COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00043-CR
JOHN WILLIAM MCNATT APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 4 OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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I. Introduction
A jury convicted Appellant John William McNatt of recklessly causing
serious bodily injury to a child and assessed his punishment at twenty years‘
imprisonment. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.04(a)(1), (e) (West 2011).
Appellant contends in five points that the trial court erred by admitting evidence
of extraneous offenses, by refusing to suppress his videotaped interview, and by
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
denying his motions for mistrial because of improper opinion testimony by the
investigating detective and because of alleged improper punishment-phase
arguments by the State. We affirm.
II. Background2
The State alleged that Appellant, on November 16, 2008, caused serious
bodily injury to his four-month-old son by shaking him. The State presented
evidence that Appellant was alone with the child that morning after Mary,
Appellant‘s then-girlfriend and the child‘s mother, left for work; that the child‘s
injury required a great amount of force; and that as a result of the injury, the child
has a shunt in his head and suffers from seizures. The jury also watched the
January 2009 videotaped interview in which Appellant made incriminating
statements to Detective Richard Chapman, the investigating officer. Appellant
testified at trial that he made the incriminating statements only to protect Mary
from potential prosecution. Appellant also presented testimony by Bexar County
Deputy Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Kimberly Molina, who testified about her
opinion that the child‘s injuries could not have been caused by only shaking the
child.
III. Extraneous Offense Evidence
Appellant contends in his first point that the trial court abused its discretion
by overruling his objections to ―numerous extraneous offenses‖ introduced during
2
Because Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, we
only briefly set forth the evidence presented at trial.
2
the guilt-innocence phase of trial. It is not clear from his brief, but Appellant
seems to complain about the admission of five alleged extraneous acts or
offenses: (1) a November 2007 incident in which Appellant cut his wrists after
Mary tried to break up with him; (2) a December 5, 2008 incident at Mary‘s
apartment in which Appellant cut his wrists, broke Mary‘s cell phone, and held a
knife to Mary; (3) the stormy nature of Appellant and Mary‘s relationship; (4) a
December 5, 2008 incident in which Appellant told Mary that he would hurt their
child if Mary did not allow him to come to her home; and (5) a 2003 incident in
which Appellant allegedly pulled a knife on his high school girlfriend. The State
responds that Appellant failed to preserve most of his complaints for appellate
review and that the other evidence was admissible under code of criminal
procedure article 38.37.
A. Preservation of Error
To preserve a complaint for our review, a party must have presented to the
trial court a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific grounds
for the desired ruling if they are not apparent from the context of the request,
objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Layton v. State, 280 S.W.3d
235, 238–39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Further, the trial court must have ruled on
the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly, or the complaining
party must have objected to the trial court‘s refusal to rule. Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a)(2); Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 341 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). A
reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue that has not been
3
preserved for appeal. Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009).
If a trial court hears objections to proffered evidence outside the jury‘s
presence and rules that the evidence is admissible, the objections are deemed to
apply to the evidence when it is admitted before the jury without the necessity of
repeating the objections. Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1); Geuder v. State, 115 S.W.3d
11, 13–14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 859 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1991). If the party did not preserve error through an objection outside
the jury‘s presence, the party must continue to object each time the objectionable
evidence is offered or make a running objection and get a ruling. Martinez v.
State, 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (citing Ethington, 819 S.W.2d
at 859); Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 273 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied,
528 U.S. 1026 (1999). Moreover, a trial court‘s erroneous admission of evidence
will not require reversal when other such evidence was received without
objection, either before or after the complained-of ruling. Leday v. State, 983
S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). This rule applies whether the other
evidence was introduced by the defendant or the State. Id.
We hold that Appellant failed to preserve error concerning the November
2007 incident. At a hearing outside the jury‘s presence, the trial court sustained
Appellant‘s objection to evidence of the November 2007 incident. Nevertheless,
the State later questioned Appellant about the November 2007 incident, and
Appellant did not object. Because the trial court had sustained his initial
4
objection to the November 2007 incident instead of overruling it, Appellant was
required to object again when the State questioned him about it in front of the
jury. Cf. Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1) (providing that objection outside jury‘s presence
preserves error if the trial court ―rules that such evidence be admitted‖). Because
Appellant did not object when questioned in front of the jury about the November
2007 incident, he failed to preserve his complaint for appellate review. We
overrule this portion of Appellant‘s first point.
