COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00438-CV
GERARDO DELEON APPELLANT
V.
THOS. S. BYRNE, LTD., F/K/A APPELLEES
THOS. S. BYRNE, INC. AND
UNIQUE STAFF LEASING I, LTD.,
D/B/A UNIQUE STAFFING
----------
FROM THE 141ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
----------
MEMORANDUM OPINION1
----------
I. INTRODUCTION
Appellant Gerardo DeLeon‘s foot was crushed when a forty-thousand-
pound aerial boom lift ran over it while he was working on Montgomery Plaza in
Fort Worth. DeLeon brought a personal injury suit against the general contractor
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
on the project, Appellee Thos. S. Byrne, Ltd., f/k/a Thos. S. Byrne, Inc., and
against Appellee Unique Staff Leasing I, Ltd. d/b/a Unique Staffing.2 The trial
court granted summary judgment for Appellees Byrne and Unique on all of
DeLeon‘s causes of action. DeLeon perfected this appeal.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellee Byrne, as the general contractor, had a contract with the owner of
the property, Kimco Montgomery Plaza L.P., concerning the building of
Montgomery Plaza. Byrne entered into a subcontract with Sparkling Clean for
Sparkling Clean to wash the exterior of the Montgomery Plaza buildings.
Sparkling Clean had a contract with a staff leasing company, Appellee Unique,
under which Unique leased employees to Sparkling Clean.
In December 2006, Sparkling Clean rented an aerial boom lift and sent
three individuals to Montgomery Plaza—DeLeon, Gray, and Frederrick Carter—
to wash the exterior of the buildings. Gray operated the boom lift, Carter was the
flagman responsible for watching out for pedestrians and his co-workers, and
DeLeon was responsible for making sure the boom lift did not run over the hose.
DeLeon was injured when the boom lift ran over his foot. At the time, Carter was
not in the area but had walked around the building to shut off the hydrant.
DeLeon sued Byrne and Unique for negligence and gross negligence.
2
DeLeon also brought suit against the subcontractor who had employed
him, Jimmy Don Purselley, Individually and d/b/a Sparkling Clean Pressure Wash
(Sparkling Clean), and against the operator of the boom lift, Shawn ―Pete‖ Gray,
but DeLeon subsequently nonsuited them without prejudice.
2
III. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARDS OF REVIEW
A. No-Evidence Summary Judgment
After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of proof
may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment on the ground
that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the nonmovant‘s
claim or defense. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). The motion must specifically state the
elements for which there is no evidence. Id.; Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286
S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009). The trial court must grant the motion unless the
nonmovant produces summary judgment evidence that raises a genuine issue of
material fact. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) & cmt.; Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d
425, 426 (Tex. 2008).
When reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment, we examine the entire
record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable
inference and resolving any doubts against the motion. Sudan v. Sudan, 199
S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006). We review a no-evidence summary judgment for
evidence that would enable reasonable and fair-minded jurors to differ in their
conclusions. Hamilton, 249 S.W.3d at 426 (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168
S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005)). We credit evidence favorable to the nonmovant if
reasonable jurors could, and we disregard evidence contrary to the nonmovant
unless reasonable jurors could not. Timpte Indus., 286 S.W.3d at 310 (quoting
Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006)). If the
nonmovant brings forward more than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises
3
a genuine issue of material fact, then a no-evidence summary judgment is not
proper. Smith v. O’Donnell, 288 S.W.3d 417, 424 (Tex. 2009); King Ranch, Inc.
v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1030
(2004).
B. Traditional Summary Judgment
We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim,
315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the
light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the
nonmovant if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the
nonmovant unless reasonable jurors could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp
Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every
reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant‘s favor. 20801,
Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008). A defendant who conclusively
negates at least one essential element of a cause of action is entitled to
summary judgment on that claim. Frost Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d
494, 508 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c).
When reviewing a summary judgment granted on specific grounds, the
appellate court must consider those grounds expressly ruled on and that the
movant preserves for appellate review that are necessary for final disposition of
the appeal. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625–26 (Tex.
