COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00417-CV
JOHN E. BOATMAN APPELLANT
V.
BRADLEY M. GRIFFIN, INC. D/B/A APPELLEE
HOME THEATER DESIGN GROUP
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FROM THE 362ND DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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Appellant John E. Boatman appeals the trial court‘s postanswer default
judgment in favor of appellee Bradley M. Griffin, Inc. d/b/a Home Theater Design
Group. Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to
grant a new trial because he met each of the elements for setting aside a default
judgment under Craddock v. Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., 134 Tex. 388, 393, 133
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
S.W.2d 124, 126 (1939). We disagree, and we therefore affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
Background Facts
In April 2009, appellee sued appellant for ―amounts due and owing
pursuant to a contract.‖ Appellee alleged in his sworn petition that appellant had
contracted for the purchase and installation of various items of home electronic
equipment but that appellant had refused to pay an invoice related to the goods
and services.2 Appellee brought claims for breach of contract, suit on a sworn
account, and quantum meruit, and appellee requested damages for the amount
owed ($12,691.35), interest, attorney‘s fees, and costs.
After appellant did not initially answer appellee‘s suit, appellee sought a
no-answer default judgment. But on June 4, 2009, appellant filed an answer.
The answer contained a general denial, asserted that appellee ―never completed
the home theater system, which . . . [did] not work,‖ and alleged that appellant
had been ―forced to seek cover to enable even partial use of the system
promised by [appellee].‖ Appellant therefore requested an offset of the amount
that he paid other contractors, and he asserted a breach of contract
counterclaim. Appellant‘s answer was not sworn. Because of appellant‘s answer
2
The petition was verified by Sheri Griffin, the president of Home Theater
Design Group. Sheri affirmed that appellee had ―provided the goods and
services to [appellant] under the explicit agreement and business dealings
between the parties that [appellant] would timely pay to [appellee] the value of
the goods and services.‖ Appellee attached copies of the original invoice (which
itemized the goods and services) and the most recent invoice to the petition.
2
and in conjunction with the parties‘ agreement, the trial court set aside the no-
answer default judgment that it had signed on June 5 and set the case for a jury
trial on September 14, 2009.
The case did not proceed to trial in September. Instead, in November
2009, appellee‘s attorney sent a letter to appellant‘s attorney stating that the trial
had been reset for February 8, 2010, with a docket call occurring on January 29,
2010. According to an affidavit filed by appellee‘s counsel, during the docket call,
because of appellant‘s various medical problems, the parties jointly requested a
special trial setting in August 2010, and appellant‘s counsel told the trial court
that appellant would not request any other continuances.3 In February 2010,
appellee‘s attorney wrote a letter to appellant‘s counsel stating,
Per our agreement reached as of last week and as announced to the
Court . . . in light of [appellant‘s] medical issues, this letter confirms
that the jury trial in this case now is Specially Set at 9:00 a.m. on
Monday August 16, 2010, and Docket Call is at 10:30 a.m. on
August 6, 2010 . . . .
Please let me know if you have any questions or problems.
Thank you.
About two weeks before trial, appellant wrote a letter that was received by
the trial court on August 3, 2010. The letter stated in part,
I am writing to inform the court that I am unable to locate my attorney
that is representing me in this case. I have called their office and
their phone number has been [disconnected], in addition, I have
3
Appellant‘s original trial counsel called appellee‘s counsel on January 25,
2010 to state that appellant needed spinal surgery that would interfere with his
ability to participate in the February 8 trial.
3
stopped by their offices and they are no longer there, I have called
information to see if they have a new address . . . and they are not
listed with any new address. I hired a private detective to find them,
which he has been unable to do so. I am in the process of trying to
hire a new attorney but am unable to [due] to some corrective spinal
surgeries I have had in July. I have included the documents to
prove I have [had] surgery since the last ones that caused this
motion/case to be postponed.
The surgery I had in late July . . . is the 6th spinal surgery I
have had since January 2010. I understand this case was
postponed due to a surgery I had before, however this surgery was
not planned for and had to happen before paralysis and permanent
spinal damage occurred. . . . This isn‘t a minor surgery and does
require a lot of recovery time. I . . . am not allowed to drive, sit or
stand for any period of time and also am [on] heavy medications to
prevent pain and also infection. Due to the fact that I am unable to
be in court myself, I am unable to locate the attorney I paid for to
represent me, and that I am not in the health to interview and hire
new legal counsel, I am requesting an immediate postponement of
the scheduled court date . . . . I am requesting a postponement of
this case until a December or January hearing date. This will allow
me to recover and bring a new attorney up to speed on the case
since my attorney can‘t be found. Thank you for your consideration
in this case and please approve this request for the listed causes.
I look forward to hearing from the court.[4]
Appellant and his counsel did not attend the August 6, 2010 docket call.