Appellant also failed to preserve his complaint about the December 5,
2008 incident at Mary‘s apartment. Appellant objected at a hearing outside the
jury‘s presence to any evidence of this incident, and the trial court overruled the
objection. However, Appellant himself admitted evidence of this incident by
playing the portion of his videotaped interview in which he and Detective
Chapman discussed the incident; the State had elected not to play that portion of
the videotaped interview for the jury. See Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 718. We
therefore overrule this portion of Appellant‘s first point.
We also hold that the portion of Appellant‘s first point complaining of the
evidence of his and Mary‘s stormy relationship is inadequately briefed. Although
Appellant cites to the portion of the record containing his objection outside the
jury‘s presence to evidence of his and Mary‘s relationship, he does not cite to any
portion of the record where any such evidence was actually admitted, and we
find none other than the November 2007 and December 5, 2008 incidents
(discussed above) for which Appellant failed to preserve error. See Tex. R. App.
5
P. 38.1(i) (requiring briefs to contain appropriate citations to the record); Akin v.
State, No. 02-08-00062-CR, 2009 WL 806902, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
Mar. 26, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (overruling
appellate points for failure to include citations to authority and to the appellate
record). We overrule this portion of Appellant‘s first point.
As to the two other extraneous offenses or acts, Appellant preserved his
complaints for appellate review because he obtained an adverse ruling outside
the presence of the jury in one instance and objected when the matter was raised
in front of the jury in the other instance. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(1); Geuder,
115 S.W.3d at 13–14; Martinez, 98 S.W.3d at 193; Ethington, 819 S.W.2d at 859.
Thus, we will consider the merits of the remainder of Appellant‘s first point.
B. Applicable Law
We review a trial court‘s decision to admit or to exclude evidence under an
abuse of discretion standard. Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000); Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 613 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert.
denied, 522 U.S. 917 (1997). A trial court does not abuse its discretion as long
as the decision to admit or to exclude the evidence is within the zone of
reasonable disagreement. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh‘g); see Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 101–02
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1200 (1997). ―We give great
discretion to the trial court in matters of admissibility of evidence if correct under
any theory of law, even if the trial court‘s underlying reason was wrong.‖ Wenger
6
v. State, 292 S.W.3d 191, 202–03 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (citing
Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543–45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).
It is improper to try a defendant for being a criminal generally. Alba v.
State, 905 S.W.2d 581, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (citing Nobles v. State, 843
S.W.2d 503, 514 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077 (1996)). In
that regard, rule of evidence 404(b) states, ―Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or
acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action
in conformity therewith.‖ Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). However, for cases like this one
in which assaultive and other offenses against a child younger than seventeen
years old are alleged, code of criminal procedure article 38.37 provides as
follows:
Notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence,
evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts committed by the
defendant against the child who is the victim of the alleged offense
shall be admitted for its bearing on relevant matters, including:
(1) the state of mind of the defendant and the child; and
(2) the previous and subsequent relationship between the
defendant and the child.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.37, §§ 1(2), 2 (West Supp. 2010).
C. Discussion
During a hearing outside the jury‘s presence, Appellant unsuccessfully
objected to evidence that he told Mary by telephone on December 5, 2008
(approximately three weeks after their child was injured) that he would hurt their
child if Mary did not allow him to come to her apartment, and Mary testified to
7
those facts in front of the jury shortly thereafter. The State argues that Mary‘s
testimony was admissible under article 38.37 of the code of criminal procedure.
In Lincicome v. State, the court held that evidence of a prior extraneous
offense against the infant victim was admissible in Lincicome‘s trial for causing
serious bodily injury to that infant. See 3 S.W.3d 644, 645, 649 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo, no pet.). The State solicited evidence that Lincicome attempted to
smother the infant victim with a pillow, and it offered evidence that Lincicome had
previously burned the infant victim with hot water to teach the infant a lesson.
