Roy Jon v. Lesley Dinwiddie, Zulfiquar Hussain, Jeremy Boggs, Joshua Kenny, Frank Renouf, Wendy Heckler, Allen Hanretta, Joel Guana, Richard Wathen, Texas Department of Criminal Justice and University Texas Medical Branch

NO. 07-09-00242-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL A

JULY 28, 2010

IN THE INTEREST OF E. C. M., A MINOR CHILD

FROM THE 200TH DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY;

NO. D-1-FM-06-001681; HONORABLE GISELA D. TRIANA-DOYAL, JUDGE

Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant, Henri Molle (Henri), appeals complaining of the judgment granted in

favor of appellee, Erin Molle (Erin), altering the geographic restrictions regarding the

residency of Erin and the minor child of the parties, E.C.M. By two issues, appellant

attacks the sufficiency of the evidence, both factual and legal, to support whether there

had been a substantial change in circumstances relating to where Erin’s primary

residence should be and whether the modification of the geographic restriction is in the

best interest of the child. Disagreeing with Henri, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.
 Factual and Procedural Background

Henri and Erin were divorced in 2006. The Agreed Decree of Divorce named the

parties as the joint managing conservator with Erin retaining the right to designate the

primary residence of the minor child. The right to designate the primary residence of

the child was subject to a geographic restriction of Travis and contiguous counties. Erin

filed a motion to modify requesting that the trial court grant Erin the right to determine

the primary residence of the child without any geographic restriction.

Trial was to the bench. Both parties testified about the relationship that had

existed between the two since the divorce and the extent to which each parent had

been involved in the care of the minor child. Henri sought to portray Erin’s decision to

request that the geographic restriction be lifted as a decision made before the final

decree was even entered. This was so, according to Henri, because Erin had made a

decision to marry Scott Eccleston (Scott) before the divorce was final. Therefore, Henri

argues, nothing had changed that could be said to be a material or substantial change

in circumstances regarding the residency of the child. Erin, on the other hand, testified

that, while she had known Scott since college, she had not developed any romantic

interest in Scott until 2008.

Both parties testified that each parent loved the child; however, the testimony

regarding who was responsible for most of the day-to-day responsibilities was clearly in

favor of Erin. Not only did she have the primary responsibility to address nearly all of

the daily issues in raising E.C.M., but the record indicated, and the trial court found, that

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Henri has not been substantially involved in the child’s day-to-day care, health-related

needs, or school activities.

The trial court granted the motion to modify and entered an order finding a

material and substantial change in circumstances and that the entry of a new order

would be in the best interest of the minor child. Accordingly, the trial court ordered that

Erin have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child in Dallas,

Tarrant, or Travis Counties or any county contiguous to those counties. It is from this

order that Henri appeals. The trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law.

Through two very general issues, Henri contends that the evidence is legally and

factually insufficient to support the trial court’s determination that 1) there was a material

and substantial change in circumstances of the child or Erin, and 2) modification of the

geographic restriction would be in the best interest of the child. Disagreeing with Henri,

we will affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Standard of Review

We begin with the statutory framework for a modification of a prior order that

addresses terms and conditions of possession of and access to minor children. A trial

court may order a modification of a prior order when modification would be in the best

interest of the child and the circumstances of the child or conservator have materially

and substantially changed since rendition of the prior order. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §

156.101(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009).1 The best interest of the child shall always be the

1
Further reference to the Texas Family Code shall be by reference to “§ ___.”
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primary consideration of the court when considering issues of conservatorship. See §

153.002.

A trial court’s decision regarding modification of terms of conservatorship and

access is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. See Zeifman v. Michels, 212

S.W.3d 582, 587 (Tex.App—Austin 2006, pet. denied). Absent a clear abuse of

discretion, the trial court’s order modifying the prior order will not be disturbed on

appeal. Id. (citing Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982)). This is so

because the trial court is in the best position to observe the witnesses and evaluate the

witnesses’ demeanor and credibility. Id.