1996). But if a party preserves the other grounds presented that were not ruled
4
on by the trial court, a court of appeals may consider, in the interest of judicial
economy, those other grounds that the trial court did not rule on. Id.
IV. SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR BYRNE
In his third issue, DeLeon argues that the trial court erred by granting
summary judgment for Byrne. Byrne moved for traditional summary judgment,
arguing that it owed no duty to DeLeon because it did not control the manner,
means, and details of the work done by Sparkling Clean as a subcontractor and
that, regarding DeLeon‘s claim that Byrne was negligent in hiring Sparkling
Clean, a general contractor cannot be liable to an independent contractor‘s
employee for negligent hiring. The trial court granted summary judgment for
Byrne and dismissed the case against it.
A. Duty—Control of the Independent Contractor’s Work Required
Generally, a general contractor does not have a duty to see that a
subcontractor performs work in a safe manner. Lee Lewis Constr., Inc. v.
Harrison, 70 S.W.3d 778, 783 (Tex. 2001); Redinger v. Living, Inc., 689 S.W.2d
415, 418 (Tex. 1985). However, a limited duty arises if a general contractor
retains control over the manner in which the independent contractor‘s work is
performed. Lee Lewis Constr., Inc., 70 S.W.3d at 793; Koch Refining Co. v.
Chapa, 11 S.W.3d 153, 154 (Tex. 1999). The general contractor‘s ―duty of
reasonable care is commensurate with the control it retains‖ over the
subcontractor. Hoechst–Celanese Corp. v. Mendez, 967 S.W.2d 354, 355 (Tex.
1998). The general contractor must retain the right to control the means,
5
methods, or details of the independent contractor‘s work, ―‗the control must relate
to the injury the negligence causes, and the contract must grant the contractor at
least the power to direct the order in which work is to be done.‘‖ Dow Chem. Co.
v. Bright, 89 S.W.3d 602, 606 (Tex. 2002) (quoting Elliott–Williams Co. v. Diaz, 9
S.W.3d 801, 804 (Tex. 1999)) (citations omitted); see also Mendez, 967 S.W.2d
at 357 (requiring ―nexus‖ between retained supervisory control and condition or
activity that caused injury).
Section 414 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which the Texas
Supreme Court adopted in Redinger, further explains this principle:
One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who
retains the control of any part of the work, is subject to liability for
physical harm to others for whose safety the employer owes a duty
to exercise reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to
exercise his control with reasonable care.
689 S.W.2d at 418 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 (1977)). The
comments to section 414 further explain:
In order for the rule stated in this Section to apply, the employer
must have retained at least some degree of control over the manner
in which the work is done. It is not enough that he has merely a
general right to order the work stopped or resumed, to inspect its
progress or to receive reports, to make suggestions or
recommendations which need not necessarily be followed, or to
prescribe alterations and deviations. Such a general right is usually
reserved to employers, but it does not mean that the contractor is
controlled as to his methods of work, or as to operative detail. There
must be such a retention of a right of supervision that the contractor
is not entirely free to do the work in his own way.
Mendez, 967 S.W.2d 354, 356 (Tex. 1998) (quoting Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 414 cmt. c (1965)). An employer who is aware that its contractor
6
routinely ignores applicable federal guidelines and standard company policies
related to safety may owe a duty to require that corrective measures be taken or
to cancel the contract. Id. (citing Tovar v. Amarillo Oil Co., 692 S.W.2d 469, 470
(Tex. 1985)). And an employer who gives on-site orders or provides detailed
instructions on the means or methods to carry out a work order owes the
independent-contractor employee a duty of reasonable care to protect him from
work-related hazards. Id. at 357 (citing Redinger, 689 S.W.2d at 418).
Control can be established in two ways: by (1) a contractual right of
control, or (2) an exercise of actual control. Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 606; Lee Lewis
Constr., Inc., 70 S.W.3d at 783. The distinction is important because determining
what a contract says is generally a question of law for the court, while
determining whether someone exercised actual control is a generally a question
of fact for the jury. Lee Lewis Constr., Inc., 70 S.W.3d at 783.