See id. at 646, 649. The appellate court held that the extraneous act evidence
was admissible under article 38.37 because ―it can quite easily be said that the
evidence served the purpose of illustrating both appellant‘s mind-set towards and
interaction with the child; in other words, the evidence bore on the relationship
between appellant and the victim.‖ Id. at 649. In this case, the State alleged and
offered evidence that Appellant had violently shaken his child in November 2008,
causing serious bodily injury. The evidence that Appellant threatened to harm
his child only three weeks later was admissible under article 38.37 to prove both
Appellant‘s mindset (that is, state of mind) toward his child and his relationship
with his child. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.37, § 2; Lincicome, 3
S.W.3d at 649. It matters not that the December 5, 2008 threat occurred after
the November 16, 2008 injury to the child. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.37, § 2 (permitting introduction of evidence of the ―previous and subsequent
relationship between the defendant and the child‖); Pool v. State, 981 S.W.2d
8
467, 469 (Tex. App.—Waco 1998, pet. ref‘d) (overruling point complaining of
post-offense evidence relating to the relationship between the victim and
defendant). We overrule this portion of Appellant‘s first point. 3
Appellant also complains of the State‘s question during his cross-
examination asking him whether he had pulled a knife on his high school
girlfriend when she broke up with him after a three-year relationship. Appellant
answered the question in the negative as his attorney objected to the question
under rule 404(b). This court has held that a negative answer to a question
about extraneous activity presents no evidence of an extraneous offense. See
Martin v. State, 626 S.W.2d 928, 930 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1982, pet. ref‘d).
Thus, although Appellant objected, the trial court did not actually admit evidence
of an extraneous offense since Appellant answered the question in the negative.
See id. We overrule the remainder of Appellant‘s first point.
IV. Motion to Suppress
Appellant contends in his second point that the trial court erred by refusing
to suppress his videotaped interview because it was not voluntarily given.
Specifically, Appellant argues that Detective Chapman coerced or induced him
3
To the extent that Appellant argues on appeal that evidence of the
December 5, 2008 threat against the child should have been excluded under rule
of evidence 403, Appellant failed to preserve that complaint for appellate review
by failing to object on that ground at trial. See Martines v. State, No. 01-10-
00172-CR, 2011 WL 2502839, at *14–15 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June
23, 2011, no pet.) (holding Martines failed to preserve rule 403 challenge to
evidence admissible under article 38.37 by failing to object on rule 403 grounds
at trial).
9
into making incriminating statements, and Appellant references without
separately briefing the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution; Article 1, Section 19 of the Texas constitution; and articles 38.21
and 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. 4
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court‘s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under a
bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
We give almost total deference to a trial court‘s rulings on questions of historical
fact and application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn on an evaluation of
credibility and demeanor, but we review de novo application-of-law-to-fact
questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at
673; Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Johnson v.
State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We must uphold the trial
court‘s ruling if it is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law
applicable to the case even if the trial court gave the wrong reason for its ruling.
State v. Stevens, 235 S.W.3d 736, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Armendariz v.
State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 974
(2004).
4
As mentioned above, Appellant himself played the first portion of the
videotaped interview for the jury. Thus, we confine our analysis of Appellant‘s
second point to the second portion of the videotaped interview.
10
When there are no explicit fact findings and neither party timely requested
findings and conclusions from the trial court, we imply the necessary fact findings
that would support the trial court‘s ruling if the evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the trial court‘s ruling, supports those findings. State v. Garcia-
Cantu, 253 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see Wiede v. State, 214
S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We then review the trial court‘s legal
ruling de novo unless the implied fact findings supported by the record are also
dispositive of the legal ruling. State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 819 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006).
B. Applicable Law
An accused‘s statement is admissible evidence if the accused made it
freely and voluntarily and without compulsion or persuasion. See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.21 (West 2005). When deciding whether a statement
was voluntary, we consider the totality of the circumstances in which the
statement was obtained. Creager v. State, 952 S.W.2d 852, 855 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997); Reed v. State, 59 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001,
pet. ref‘d). A confession is involuntary if circumstances show that the
defendant‘s will was ―overborne‖ by police coercion. Creager, 952 S.W.2d at
856; see Davis v. State, 313 S.W.3d 317, 337 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (―A
statement is obtained in violation of constitutional due process only if the
statement is causally related to coercive government misconduct.‖). The
defendant‘s will may be ―overborne‖ if the record shows that there was ―official,
11
coercive conduct of such a nature‖ that a statement from the defendant was
―unlikely to have been the product of an essentially free and unconstrained
choice by its maker.‖ Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 211 (Tex. Crim. App.