A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an arbitrary and unreasonable

manner without any regard to guiding rules or principles. See Downer v. Aquamarine

Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). When applied to an abuse of

discretion standard, traditional challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence are not considered independent grounds of error, but rather, are relevant

factors in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion. See In re D.M.D., No.

05-07-01045-CV, 2009 LEXIS 854, *5 (Tex.App.—Dallas Feb. 6, 2009, no pet.) (mem.

opinion, not designated for publication). When applying the abuse of discretion

standard to a modification suit the traditional sufficiency standards of review overlap,

and appellate courts apply a hybrid analysis. See Echols v. Olivarez, 85 S.W.3d 475,

477 (Tex.App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). In applying this hybrid analysis, the appellate

court engages in a two-pronged inquiry: 1) whether the trial court had sufficient

information on which to exercise its discretion; and 2) whether the trial court erred in it’s

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application of discretion. See Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at 588. Sufficiency of the evidence

is the operative inquiry in the first question, and then the appellate court makes a

determination of whether the trial court’s decision was reasonable. See id. In making

this decision about the reasonableness of the trial court’s decision, the mere fact that

the appellate court might decide the issue differently than the trial court does not

establish an abuse of discretion. Id. at 587. During the legal sufficiency portion of the

review, we continue to consider only the evidence that supports the trial court’s findings

and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 477. If

any probative evidence supports the court’s decision, it will be upheld. Id. When

reviewing for factual sufficiency, we examine all of the evidence and reverse only if the

trial court’s finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as

to be manifestly unjust. Id. Where, as here, the trial court has filed findings of fact,

those findings of fact are the equivalent of jury answers to special issues. Id.

Generally, while findings of fact are reviewable for legal and factual sufficiency,

an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence must be directed at specific findings of fact

rather than at the judgment as a whole. In re An Unborn Child, 153 S.W.3d 559, 560

(Tex.App.--Amarillo 2004, pet. denied). If the trial court's findings of fact are not

challenged by an issue on appeal, they are binding upon the appellate court. See Nw.

Park Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Brundrett, 970 S.W.2d 700, 704 (Tex.App.--Amarillo

1998, pet. denied). However, a challenge to an unidentified finding of fact may be

sufficient for review if we can fairly determine from the argument the specific finding of

fact which is being challenged. Shaw v. County of Dallas, 251 S.W.3d 165, 169

(Tex.App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied). Because we feel that we can fairly determine
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from the argument the specific findings being challenged, we will address these issues

fully.

Analysis

Henri attacks both the finding that there had been a material and substantial

change in circumstances that would support a change in the geographic restriction in

place, and he also attacks whether the proposed change would be in the best interest of

the child. We will address each issue in turn.

Material and Substantial Change in Circumstances

Henri’s attack on the trial court’s judgment regarding the sufficiency of the

evidence to support whether or not there had been a material and substantial change in

circumstances is summed up in the first line of his brief: “The evidence clearly shows

that Erin contemplated marrying Scott and moving to Dallas before the divorce decree

was entered.” According to Henri’s theory, this then means that the contemplated

marriage between Erin and Scott with the attendant plans to live in Dallas could never

provide the impetus for a material or substantial change in circumstances.

The flaw in Henri’s analysis is that it requires this appellate court to ignore the

evidence heard by the trial court. The record demonstrates that Erin testified that,

although she had known Scott since college, they did not become romantically involved

until 2008, well after the divorce was granted in 2006. The record also supports the trial

court’s finding of fact that the pending marriage of Erin and Scott would allow Erin to

obtain better employment in the Dallas area. Erin also testified that the marriage to

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Scott would provide additional emotional and financial support. During the presentation

of the evidence, Henri presented himself as a fully engaged father who was involved in

all aspects of the minor child’s life. However, Erin testified that, while there was no

question Henri loved the child, he tended to be involved only when it was convenient or

when there were no job conflicts. After hearing this evidence, the trial court found that,

Henri has consistently not exercised all periods of his possession with the child and that

prior to the motion to modify being filed Henri was not primarily responsible for, nor

substantially involved in, the child’s day-to-day care, health-related needs, or school

activities.