Here, DeLeon argues that Byrne retained both actual and contractual
control over Sparkling Clean.
B. Contractual Control Over Sparkling Clean’s Work
A contract may impose control upon a party, thereby creating a duty of
care. Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 606; Elliott-Williams Co., 9 S.W.3d at 804. ―If the right
of control over work details has a contractual basis, the circumstance that no
actual control was exercised will not absolve the general contractor of liability.‖
Elliott–Williams Co., 9 S.W.3d at 804. It is the contractual right of control, and
not the actual exercise of control, that gives rise to a duty to see that an
7
independent contractor performs work in a safe manner. Bright, 89 S.W.3d at
606; Elliott–Williams Co., 9 S.W.3d at 804.
Here, the subcontract between Byrne and Sparkling Clean provided that
Sparkling Clean was an independent contractor, responsible for and with control
over ―all construction means, methods, techniques, procedures, supervision,
and/or coordination of the Subcontract Work including any means, methods,
techniques, procedures, supervision, and/or coordination related to the safety of
Subcontractor‘s employees or any other persons working in the area of the
Subcontract Work.‖
Despite this language, DeLeon points to several provisions in the Byrne-
Sparkling Clean subcontract as evidence that Byrne retained contractual control
over Sparkling Clean.3 The subcontract required Sparkling Clean to comply with
3
DeLeon also points to the Kimco-Byrne contract as evidence that Byrne
exercised control over Sparkling Clean. The Byrne-Sparkling Clean subcontract
made all documents reflecting the agreement between Kimco, as the owner of
Montgomery Plaza, and Byrne, as the contractor for the project, part of the
Byrne-Sparkling Clean subcontract. DeLeon points to the following provision in
the Kimco-Byrne contract to argue that Sparkling Clean‘s employees were
considered Byrne‘s employees:
In all relations with respect to Work between the
subcontractors and Owner [Kimco], the subcontractors and their
employees shall be considered as employees of Contractor [Byrne].
Nothing contained in this Contract shall create any contractual
relations between a subcontractor and Owner [Kimco]. Contractor
[Byrne] shall be responsible to Owner [Kimco] for Contractor‘s
[Byrne‘s] subcontractors . . . .
However, the Byrne-Sparkling Clean subcontract provided that if there was a
conflict between the terms of the Kimco-Byrne contract and the Byrne-Sparkling
8
a number of safety regulations and to have a safety program in place. For
example, a document titled ―Sub-Contractor Safety Responsibility and Program
on Thos. S. Byrne, Ltd. Projects,‖ attached to and made a part of the Byrne-
Sparkling Clean subcontract, requires that all subcontractors ―have this own [sic]
safety program‖ and lists seven things that the program should include.
However, requiring Sparkling Clean to comply with safety regulations and rules
did not impose on Byrne, as a general contractor, a duty to the employees of
Sparkling Clean, an independent contractor, to control job-site safety. See Shell
Oil Co. v. Khan, 138 S.W.3d 288, 293–94 (Tex. 2004) (―[A] contract requiring
independent contractors to comply with general safety practices and train their
employees to do so cannot constitute a right to control job-site safety.‖); Bright,
89 S.W.3d at 607 (holding that contract requiring independent contractors of
general contractor to comply with safety rules and regulations promulgated by
general contractor did not impose any duty on general contractor to independent
contractor‘s employees); Bell v. VPSI, Inc., 205 S.W.3d 706, 720 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2006, no pet.) (holding employer of independent contractor retained
no contractual control when contract required compliance with employer‘s safety
practices and applicable law); Andrews v. DT Const., Inc., 205 S.W.3d 4, 12–13
Clean subcontract, then the terms of the Byrne-Sparkling Clean subcontract
controlled. The subcontract stated that Sparkling Clean was an independent
contractor, and this provision controls the relationship between Byrne and
Sparkling Clean here.