1995); Frank v. State, 183 S.W.3d 63, 75 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet.
ref‘d); see Davis, 313 S.W.3d at 337 (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412
U.S. 218, 225–26, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2047 (1973)).
If a promise made by a person in authority induced a confession, then that
confession is inadmissible. Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 748 (Tex. Crim.
App.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 977 (1995); Alvarez v. State, 649 S.W.2d 613, 620
(Tex. Crim. App. 1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 849 (1983). But before a promise
will render a confession inadmissible, the promise must be shown to have
induced the confession because it was positive for the defendant, made or
sanctioned by someone in authority, and of such an influential nature that the
appellant might speak untruthfully in response. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238,
254 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 837 (1993). In our review, we look
to whether the circumstances of the promise would reasonably induce a
defendant to admit to a crime he did not commit. See Sossamon v. State, 816
S.W.2d 340, 345 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), abrogated on other grounds by Graham
v. State, 994 S.W.2d 651 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
C. Discussion
The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing outside the presence of
the jury concerning Appellant‘s objection to his videotaped interview; Detective
12
Chapman and Appellant testified, and the trial court watched a portion of the
interview during the hearing. The trial court thereafter denied Appellant‘s motion
to suppress.
Appellant identifies four statements by Detective Chapman that he
contends rendered his statement coerced and involuntary: (1) that unless
Appellant admitted intentional or accidental responsibility for the child‘s injuries,
Detective Chapman would have to investigate Mary, and she might give birth to
their second child in jail; (2) that if Appellant would give information that the
incident was an accident, Appellant would not be in any trouble because
accidents happen; (3) that Detective Chapman had spoken with Appellant‘s
probation officer and that she was willing to work with Appellant; and (4) that
Detective Chapman believed Appellant ―lost it for just a minute‖ and that ―if we
can get you some help, there would be a point in time that you can still be with
your child.‖
Detective Chapman denied making the first two statements, and neither
statement appears on the videotaped interview because they were allegedly
made during the five minutes that Appellant and Detective Chapman were in the
hallway outside the interview room. 5 The trial court is the sole judge of the
5
At the end of first portion of the videotaped interview, Appellant became
frustrated with Detective Chapman‘s repeated requests that Appellant take a
polygraph test, and Appellant left the interview room. Appellant and Detective
Chapman then had an unrecorded conversation in the hallway for approximately
five minutes.
13
credibility of the witnesses, and it could have, with support from the record,
believed Detective Chapman and disbelieved Appellant. See Garza v. State, 213
S.W.3d 338, 346 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d at
98). And as to the third and fourth statements by Detective Chapman—that he
and Appellant‘s probation officer would try to help Appellant—the trial court could
have, with support from the record, found that no coercion occurred and that no
specific promises were made. See Davis, 313 S.W.3d at 337 (―Coercive
government misconduct renders a confession involuntary if the defendant‘s ‗will
has been overborne and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired.‘‖)
(quoting Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 225–26, 93 S. Ct. at 2047); Garcia v. State,
919 S.W.2d 370, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (holding detective‘s statements
―that he [would] try to ‗help him out‘ or would ‗talk to the D.A.‘‖ were not specific
promises); Redd v. State, No. 14-08-01089-CR, 2009 WL 4810190, at *5 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 15, 2009, pet. ref‘d) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (―General statements by an officer that he is there to help
defendant and is the only one who can help defendant do not indicate the ‗if-then‘
relationship required to establish a promise.‖) (citing Chambers v. State, 866
S.W.2d 9, 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Dykes v. State, 657 S.W.2d 796, 797 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1983)).
