing be conducted on the blood transfer. Significantly, the trial testimony
revealed that there was a lot of blood at the crime scene, and witnesses
described Donahew‘s body as being covered in smeared blood. The record does
not indicate that the assailant left his own blood at the scene, and Appellant does
not argue that the blood on the faucet belongs to the assailant. (In fact,
Appellant‘s primary focus in his DNA motion is to search for ―the individual who
left their fingerprint on the water faucet in the masterbath.‖) A fingerprint was not
lifted from the bloody faucet, and Appellant does not explain why his attorneys
should have asked to test the blood (presumably Donahew‘s) for the presence of
additional DNA evidence. Cf. Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 252 (―On the assumption
that the palm print [embedded in dried blood on the coffee table] must therefore
belong to the unknown intruder, the appellant argues that the blood should be
tested for the presence of male DNA.‖) Thus, Appellant fails to establish that he
is entitled to DNA testing of the presumptive blood collected from the water
faucet in the master bath.
33
4. Previously Tested Biological Material
a. Oral Swabs
In his DNA motion, Appellant requests the testing of ―the sticks used for
the oral swabs.‖ While Appellant acknowledges Constance Patton‘s testimony
that the oral swabs she tested in 2005 consisted of only a few remaining fibers
and that the available material was consumed, he argues that ―there may still
exist DNA on the sticks that could be used in further testing.‖ The State argued
in its response motion and on appeal that it is unlikely that newer testing of this
evidence would provide results that would provide a more accurate or probative
result than the results of the previous test or would exonerate Appellant.
Patton, a senior forensic biologist and DNA technical leader with the
medical examiner‘s lab, testified that she worked on this case beginning in 1987.
In 2001, she used a known bloodstain from Donahew to obtain her DNA profile.
In 2005, Detective Ford asked her to conduct STR DNA testing on the oral
swabs. She explained that, in conducting this testing, genetic material is
extracted and a genetic profile is obtained and that
what we do during that process is amplify different genetic markers
on your chromosomes. And we basically develop a profile across 15
different genetic markers. And you think of it as 15 different points of
comparison. And across these 15 genetic markers, we develop
types, and it‘s just a matter of comparing the type at each genetic
marker or genetic location back to a known individual‘s type to see if
they could or could not be a possible contributor of that profile.
Patton explained that she cut off the tops of the oral swab sticks, put them in a
tube, and performed the extraction process. She obtained two samples, a
female and a male component. The profile developed from the female
34
component matched Donahew‘s DNA profile. Patton testified that she also
developed a male profile, which she entered into the Texas Combined DNA
Index System. Later, she was notified that this profile produced a ―hit,‖ that is, it
matched Appellant‘s DNA profile; Appellant had previously submitted a DNA
specimen in 2001 (while in prison on another offense), which had been uploaded
onto CODIS. The State introduced a chart comparing the data obtained from the
male component of the oral swab mixture and Appellant‘s known DNA profile,
and it showed that Appellant‘s ―alleles‖—described as the characteristics specific
to the person‘s DNA at a certain location on the DNA strand—could ―be
accounted for at all fifteen genetic markers‖ of the oral swab male component. 28
28
Patton also testified that there were ―two additional minor alleles‖ that
were detected in the oral swab mixture that did not come from Donahew or
Appellant. The State articulated its position on this issue during closing
argument as follows:
We bring you everything, which is why we brought the alleles,
the two minor alleles in her mouth, the 15 genetic markers that
match [Appellant] and then you have two minor, minor, not even
major, contributors, minor alleles. [In] 1987, we could not foresee
what we know now. Otherwise, I submit to you the Fort Worth Crime
Lab wouldn‘t have had volunteers putting sexual assault death kits
together with their bare hands, taking swabs and putting them in
envelopes and sealing them and passing them on to the Medical
Examiner‘s Office. People like Susan Kenney, Susan Taylor then,
come in and not wearing gloves and taking off samples to see what
she could find.