9
(Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, no pet.) (―Requiring its subcontractors to have their
employees learn and follow general safety procedures subjected [the general
contractor] to only a narrow duty to make certain that its safety requirements and
procedures did not unreasonably increase the probability and severity of injury.‖).
Paragraph 5.01 of the Byrne-Sparkling Clean subcontract allowed Byrne to
order Sparkling Clean to make changes in the Subcontract Work, including
additions, deletions, or other revisions. Paragraphs 10.01 and 10.02 required
that Sparkling Clean maintain a qualified person approved by Byrne on the job at
all times and instructed that Byrne shall ―[n]ot issue or give any instructions,
orders or directions directly to employees or workmen of the Subcontractor other
than the person[s] supervising or directing the Subcontract Work.‖ [Emphasis
added.] But Byrne‘s ability to prescribe alterations and deviations in Sparkling
Clean‘s work did not equate to Byrne retaining contractual control over Sparkling
Clean‘s methods of work. See Mendez, 967 S.W.2d at 356; Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c. Similarly, Byrne‘s ability to give instructions to
the supervisor for Sparkling Clean did not give Byrne the right to control the
means, methods, or details of Sparkling Clean‘s work; general contractors have
the right to ensure the work is performed according to contract specifications.
See Victoria Elec. Coop., Inc v. Williams, 100 S.W.3d 323, 329 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2002, pet. denied).
However, paragraph 8.01 specifies,
10
Should [Sparkling Clean] fail at any time to supply a sufficient
number of properly skilled workmen and/or sufficient materials and
equipment of the proper quality, as determined by [Byrne] in its sole
discretion, or fail in any respect to prosecute the Subcontract Work
with promptness and diligence, or fail to promptly correct defective
Work or fail in the performance of any of the agreements herein
contained, [Byrne] may, at its option without notice, provide such
labor, materials and equipment and deduct the cost thereof, together
with all loss or damage occasioned thereby, from any money then
due or thereafter to become due to [Sparkling Clean] under this
Agreement.
This provision gave Byrne more than just the right to approve or reject the
number of Sparkling Clean‘s workers or the type of materials and equipment it
used. See Abarca v. Scott Morgan Residential, Inc., 305 S.W.3d 110, 127 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (holding that general contractor
retained contractual right to control scaffolding that ultimately caused injuries to
subcontractor‘s employees because contract provided that general contractor
was responsible for providing scaffolding); cf. Victoria Elec. Coop., Inc., 100
S.W.3d at 329 (holding that contract provision allowing owner right to decide
what equipment subcontractor used in transporting utility poles was not evidence
of contractual control because it referred to owner‘s ―right to inspect and approve
the work on the [p]roject, which is a right any general contractor has to ensure
the work is performed according to contract specifications‖). Instead, Byrne, at
its discretion, could substitute labor, materials, and equipment for those of
Sparkling Clean if Byrne determined them insufficient; this provision essentially
gave Byrne the right and discretion to control the means, methods, and details of
11
Sparkling Clean‘s work to the extent that Sparkling Clean was not entirely free to
do its work in its own way. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c.
Moreover, Byrne‘s specific right to control the number of workers under
paragraph 8.01 was related to the activity that caused DeLeon‘s injury. See
Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 606; Elliott–Williams Co., 9 S.W.3d at 804. Byrne‘s project
engineer for Montgomery Plaza, Scott Salyer, testified that Byrne required four
people to operate a boom lift—the operator, two flagmen, and someone to
handle the hoses—and that, during a meeting with Purselley, Salyer informed
him of that requirement. Yet Sparkling Clean had only three workers on the job
when DeLeon was injured. Byrne had the contractual right to control the
―‗operative detail‘‖ of the number of workers on the job and to provide—pursuant
to paragraph 8.01 of the contract—an additional worker to meet its own
requirement of four workers. Mendez, 967 S.W.2d at 356 (quoting Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 414 cmt. c).