Based on its assessment of the credibility of the witnesses, the trial court
could have found that no promise was made to Appellant that would have likely
led him to falsely implicate himself, that Appellant‘s will was not overborne, and
14
that the totality of the circumstances supported the voluntary nature of his
statement. Indeed, the trial court stated at the conclusion of the hearing, ―From
the tape, the defendant clearly knew he could walk out because he did. The
defendant knew he could walk out because he did walk out.‖ 6 We must give
great deference to the trial court‘s findings, which are supported by the evidence
presented at the hearing. See Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 346. We hold that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Appellant‘s videotaped interview
into evidence, and we overrule Appellant‘s second point.
V. Motions for Mistrial
Appellant argues in his third point that the trial court erred by denying his
motion for mistrial after Detective Chapman gave his unsolicited opinion that
Appellant was evasive and that he minimized his conduct during the videotaped
interview. Appellant contends in his fourth and fifth points that the trial court
erred by denying his two motions for mistrial during the State‘s punishment-
phase closing argument.
A. Applicable Law
When a trial court sustains an objection and instructs the jury to disregard
but denies a defendant‘s motion for a mistrial, the issue is whether the trial court
abused its discretion by denying the mistrial. Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72,
76–77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Only in extreme circumstances, when the
6
The trial court did not make any other express findings.
15
prejudice caused by certain testimony or improper argument is incurable, i.e., ―so
prejudicial that expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and
futile,‖ will a mistrial be required. Id.; Simpson v. State, 119 S.W.3d 262, 272
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied, 542 U.S. 905 (2004); Orr v. State, 306
S.W.3d 380, 403–04 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). In determining
whether a trial court abused its discretion by denying a mistrial, we balance three
factors: (1) the severity of the misconduct (prejudicial effect); (2) curative
measures; and (3) the certainty of conviction or the punishment assessed absent
the misconduct. Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77; Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249,
259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (op. on reh‘g), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1070 (1999).
The trial court is in the best position to balance these factors. Orr, 306 S.W.3d at
404.
B. Detective Chapman’s Unsolicited Opinion
The following exchange occurred after the State played the second portion
of Appellant‘s videotaped interview for the jury:
[Prosecutor:] Detective Chapman, when you‘re doing an
interview like this, of course you‘re trying to get information. Do you
use various investigative techniques or methods to try to elicit that
information in your interviews?
[Detective Chapman:] Yes, ma‘am.
[Prosecutor:] Did you use some techniques in the interview
portion the jury just saw with the defendant?
[Detective Chapman:] I did.
16
[Prosecutor:] What did you do to try to get your information
out?
[Detective Chapman:] Well, usually — and every interview is
going to be different because every victim or suspect or who you‘re
talking to is going to be different. With him, he was being very
evasive. And I believed, especially toward the end part of the
interview, was minimizing what was happening with the victim.
[Appellant‘s Counsel:] Well, Your Honor, we‘re going to object
to that for the reason that is nonresponsive to the question she
asked, what kind of technique he had.
[Trial Court:] Sustained.
[Appellant‘s Counsel:] Ask the Court to instruct the jury not to
consider the statement made by the witness.
[Trial Court:] I will instruct the jury to disregard the last
statement of the witness.
[Appellant‘s Counsel:] Once again, because of the prejudicial
nature of this, ask for a mistrial.
[Trial Court:] I‘ll deny the motion for mistrial.
Appellant does not explain why the trial court‘s prompt instruction for the
jury to disregard Detective Chapman‘s statement was allegedly insufficient. We
note that the jury had just watched Appellant‘s videotaped interview when
Detective Chapman offered his unsolicited opinion and was thus able to
independently determine whether Appellant was minimizing his role and being
evasive. We also note that Detective Chapman later testified without objection
on cross-examination that Appellant tried to minimize his culpability. Because
Appellant does not explain how Detective Chapman‘s statement influenced the
jury to such an extent that the instruction to disregard could not have cured any
17
prejudice and because we presume that the jury followed the trial court‘s
instruction to disregard in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we cannot
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by overruling Appellant‘s motion
for mistrial following Detective Chapman‘s statement. See Ovalle v. State, 13
S.W.3d 774, 783 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Orr, 306 S.W.3d at 405 (stating that
reviewing courts presume the jury followed the trial court‘s instruction to
disregard ―[i]n the absence of evidence that it did not‖). We overrule Appellant‘s
third point.