Appellant‘s trial counsel argued that the DNA evidence ―showed some
results that were consistent with the DNA of [Appellant], and it showed some
results that means that there was some other contributor, or donor, of DNA in
Linda Donahew‘s mouth. . . . There were only two alleles and some loci, but
[Appellant] was excluded as a contributor to one of the DNA samples. So either
accept DNA all or none.‖
35
Patton testified that Appellant could not be excluded as the contributor of the
male component of the oral swab mixture, and she calculated that at least
99.999% of the Caucasian, African-American and southwestern Hispanic
populations could be excluded as a possible contributor to the mixture.
Regarding the condition of the swabs, Patton testified,
There were two swabs originally and they were swabs on wooden
shafts with cotton fiber tips, and the cotton fiber material had
essentially all been consumed back in ‘87 for conventional-type
tests. So the only thing that was left were essentially two wooden
sticks with a few pieces of fiber material on the end. So there was
not much material at all remaining.
....
From the oral specimen, what I essentially did was what was left of
the two oral swabs or oral sticks, I went ahead and cut off those two
ends of those sticks, put them in a tube and went through the
extraction process.[29]
On cross-examination, Patton testified as follows:
A. [Patton]: When I first inventoried those contents in 2001, I
opened it up and saw two sticks with a couple of fibers on the end.
So I didn‘t proceed any further because I really didn‘t think there was
a possibility of getting anything. And then in 2005, Detective Ford
just made the request to go ahead and just consume whatever
needed to be consumed and just attempt it. So it was an attempt.
....
Q. [Defense Counsel]: But in the process of doing that, because
the material available was so small, the oral swab that‘s essentially
for any further DNA analysis had been consumed; is that true?
29
In its DNA response motion, the State noted that three oral swabs were
taken from Donahew‘s mouth during her autopsy. The record indicates that there
were two oral swabs that were listed as ―item number 3‖ by the medical
examiner‘s DNA lab.
36
A. That‘s correct.
Appellant‘s trial counsel stated in closing argument that ―the DNA was consumed
during the testing, and so I hope they got it right. I hope they got the profile right
when they did it because it‘s all gone. We can‘t request that it be retested.
There‘s nothing to retest.‖
Before a convicting court may order forensic DNA testing, it must be
shown that the evidence ―still exists and is in a condition making DNA testing
possible.‖ See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 64.03(a)(1)(A)(i); Swearingen,
303 S.W.3d at 732. Because Appellant has not met this condition, he is not
entitled to testing under chapter 64.30
b. DNA and Hair on Clothes
In his DNA motion, Appellant requested that ―DNA testing be ordered on
the male DNA discovered on [Donahew‘s] green shirt and bra that no
determination was made prior to trial to who it belonged to.‖ Appellant alleges
that the State argued it was possible that the assailant forcefully pulled
Donahew‘s green shirt and bra because of the slight cut or tear to each garment
and that, therefore, the discovered and unidentified male DNA could point to the
assailant and prove his innocence. He also requested that a hair collected from
the green shirt be tested.
30
―In the absence of bad faith, a failure to preserve potentially useful
evidence does not violate due process.‖ Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at 732. Here,
Appellant has not alleged, nor is there evidence of, bad faith on the part of the
State.
37
Detective Ford testified that when crime-scene investigators moved a
couch away from Donahew‘s bedroom wall, they found a pile of clothing,
including a woman‘s green knit shirt that had been torn or cut in the center, a bra
that had been torn or cut in the center, a skirt, and a pair of shoes. 31 Detective
Ford testified that the bra and the shirt were tangled or rolled up in one another.
A hair was collected from the shirt. When asked if he knew what had been done
with the hair and whether it still existed inside the envelope designated ―hair from
shirt‖ found inside the same bag as the shirt, Detective Ford testified, ―I don‘t
know, sir. I do recall making requests to get all the hairs analyzed, and I think I
was told there was some additional work done later on. I don‘t know anything
about the results of that other than hearsay, what maybe somebody told me.‖ He
also stated that the envelope ―is still sealed. It‘s been taped back shut so . . . .‖
Biologist Constance Patton testified that in 2001 she swabbed and
conducted STR DNA analysis on the green shirt and the bra. She obtained no
―results at all‖ from the bra. She explained that the green shirt had ―a slight tear
in the center and the request was to swab that area in case somebody possibly,
maybe, grabbed it and tore it and handled it in that area.‖ Patton also testified at
trial as follows:
Q. [Defense counsel]: Okay. And you got a DNA profile from that
swabbing in which you concluded Linda Donahew cannot be
excluded as a possible contributor to what was a mixture?