We hold that Byrne retained a contractual right to control at its ―sole
discretion‖ the number of workmen, the skill of the workmen, the quality and
quantity of the materials used, as well as the promptness and diligence of
Sparkling Clean‘s work and that, consequently and as a matter of law, Byrne
retained control over Sparkling Clean‘s work. This contractually-retained control
related to the activity that caused DeLeon‘s injury. Accordingly, we hold that the
12
trial court erred by granting Byrne‘s summary judgment motion on DeLeon‘s
negligence cause of action. We sustain this portion of DeLeon‘s third issue.4
C. Negligent Hiring
An employer who hires an independent contractor may be held responsible
for his acts if the employer ―‗knew or should have known that the contractor was
incompetent and a third person is injured because of such incompetency.‘‖
McClure v. Denham, 162 S.W.3d 346, 354 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.)
(quoting Tex. Am. Bank v. Boggess, 673 S.W.2d 398, 400 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1984, writ dism‘d)). In other words, an employer has a duty to use
ordinary care in hiring an independent contractor. Id.; Ross v. Tex. One P’ship,
796 S.W.2d 206, 216 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1990), writ denied, 806 S.W.2d 222
(Tex. 1991). Courts have held that an employee of an independent contractor,
however, cannot be considered a third party to whom such a duty is owed. See,
e.g., McClure, 162 S.W.3d at 354; Hagins v. E–Z Mart Stores, Inc., 128 S.W.3d
383, 393 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.).
Here, DeLeon cites the Texas Supreme Court‘s decision in Pollard v.
Missouri Pac. R.R., 759 S.W.2d 670 (Tex. 1988), as support for his position that
4
Having found as a matter of law that Byrne retained contractual control
precluding summary judgment, we need not address whether a fact issue exists
showing that Byrne retained actual control over Sparkling Clean‘s work. See
Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; see also Bright, 89 S.W.3d at 606 (explaining that if the
right of control over work details has a contractual basis, the circumstance that
no actual control was exercised will not absolve the general contractor of
liability).
13
he may maintain a negligent hiring cause of action against Byrne. In McClure,
this court addressed the applicability of Pollard to negligent hiring cases:
Pollard sued Missouri Pacific Railroad Company (MOPAC) after he
was injured while he was an employee of Balch, an independent
contractor retained by MOPAC. The Texas Supreme Court held that
the court of appeals applied the wrong standard in upholding the trial
court‘s grant of summary judgment in favor of MOPAC. The court
held that the evidence showed that MOPAC retained the right of
control over Balch‘s work, thereby giving rise to a duty of care. In
remanding the case to the trial court, the court noted that Pollard
had also asserted a negligent hiring claim, which was not
controverted by MOPAC‘s motion for summary judgment or
addressed by the court of appeals.
Thus, Pollard did not directly address the issue of whether an
employee of an independent contractor can bring a negligent hiring
claim against the person who hires the independent contractor.
Rather, the court, after holding that MOPAC‘s contractual retention
of control over Pollard‘s employer gave rise to a duty of care, noted
that Pollard‘s negligent hiring claim presented another fact issue
because the claim had not been addressed by the court of appeals
or controverted by MOPAC‘s summary judgment motion.
We will join our sister courts in Dallas and Texarkana in holding that
appellant, as an employee of an independent contractor, could not
bring a negligent hiring claim against the Denhams, the persons who
hired the independent contractor. Therefore, the trial court did not
err in granting the Denhams‘ motion for summary judgment on
appellant‘s negligent hiring claims.
See McClure, 162 S.W.3d at 355 (citation omitted).
In accordance with our holding in McClure, we hold here that the trial court
did not err by granting summary judgment for Byrne on DeLeon‘s negligent hiring
claim. See id. We overrule the remainder of DeLeon‘s third issue.
V. SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR UNIQUE
14
In his fifth issue, DeLeon argues that the trial court erred by granting
summary judgment for Unique. He argues that evidence exists to show that
Gray and DeLeon were employees of Unique, that Unique breached a duty owed
to its employees by not conducting safety inspections, safety orientation, or
training, and that Unique was negligent in its training and supervision of its
employees and is vicariously liable for Gray‘s and Purselley‘s actions. DeLeon
also argues that ―[t]he issue of whether DeLeon is or was an employee of Unique
is not dispositive to the issue of whether Unique is liable to him for damages.‖
Unique moved for both no-evidence and traditional summary judgment.5 In
the order granting summary judgment for Unique, the trial court specified that it
was granting the motion ―on only the limited issue of whether the work being
performed by . . . Deleon and . . . Sparkling Clean . . .and . . . Gray on the
occasion in question was outside the scope of the contract between Sparking
Clean and . . . Unique.‖ Because the trial court granted summary judgment on
this limited ground, we must address whether summary judgment was proper on
this ground. See Cates, 927 S.W.2d at 625–26 (explaining that appellate courts
must consider specific grounds expressly ruled on in summary judgment).
5
The majority of Unique‘s summary judgment grounds were alleged as no-
evidence grounds; its only argument for traditional summary judgment was the
affirmative defense of worker‘s compensation. However, regarding its no-
evidence claims, Unique pointed to evidence attached to its motion to support
those claims. This does not transform the motion into a traditional summary-
judgment motion, and we will consider that evidence only if it creates a fact
question. See Binur v. Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d 646, 651 (Tex. 2004).
15
A. The April Contract Controls
The summary judgment record contains two contracts between Sparkling
Clean and Unique, one dated March 4, 2003, and another dated April 1, 2003. In
order to determine whether the trial court‘s specific summary judgment, which
was based on the contract between Sparkling Clean and Unique, was proper, we
must first address DeLeon‘s argument that a fact issue exists regarding which
contract controlled. Both contracts are signed by Purselley for Sparkling Clean
and by a representative of Unique; the April contract contains an integration
clause stating that it supersedes all previous contracts.6
At the December 2008 deposition of Garry Bradford, president and CEO of
Unique, he was shown the March contract and agreed that it governed the
relationship between Unique and Sparkling Clean; the April contract was not
mentioned or presented at this deposition.7 However, Unique attached to its
February 17, 2010 motion for summary judgment the April contract and an
affidavit of Bradford, in which he averred that the April contract was controlling.
6
The two contracts are different in several respects. For example, the
March contract states that the leasing arrangement between the parties applies
to all existing employees of Sparkling Clean and any new employees hired by
Sparkling Clean, whereas the April contract states that new employees hired by
Sparkling Clean become co-employees of Unique only by filling out an
employment application and other documents for Unique.
7
Unique also presented the March contract in its responses to subpoena
duces tecum as the document reflecting the contractual relationship between it
and Sparkling Clean on the date that DeLeon was injured.
16
DeLeon argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding which
contract between Sparkling Clean and Unique controls because Bradford‘s
deposition testimony—that the March contract governed the agreement between
the parties—conflicts with his affidavit statement that the April contract controls.
DeLeon cites Randall v. Dallas Power & Light Co., 752 S.W.2d 4, 5 (Tex. 1988),
for the proposition that a fact issue exists when conflicting inferences may be
drawn from a deposition and from an affidavit made by the same person and filed
in a summary judgment proceeding. But conflicting inferences cannot be drawn
here because the contracts speak for themselves. The subsequent April contract
states that it supersedes all previous contracts, both contracts are signed by
Purselley for Sparking Clean and by a representative of Unique, and DeLeon has
not presented any evidence that the April contract is invalid.8 Thus, the April
contract is the governing agreement between the parties.
Pursuant to the controlling April contract, Sparkling Clean‘s employees
became co-employees of Unique as follows:
The existing employees of [Sparkling Clean] in Texas listed in
the New Client Sign Up Form shall become co-employees of Unique
on the effective date of this Agreement as set forth above.