C. Punishment Phase Closing Arguments
Appellant contends in his fourth and fifth points that the trial court erred by
denying his motions for mistrial after the State made two alleged improper
arguments during the punishment phase of trial. To be permissible, the State‘s
jury argument must fall within one of the following four general
areas: (1) summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable deduction from the
evidence; (3) answer to argument of opposing counsel; or (4) plea for law
enforcement. Felder v. State, 848 S.W.2d 85, 94–95 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992),
cert. denied, 510 U.S. 829 (1993); Alejandro v. State, 493 S.W.2d 230, 231 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1973).
Appellant first complains of the prosecutor‘s reference to a music video for
a song by Justin Timberlake. During the guilt-innocence phase, the State cross-
examined Appellant about the contents of his MySpace page as follows:
18
Q. [Prosecutor:] So your testimony is that you loved Mary so
much that you‘re willing to come in and tell this detective [on January
21, 2009] that you did this, but a week before, two weeks before,
your MySpace page says, What goes around comes around. And
let‘s talk about that. That‘s in reference to a Justin Timberlake video
where a boyfriend runs a girlfriend off the road and kills her, isn‘t it?
A. [Appellant:] I wasn‘t – I wasn‘t aware of that.
The trial court also admitted a January 5, 2009 copy of Appellant‘s MySpace
page, which included the following statements: ―WHAT GOES AROUND
COMES BACK AROUND!!! ‗F[%&!] YOU MARY!!!!!!!!!‘‖ The MySpace page also
included a hyperlink, which appears to link to the video of the Justin Timberlake
song. Appellant denied posting the comments about Mary on his MySpace page.
The following exchange occurred during the State‘s punishment-phase
closing argument:
[Prosecutor:] What goes around comes around. Oh, yeah,
that was the video where the guy kills the girl in the end. Yeah,
heard about that, too.
[Appellant‘s Counsel:] We object, Your Honor, that‘s outside
the record, the comment that was just made.
[Trial Court:] Sustained.
[Appellant‘s Counsel:] We would ask the jury be instructed not
to consider that comment by the prosecutor for any reason in their
deliberations.
[Trial Court:] Jury will disregard the last comment.
[Appellant‘s Counsel:] And because of the comment, we
would ask the Judge to declare a mistrial.
[Trial Court:] You‘re overruled.
19
[Prosecutor:] Ladies and gentlemen, you know what the
testimony has been in this trial. And I‘m in no way trying to
substitute my recollection of it for yours. You know what it was and
you know what this man has done and what he‘s capable of doing.
In his fifth point, Appellant complains of the State‘s hypothetical argument
during its rebuttal. During his punishment-phase closing argument, Appellant‘s
counsel stated:
[W]ell, you hear all these bad things from these people that have
personal relationships with [Appellant]. But the people who know
him best, his family, all come in – including Mary, including her
mother – and say that [Appellant] when he came to taking care of
children, always shows loving care and kindness. His sister says it.
She‘s let him keep her child. His mother, his stepfather talk about,
you know, how nice he was to children, babies and all that kind of
stuff.
The following exchange occurred during the State‘s rebuttal argument:
[Prosecutor:] And defense counsel‘s argument that, you
know, everyone says he was a really nice guy. So he‘s good with
kids, so it‘s not a big deal, let‘s just move on down the road. You
know what? If I were in a relationship and I was great to that person
for 20 years, but on the 20th anniversary I stabbed him, I don‘t think
it matters how many birthday cards I sent him.
[Trial Court:] Two minutes.
[Prosecutor:] At some point you are responsible for your
actions. At some point –
[Defense Counsel:] Object, Your Honor.
[Prosecutor:] He has to be held accountable.
[Defense Counsel:] We‘re going to object she‘s arguing out of
the record that anybody got stabbed by the defendant.
[Trial Court:] Sustained.
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[Prosecutor:] At some point –
[Defense Counsel:] Did you sustain my objection?
[Trial Court:] I did.
[Defense Counsel:] May I have an instruction, please, for the
jury not to consider that argument.
[Trial Court:] The jury will not consider it.
[Defense Counsel:] We will ask for a mistrial.
[Trial Court:] Overruled.