31
Donahew‘s friend Linda Reed testified that Donahew had come to her
home the day of the offense and that she had been wearing the green shirt
collected from the crime scene.
38
A. [Patton]: Yes.
Q. And then a small quantity of male DNA was detected. However,
no further conclusions could be made regarding the source of the
male contributor. Was that your finding?
A. Yes. There just wasn‘t enough information to make any
conclusions regarding who the contributor could be.
Q. Okay. Well, from the small quantity of the male DNA that was
detected, were there any allele calls found and just weren‘t 13 or 15,
or none were found?
A. It was a very partial profile. And there just wasn‘t enough
information to make any conclusion about who that—who the extra
contributor or contributors could have been.
Q. Was there an ability to exclude someone? If there were some
alleles, couldn‘t you exclude —
A. It would be possible to exclude but probably not to include.
Q. Okay. Do you have the allele call that you got from the green
shirt?
A. I do.
The State‘s 64.02 notice regarding existing evidence states that the
Tarrant County Medical Examiner‘s Biology/DNA Lab possesses: ―39T1/39T2
Swabs from green shirt (39T1 most of which consumed)‖ and ―40T Swab from
bra (most of which consumed).‖
Based on our review of the record, we cannot say definitely whether the
hair collected from the green shirt exists or whether it was previously tested. If it
was not previously tested, Appellant does not satisfy the article 64 requirements
because he cannot show that testing was not conducted through no fault of his
own. While aware of this evidence, his attorneys cannot be considered
39
ineffective for choosing not to seek testing of the hair. If the hair‘s DNA were
found to match Appellant‘s DNA, it would further implicate him in this crime.
However, if his DNA were not found, it would not exonerate him. Trial testimony
revealed that Donahew had been wearing the shirt for several hours before she
was killed. Additionally, officials collected the shirt from the floor behind a couch.
DNA testing would not prove how or when the hair came to be on the shirt. If the
hair was previously tested, we have not located the results, and Appellant does
not establish, as required, that ―although previously subjected to DNA testing,
[the evidence] can be subjected to testing with newer testing techniques that
provide a reasonable likelihood of results that are more accurate and probative
than the results of the previous test.‖ See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
64.01(b)(2).
Regarding the bra, Appellant fails to establish that biological material still
exists to be tested; indeed, documents indicate most of it was consumed. Even
assuming biological material still exists, Appellant does not argue the DNA
collected from the bra could be subjected to newer testing techniques that would
provide a reasonable likelihood of results that are more accurate and probative
than the results of the previous test. Id.
Regarding the green shirt, the record suggests that a swab containing
biological material exists, but we cannot say definitely. Assuming it does, Patton
testified at the 2007 trial that, at most, the contributor could be excluded. If
additional testing were warranted, Appellant should have asked for it at that time.
His attorneys cannot be said to have been ineffective for not pursuing testing,
40
however. First, there was always the chance that he would not have been
excluded. Second, it is not entirely clear that additional testing was needed to
determine whether Appellant could be excluded. Indeed, Patton suggested that
a person could be excluded as the contributor based on the alleles identified in
the male DNA detected on the shirt. The defense already possessed Appellant‘s
DNA profile, which listed his ―alleles‖ for fifteen genetic markers (as discussed
above regarding the oral swabs). Patton testified that she had the ―allele call
sheet‖ regarding the green shirt. In any event, when the State asked to see the
sheet, Patton began looking for it, and the trial court excused the jury from the
courtroom. Subsequently, the trial court stated on the record,
Defense has had the opportunity to review their notes.