8
Similarly, DeLeon‘s argument—in his fourth issue—that Bradford‘s
affidavit should be stricken because he did not explain the change in his
testimony also fails. Cf. Farroux v. Denny’s Restaurants, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 108,
111 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.) (refusing to consider plaintiff‘s
affidavit that contradicted plaintiff‘s deposition testimony because ―[w]ithout an
explanation of the change in the testimony, we assume the sole purpose of the
affidavit was to avoid summary judgment‖). Thus, we overrule DeLeon‘s fourth
issue.
17
[Sparkling Clean] expressly agrees and understands that no
individual shall become an employee in Texas and be entitled to any
of the services provided under this Agreement unless the individual
has, prior to commencing employment, completed Unique‘s
employment application, W-4 withholding form, and Form I-9, all of
which must be delivered to and accepted by Unique prior to
employment. . . . [Sparkling Clean] should not consider any
individual to be an employee of Unique for purposes of the payment
of wages or employment taxes or coverage by workers‘
compensation insurance, medical insurance or any other employee
benefit or service until Unique notifies [Sparkling Clean] by e-mail or
facsimile of Unique‘s acceptance of employment of such individual.
The contract provides that Unique is responsible for payment of wages, tax
withholdings and reporting, workers‘ compensation, and employee benefits for
employees assigned to Sparkling Clean by Unique. Under the contract, Unique
also shares with Sparkling Clean ―the right of direction and control over
employees assigned to [Sparkling Clean]‘s work sites,‖ ―the right to hire, fire,
discipline, and reassign assigned employees,‖ and ―the right of direction and
control over the adoption of employment and safety policies and the
management of workers‘ compensation claims, claim filings and related
procedures.‖9 See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 91.032(a)(1), (4), (5) (West 2006)
9
The contract also provides,
As part of Unique‘s shared right of direction and control over
the management of safety, risk and hazard control involving
assigned employees performing work at [Sparking Clean‘s] work
site, Unique retains the right to perform safety inspections of
[Sparkling Clean‘s] equipment and premises and to promulgate and
administer employment and safety practices. However, liability for
employee safety is a responsibility of [Sparkling Clean], who controls
the work site and its business operations.
18
(requiring that contracts between staff leasing company and client provide that
staff leasing company shares with its client ―the right of direction and control‖
over and ―the right to hire, fire, discipline, and reassign‖ assigned employees and
―the right of direction and control over the adoption of employment and safety
policies and the management of workers‘ compensation claims, claim filings, and
related procedures‖). However, the contract states,
[I]f [Sparkling Clean] shall make payments of any type to the
employees contrary to this Agreement, [Sparkling Clean] alone shall
be responsible for all taxes, reporting requirements and other
liabilities with respect to those payments and the work performed by
employees for such payments shall be deemed solely for the benefit
of [Sparkling Clean] and outside the scope of employee‘s
employment with Unique . . . .
The trial court‘s specific summary judgment for Unique was based on this
provision.
B. A Genuine Issue of Material Fact Exists on Whether Gray was an
Employee of and Paid by Unique
To determine whether the trial court properly granted summary judgment
for Unique on the basis that the work performed by Sparkling Clean, DeLeon,
and Gray on the Montgomery Plaza project was outside the scope of the contract
between Sparking Clean and Unique, we must first determine whether evidence
exists to raise a factual dispute regarding whether Gray or DeLeon were
employees of Unique at that time and whether Sparkling Clean paid them directly
for their work on the Montgomery Plaza project.
19
DeLeon‘s summary judgment evidence includes transcripts from
Purselley‘s and Gray‘s depositions and an affidavit of DeLeon. Purselley testified
at his deposition that Gray was paid by Unique for his work on the Montgomery
Plaza project for the day that DeLeon was injured and that Sparkling Clean never
paid Gray personally for work he did for Sparkling Clean. Purselley also testified
that Unique paid employees for work done for Sparkling Clean regardless of
whether they had an application form on file as required under the contract; 10
Purselley would simply call Unique, tell the company to pay a certain employee
for a certain number of hours, and Unique would pay the employee. Purselley
testified at an earlier deposition that DeLeon was the only person that Sparkling
Clean hired directly, that DeLeon was a day laborer, and that Sparkling Clean
paid his wages directly. Gray testified at his deposition that he had continuously
worked for Sparkling Clean from 2001 until after the Montgomery Plaza job in
2006, and that he received his paychecks from Unique. W-2 forms for Gray from
2003 and 2006, showing Unique as his employer, were attached to his deposition
testimony.