An instruction by a trial court to disregard an improper argument will
usually cure the error. Phillips v. State, 130 S.W.3d 343, 347 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2004), aff’d, 193 S.W.3d 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing
Campos v. State, 589 S.W.2d 424, 428 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)). When the trial
court instructs a jury to disregard, we presume the jury follows the trial court‘s
instructions. Id. at 347–48 (citing Waldo v. State, 746 S.W.2d 750, 752–53 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1988)). However, if the error is extremely prejudicial and cannot be
withdrawn from the jurors‘ minds, the trial court should declare a mistrial. Lusk v.
State, 82 S.W.3d 57, 60 (Tex. App.––Amarillo 2002, pet. ref‘d). Accordingly, a
mistrial is appropriate only when the event is so emotionally inflammatory that
curative instructions are not likely to prevent the jury from being unfairly
prejudiced against the defendant. Id.
Other than stating that the State‘s arguments did not fall within the four
generally accepted categories for closing argument, Appellant does not attempt
21
to explain why the trial court‘s instructions not to consider the State‘s arguments
were insufficient. The entirety of Appellant‘s argument about the alleged
inadequacy of the trial court‘s instructions to disregard states: ―Appellant also
contends that the complained of arguments were so improper that they could not
be rendered ineffective by the instructions to disregard. See Martinez v. State,
17 S.W.3d 677, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).‖7
Although the State argues that the first argument involved a reasonable
deduction from the evidence and that the second comment was both a response
to Appellant‘s request for leniency and a plea for law enforcement, we will
assume without deciding that both comments were improper. Based on that
assumption, neither comment was so inflammatory, however, as to be incurable,
and the record does not reflect a flagrant disregard for the permissible bounds of
argument. The comments constituted only two isolated portions of the
prosecutor‘s closing argument, were not repeated, and were each followed by a
prompt instruction to disregard. We presume that the jury followed the trial
court‘s instructions to disregard, and we note that Appellant points to nothing in
the record indicating that the jury did not follow the instructions. See Wesbrook
v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 116 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 944
(2001). And although the jury assessed Appellant‘s punishment at the maximum
7
The court of criminal appeals held in Martinez that the prosecutor‘s
reference to facts outside the record of that case were ―not so extreme as to
render ineffective an instruction to disregard.‖ Id.
22
of twenty years, the jury heard evidence that extreme force was necessary to
inflict injury of the type that the child suffered; that the child still suffers from the
injury and will likely continue to suffer in the future; that Appellant had stalked his
high school girlfriend; that Appellant had cut his wrists on at least three occasions
because of problems in his relationships with his high school girlfriend and Mary;
and that Appellant has prior convictions for theft, criminal trespass, burglary of a
habitation, obtaining a controlled substance by fraud, and driving while
intoxicated. Also, the present offense was committed shortly after Appellant was
released from a drug treatment program. See Olive v. State, Nos. 05-09-00419-
CR, 05-09-420-CR, 2010 WL 1665276, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 27, 2010,
pet. ref‘d, untimely filed) (mem. op., not designated for publication).8 Considering
the evidence and the nature of the offense, we cannot conclude that the
prosecutor‘s remarks contributed to the punishment assessed. See Hawkins,
135 S.W.3d at 85 (concluding lengthy sentence more likely attributable to
numerous prior convictions over extended period of time and fact that some
offenses were committed before punishment on others had expired); Olive, 2010
WL 1665276, at *3. Under the facts of this case, we conclude that the trial court
8
In Olive, the court affirmed the trial court‘s denial of Olive‘s motion for
mistrial, which was made after the State referred to information outside the
record during punishment-phase closing arguments. Id. The court noted that
although the jury assessed the maximum sentence, the jury heard evidence that
Olive ―was a drug addict; had prior convictions for burglary of a habitation,
unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, and possession with intent to deliver
cocaine; and his drug use was the cause of his problems.‖ Id. at *1, *3.
23
did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant‘s punishment-phase motions for
mistrial. We overrule Appellant‘s fourth and fifth points.
VI. Conclusion
Having overruled each of Appellant‘s five points, we affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
ANNE GARDNER
JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GARDNER and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: October 6, 2011
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John William McNatt v. State
Combined Opinion