They‘ve had the opportunity to speak in private off the record with
the witness, to speak in private off the record with their appointed
DNA specialist, and they‘ve just apprised the Court that based upon
the pluses and minuses of any further examination of this witness,
they‘ve decided they have no further questions.
Thus, the record indicates that Appellant‘s trial counsel made a strategic decision
not to inform the jury further on this issue.
Additionally, Appellant does not allege, and offers no evidence, that a
newer testing technique exists or that any newer testing technique is reasonably
likely to provide more accurate and probative results than the previous testing.
See Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at 735 (―[A]ppellant has not shown a reasonable
likelihood that results [from a newer testing technique] would be more accurate or
probative.‖); Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 250 (holding defendant not entitled to retest
blood stains on socks because she failed to establish that newer testing results
41
would be more probative than results of previous testing).32 Cf. Routier, 273
S.W.3d at 254–55 (holding that defendant met burden of showing reasonable
likelihood of obtaining more accurate and probative results from retesting of
certain blood stains and hair samples through expert affidavit establishing
availability of newer STR testing technique and improved ―clean up‖ technology).
Notably, the State did not retest the evidence in 2005 or in the weeks leading up
to the 2007 trial, even though the State continued to test evidence both times.
Appellant fails to satisfy article 64 regarding the bra, green shirt, and the piece of
hair collected from the green shirt.
5. Conclusion
For the above reasons, none of the items Appellant has identified in his
DNA motion qualify for testing, and therefore, none are included in the ―collective
calculus‖ for determining whether he would not have been convicted if
exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA testing. See Routier, 273
S.W.3d at 245; see also Johnson v. State, No. 14-08-00441-CR, 2009 WL
1493040, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 28, 2009, pet. ref‘d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication) (holding that none of the items appellant
identified qualified for testing under article 64.01, and therefore, none were
32
See Marks v. State, No. 02-09-00144-CR, 2010 WL 598459, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth Feb. 18, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding that appellant failed to ―allege, much less prove, that [the
requested testing facility] will utilize ‗newer testing techniques that provide a
reasonable likelihood of results that are more accurate and probative than the
results of the previous test‘‖ and therefore did not meet the requirements of
article 64.01(b)(2)) (quoting Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 250).
42
included in the ―collective calculus‖ for determining whether he would not have
been convicted). For all of the above reasons, the trial court did not err in
denying Appellant‘s motion for post-conviction DNA testing. We overrule
Appellant‘s first issue.
C. Trial Court Findings
In his third issue, Appellant complains of the trial court‘s order denying
DNA testing, asserting that the trial court erred by not making ―proper findings.‖
The order provided that Appellant ―failed to meet the article 64 requirements for
forensic DNA testing‖ in that he
has failed to show that there exists a reasonable probability that the
DNA testing would prove his innocence because it is extremely
unlikely that any new DNA re-testing technique would provide a
more accurate or probative result. [Appellant] has also failed to
show that there exists a reasonable probability that further DNA
testing would prove his innocence because of the Texas Department
of Public Safety‘s Combined DNA Index System (―CODIS‖)
discovery that [Appellant‘s] DNA is a positive match with semen
found in the mouth of the Deceased at the time of her murder.
When this CODIS match was identified, a subsequent DNA sample
was taken from the Defendant and re-tested. Again, the
[Appellant‘s] DNA was a 99.99% positive match to semen found in
the Deceased‘s mouth.
Appellant asserts that the trial court‘s findings were ―not germane nor did they
reference the relevant statutory portion of Article 64 that appellant relied on in his
request for DNA testing.‖ He explains that,
The trial court issued this memorandum and order in apparent
allusion to Art. 64.01(b)(2) . . . pertaining to the DNA testing of
material that was ―previously subjected to DNA testing.‖ . . .
However, the sum of appellant‘s Art. 64 requests relied upon Art.
64.01(b)(1) which authorizes trial courts to order new DNA testing of
material that ―was not previously subjected to DNA testing.‖
43
He complains that ―it is ambiguous‖ why the trial court ultimately denied his
article 64 request.