The trial court heard the conflicting testimony and entered its findings after

resolving these conflicts. The trial court is in the best position to resolve this conflicting

testimony because it is able to observe the demeanor and personalities of the

witnesses. Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 477. We are charged with reviewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment. In that light, we find that the

evidence is legally sufficient to support that there has been a material and substantial

change in the circumstances of Erin’s situation. See id. Therefore, the evidence is

legally sufficient.

As to the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we review all of the evidence when

conducting this review, not just the evidence that supports the trial court’s judgment. Id.

A review of the record reveals that Henri’s entire position was, as stated above, based

upon the assertion that Erin intended this move from a time before the divorce decree

was ever entered. This was the thrust of all of the testimony offered by Henri on the

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subject of material and substantial change. As stated in the preceding paragraph, the

testimony presented by Erin was diametrically opposed. Her testimony portrayed a

scenario where she first rekindled a friendship with Scott that had been basically

dormant since college and that this then grew into a romantic relationship that led to an

offer of marriage. The trial court heard all of this evidence and decided the issue

against Henri, and we will not disturb the trial court’s decision for we cannot say that

such a decision is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See id.

Neither can we say that the resulting finding by the trial court is manifestly unjust. See

id.

Because the decision of the trial court is both legally and factually sufficient, there

can be no abuse of discretion shown. Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at 587. Henri’s first issue is

overruled.

Best Interest of the Child

Regarding the best interests of the child, the trial court made the following

finding:

The evidence showed that the relocation would be a positive change in
the general quality of life for the Petitioner and the child in that relocation
to Dallas would allow her to remarry, resulting in increased emotional and
financial support for the Petitioner, as well as superior employment
opportunities for Petitioner. Petitioner’s improved financial situation would
allow her to provide a better standard of living for the child.

Henri does not attack this finding directly. Rather he posits that, in general, the child’s

current relationship with his “extended family” and the child’s current “community” would

indicate that the contemplated relocation would not be in the best interest of the child.
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 As to the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s best interest

determination, there was substantial evidence offered by Erin that relocation would

provide her with 1) a better employment situation, 2) more financial support, and 3)

significantly more emotional support. None of this testimony was contradicted by Henri,

except to say that Erin had lived in Dallas once before and did not like it. However, the

trial court also heard Erin testify that when she lived in Dallas previously, she lived in

Dallas proper. This time, her contemplated relocation was to a Dallas area suburb. The

trial court was charged with the responsibility of resolving the conflicting evidence, and

we will defer to that decision. Echols, 85 S.W.3d at 477. With that understanding and

reviewing only the evidence that supports the trial courts judgment plus reasonable

inferences from that evidence, we find the evidence to be legally sufficient to support

the finding that the proposed relocation would be in the child’s best interest. Id.

Our review of the factual sufficiency of the evidence reveals that Henri did

present evidence about some parts of the child’s life that would be missing if the trial

court approved the change in geographic restriction. However, the record further

reflects that Erin presented testimony about steps she was willing to take to minimize

these concerns. Specifically, Erin testified that she intended to continue French

language classes for the child. She also expressed her willingness to pay the

transportation cost of the child from Dallas to Austin and to pay for two trips per year for

Henri to come to Dallas to visit the child. When these findings and the evidence

supporting them are viewed in light of the relevant considerations, we cannot say that

the great weight and preponderance of the evidence is against the findings. See Lenz

v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 15-19 (Tex. 2002) (describing the factors to be considered by
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the trial court in relocation cases). Further, the record reveals that the trial court found

that there was no evidence of bad faith or ill motive on the part of Erin. See Franco v.

Franco, 81 S.W.3d 319, 339 (Tex.App.—El Paso 2002, no pet.). When the totality of

the evidence is reviewed, we cannot say that the great weight and preponderance of the

evidence is against the trial court’s findings such that those findings are unjust. Id.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the

relocation would be in the best interest of the child. Zeifman, 212 S.W.3d at 587.

Henri’s second issue is overruled.

Conclusion

Having overruled Henri’s two issues, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

Mackey K. Hancock
Justice

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