Appellee‘s attorney and the trial court were each unsuccessful in attempting to
contact appellant‘s counsel, so appellee‘s attorney sent a letter personally to
appellant to remind him of the August 16 trial setting. According to appellant,
however, he has never lived at the address where appellee‘s counsel sent the
letter; his relatives live there and only sometimes forward his mail sent there.
4
The trial court‘s judgment states that to the extent this letter was intended
to be a motion for continuance, the motion was denied.
4
Neither appellant nor his attorney appeared on August 16, but appellee
appeared with counsel. After hearing brief testimony from Sheri about Home
Theater Design Group‘s business relationship with appellant, the trial court
signed a postanswer default judgment. The judgment dismissed appellant‘s
counterclaim and awarded appellee $12,691.35 for the ―sworn just and true
amount due and owing,‖ more than $5,000 in prejudgment interest, $20,000 for
attorney‘s fees (plus additional amounts if appellant appealed the judgment), and
postjudgment interest.
On August 23, appellant called appellee‘s counsel but did not talk to her or
leave a message. After retaining new counsel, he then timely filed a motion for
new trial that asked the trial court to set aside the default judgment under
Craddock. His motion and affidavit alleged that he had completed six major
spinal surgeries in the preceding thirty months. Appellant alleged that in July
2010 (a month before the scheduled trial date), he learned that he would need
another procedure that would leave him ―bedridden for a couple of weeks and on
severe movement restrictions for 3–6 months.‖5 His affidavit confirms that he
attempted to contact his counsel about this information but was never able to
5
This procedure, a spinal surgery, actually occurred on July 14. Appellant
attached a letter from a doctor; the letter confirmed that appellant had an anterior
cervical diskectomy on that day and that the doctor recommended that appellant
not participate in ―civil litigation . . . for approximately 3–6 months to allow for
healing time and increased sitting tolerance.‖ Appellant later submitted another
letter that confirmed the July 14 surgery and advised that appellant not
participate in activities that require prolonged sitting.
5
reach them because their phone number was not working, his e-mails to them
were not returned, a private investigator who he hired could not find them, and
although his wife went to their office, she discovered that they were no longer
occupying the space. According to appellant, because he could not contact his
counsel (who he had paid a flat fee for representation through the entire case
and who he last spoke with six months before the trial date), he called the trial
court on the telephone and was advised to write the August 3 letter. After he had
surgery on July 14, he did not attend trial because he believed that his letter
would excuse his absence.
Appellee opposed appellant‘s motion for new trial. After hearing the
parties‘ arguments on the motion in a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial court
denied it.6 Appellant brought this appeal.
The Trial Court’s Denial of Appellant’s Motion for New Trial
In his only issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by refusing to grant his motion for new trial and to set aside the
postanswer default judgment. ―The law prefers that cases be disposed on their
merits wherever possible, rather than by default.‖ Gen. Elec. Capital Auto Fin.
Leasing Servs., Inc. v. Stanfield, 71 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2001,
pet. denied); see Hock v. Salaices, 982 S.W.2d 591, 593 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1998, no pet.) (―It is a basic tenet of jurisprudence that the law abhors a
6
Appellant appeared by counsel at the motion for new trial hearing.
6
default. . . . Equity is rarely served by a default.‖) (citations omitted). As we have
explained,
A default judgment should be set aside and a new trial granted
when the defaulting party establishes that (1) the failure to appear
was not intentional or the result of conscious indifference, but was
the result of an accident or mistake, (2) the motion for new trial sets
up a meritorious defense, and (3) granting the motion will occasion
no delay or otherwise injure the plaintiff. Dolgencorp of Tex., Inc. v.
Lerma, 288 S.W.3d 922, 925 (Tex. 2009); Craddock v. Sunshine
Bus Lines, Inc., 134 Tex. 388, 133 S.W.2d 124, 126 (1939).
We review a trial court‘s refusal to grant a motion for new trial for
abuse of discretion. Dolgencorp, 288 S.W.3d at 926; Cliff v.
Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 778 (Tex. 1987). When a defaulting party
moving for new trial meets all three elements of the Craddock test,
then a trial court abuses its discretion if it fails to grant a new trial.
Dolgencorp, 288 S.W.3d at 926; Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Scott, 873
S.W.2d 381, 382 (Tex. 1994).[7]
Hampton-Vaughan Funeral Home v. Briscoe, 327 S.W.3d 743, 746–47 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); see Imkie v. Methodist Hosp., 326 S.W.3d 339,
345 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (op. on reh‘g) (recognizing
that Craddock was based on ―equitable principles‖). To determine whether a trial
court abused its discretion, we must decide whether the trial court acted without
reference to any guiding rules or principles; in other words, whether the act was
arbitrary or unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d
238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1159 (1986); see Cont’l Cas.
Co. v. Davilla, 139 S.W.3d 374, 378 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied).