As the State advises, a trial court is not statutorily required under article 64
to issue specific findings of fact demonstrating its reasons for denying a request
for post-conviction DNA testing. See Dixon v. State, 242 S.W.3d 929, 933 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). While the court of criminal appeals stated in
Skinner that ―the trial court should provide determinations under [article 64],‖ it
held that the trial court‘s findings in its case—that appellant failed to meet the
standards required by 64.03(a)(2)(A) and 64.03(a)(2)(B)—were sufficient for its
review, noting that these two provisions were application-of-law-to-fact questions
and therefore given de novo review. Skinner, 122 S.W.3d at 813. The Skinner
court noted, however, that ―this Court would appreciate more detailed findings
from the trial court to facilitate our review.‖ Id.
In conducting our de novo review, we assessed whether the trial court‘s
ruling denying DNA testing is supported by the record. See Smith, 165 S.W.3d
at 363; Sheckells, 2011 WL 1367087, at *2. Because we did not defer to the trial
court‘s findings and because we have concluded that the trial court‘s denial of
testing is supported by the record, we do not address whether the trial court‘s
findings were sufficient. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855–56 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000) (holding that if the trial court‘s decision is correct on any theory of the
law applicable to the case, its decision will be sustained).
To the extent the Skinner opinion suggests that we need to do so, we
address whether the trial court provided ―determinations under the statute.‖ 122
44
S.W.3d at 813. The parties appear to agree that the trial court denied testing
under articles 64.01(b)(2) and 64.03(a)(2)(A). Appellant asserts that the trial
court failed to address his article 64.01(b)(1) contentions regarding evidence that
was not previously subjected to DNA testing. See Act of April 5, 2001, 77th Leg.,
R.S., ch. 2, ' 2, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2, 2–3 (amended 2011). While the trial
court does not directly address article 64.01(b)(1), its order states that Appellant
―failed to meet the requirements of article 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,‖
that it is extremely unlikely that any new DNA re-testing technique would provide
a more accurate or probative result, and that ―further testing‖ would not prove his
innocence. Orders similar to the one issued by the trial court in this case have
been deemed sufficient to apprise the reviewing court of the trial court‘s reasons
for denying DNA testing. See Skinner, 122 S.W.3d at 813 (holding sufficient trial
court‘s finding that appellant failed to meet the requirements of 64.03(a)(2)(A)
and 64.03(a)(2)(B)); Smith v. State, No. 12-09-00069-CR, 2009 WL 3371547, at
*2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Oct. 21, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding sufficient trial court‘s order, which stated that it had reviewed
the file and a letter from DNA counsel and that it ―fails to find any grounds for
further testing‖); Darnell v. State, No. 02-03-00173-CR, 2004 WL 1088755, at *3
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 13, 2004, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding sufficient order stating that appellant ―failed to meet the
requirements of article 64.03‖).
Even assuming the findings were insufficient, we do not remand this
proceeding to the trial court for additional findings (as Appellant requests)
45
because we have addressed all of his concerns in our de novo review set out
above. Cf. Routier, 273 S.W.3d at 249 (―Because the convicting court
misconstrued or failed to apply the proper criteria for obtaining post-conviction
DNA testing under Article 64.01(b), we will review the question whether the
appellant has met those particular criteria de novo, notwithstanding the
convicting court‘s fact finding.‖). Having addressed all of Appellant‘s concerns,
we conclude that he has not been harmed by any alleged insufficiency in the trial
court‘s findings. See generally Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at 738–39 (assessing
harm in the context of chapter 64); Garcia v. State, 327 S.W.3d 269, 271 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. ref‘d); Sepeda v. State, 301 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 2009, pet. ref‘d). We therefore overrule Appellant‘s third issue.
V. Conclusion
Having overruled Appellant‘s three issues, we affirm the trial court‘s order
denying Appellant‘s motion for DNA testing.
ANNE GARDNER
JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and GARDNER, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: March 8, 2012
46
Roger Eugene Fain v. State
Combined Opinion