Examining the record in the light most favorable to DeLeon, as the
nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts
against the motion, nothing in the record raises a fact issue that DeLeon was
employed by Unique; instead, the evidence demonstrates that he was a day
10
Carter and Gray filled out applications for employment with Unique the
day after DeLeon‘s accident.
20
laborer hired and paid directly by Purselley. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) & cmt.;
Sudan, 199 S.W.3d at 292. Thus, no evidence exists that Unique owed any duty
to DeLeon as an employee of Unique.
However, that does not end our inquiry. The contract provision at issue—
the one upon which the trial court based its specific summary judgment—
provides that if Sparkling Clean paid an employee contrary to the agreement,
then the work performed by that employee for such payment shall be outside the
scope of the employee‘s employment. It does not state that all work performed
by any employee on a given project is outside the scope of the contract if
Sparkling Clean pays one employee directly for his work on that project. In other
words, here, if Gray was acting as Unique‘s employee and paid by Unique when
DeLeon was injured, the contract provision at issue would not apply to make
Gray‘s work outside the scope of employment with Unique. Examining the
record in the light most favorable to DeLeon, he brought forth more than a
scintilla of evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact that Gray was an
employee of Unique and paid by Unique for work he did on the Montgomery
Plaza project on the day that DeLeon was injured. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i) &
cmt.; Sudan, 199 S.W.3d at 292. Purselley‘s and Gray‘s deposition testimony—
that Unique paid Gray for his work on the Montgomery Plaza project for the day
that DeLeon was injured and that Sparkling Clean never paid Gray personally for
work he did for Sparkling Clean—is some evidence raising a fact issue. Thus,
we hold that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on the limited
21
ground that the work performed by Sparkling Clean and Gray was outside the
scope of the contract between Sparkling Clean and Unique. Because summary
judgment was granted on only this limited basis, we decline to consider the
remaining grounds for summary judgment that the trial court did not consider.
See Cincinnati Life Ins. Co., 927 S.W.2d at 626; Delaney v. Univ. of Houston,
835 S.W.2d 56, 58, 61 (Tex. 1992) (declining to address legal arguments on
which the trial court did not base summary judgment); Pilgrim Enters., Inc. v. Md.
Cas. Co., 24 S.W.3d 488, 499 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.)
(same). We sustain DeLeon‘s fifth issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
Having overruled DeLeon‘s fourth issue and part of his third issue, we
affirm the trial court‘s summary judgment for Byrne on DeLeon‘s negligent hiring
claim. Having sustained part of his third issue and sustained his fifth issue, and
having held that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment for Byrne on
DeLeon‘s negligence claim and for Unique on the limited ground that the work
performed by Sparkling Clean and Gray was outside the scope of the contract
between Sparkling Clean and Unique, we reverse the trial court‘s judgments on
those grounds and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.11
11
We need not address DeLeon‘s second issue in which he argues that the
trial court erred by granting summary judgment for Byrne and Unique because he
was entitled to a spoliation presumption. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Similarly, we
need not address DeLeon‘s first issue in which he argues that the trial court erred
22
SUE WALKER
JUSTICE
PANEL: WALKER, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.
DELIVERED: January 5, 2012
by denying his motion for continuance and for additional discovery regarding
Unique‘s motion for summary judgment.
On appeal, DeLeon moved to strike portions of Unique‘s statement of facts
in its brief to this court; we carried the motion with the case. We deny DeLeon‘s
motion and note that we have not considered any factual assertions not
supported by the record. See Marshall v. Hous. Auth. of San Antonio, 198
S.W.3d 782, 789 (Tex. 2006).
23