7
The Craddock test applies to no-answer and postanswer default
judgments. See Dolgencorp, 288 S.W.3d at 926; Ivy v. Carrell, 407 S.W.2d 212,
213 (Tex. 1966).
7
Merely because a trial court may decide a matter within its discretion in a
different manner than an appellate court would in a similar circumstance does not
demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Downer, 701 S.W.2d at
242; Davilla, 139 S.W.3d at 378. When a party‘s proof in support of a motion for
new trial under Craddock is not controverted, the trial court may not disregard it.
Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Co. v. Drewery Constr. Co., 186 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex.
2006) (citing Dir., State Employees Workers’ Comp. Div. v. Evans, 889 S.W.2d
266, 269 (Tex. 1994)); see Strackbein v. Prewitt, 671 S.W.2d 37, 38–39 (Tex.
1984) (stating that it is ―sufficient that the movant‘s motion and affidavits set forth
facts which, if true, would negate . . . consciously indifferent conduct‖).
―Intentional or conscious indifference for purposes of Craddock means
‗that the defendant knew it was sued but did not care.‘‖ Briscoe, 327 S.W.3d at
747–48 (quoting Fidelity, 186 S.W.3d at 576). A defendant‘s mere negligence
does not show conscious indifference. Id. at 748; see Levine v. Shackelford,
Melton & McKinley, L.L.P., 248 S.W.3d 166, 169 (Tex. 2008) (―[T]he complete
definition of conscious indifference amounts to more than mere negligence.‖).
A defendant must offer some excuse for the failure to appear at trial, which need
not necessarily be a good excuse. See Briscoe, 327 S.W.3d at 748; Sharpe v.
Kilcoyne, 962 S.W.2d 697, 701 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, no pet.) (―Even a
slight excuse may justify a new trial.‖). In other words, a ―failure to appear is not
intentional or due to conscious indifference . . . merely because it is deliberate; it
must also be without adequate justification. Proof of such justification—accident,
8
mistake or other reasonable explanation—negates the intent or conscious
indifference for which reinstatement can be denied.‖ Smith v. Babcock & Wilcox
Constr. Co., 913 S.W.2d 467, 468 (Tex. 1995) (holding that a failure to appear at
trial was not consciously indifferent when the party‘s attorney requested a
continuance and mistakenly understood that a continuance would be granted).
The party seeking a new trial has the burden to prove the lack of intent or
conscious indifference. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Ybarra, 751 S.W.2d 615,
617–18 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1988, no writ).
The facts show that appellant followed instructions to write a letter
requesting a continuance and that he assumed that the letter would excuse his
absence at trial.8 Appellant‘s undisputed surgery about a month before his
August 2010 trial and his verbal and written contact with the court about his
medical condition could show, under different circumstances, that appellant had
at least ―some excuse‖ for not appearing at trial. See Briscoe, 327 S.W.3d at
748.
In denying appellant‘s motion for new trial, however, the trial judge
observed, ―[Appellant] said that he couldn‘t make it [to trial], but the fact that he
moved and still works makes me think that he could be involved in litigation.‖
In other words, the trial court found that appellant‘s excuse for failing to attend
8
Appellant‘s affidavit states, ―I . . . called the court and was advised to write
a letter to the Court (but not to the Judge) and explain my situation.‖ It is unclear
who appellant actually spoke with when he ―called the court.‖
9
trial was not credible, even if it otherwise might have been good. Indeed,
although appellant‘s letter to the court, which the trial court received on August 3,
2010, stated that he ―require[d] a lot of recovery time,‖ that he was not ―allowed
to drive, sit or stand for any period of time,‖ and that he therefore could not attend
the August 16, 2010 trial,9 his September 15, 2010 affidavit revealed that
appellant had ―recently moved to Pennsylvania in connection with [his] job.‖10
The trial court could have reasonably found that this revelation was inconsistent
with the remainder of appellant‘s affidavit, which indicated that his July 2010
surgery required ―severe movement restrictions for 3–6 months‖ and that he
would be ready for trial only ―within the next few months.‖ While appellant
submitted an August 30, 2010 doctor‘s letter stating that appellant could not sit
for prolonged periods, the trial court could have reasonably inferred that
appellant nonetheless did so, at least to the same extent that he would have at
trial, by moving out of state, presumably to work at the job he was moving there
for.
We have held that ―unbelievable and internally inconsistent excuses‖
cannot meet an appellant‘s burden of proof to show the lack of conscious
indifference. Folsom Invs., Inc. v. Troutz, 632 S.W.2d 872, 875 (Tex. App.—Fort
9
This case, involving one plaintiff, one defendant, and relatively simple
claims, was not likely to take long to litigate at trial.
10
As appellee contends, how appellant relocated from Texas to
Pennsylvania without driving, sitting, or standing ―remains a mystery.‖
10
Worth 1982, writ ref‘d n.r.e.) (citing Munson v. State, 576 S.W.2d 440, 442 (Tex.
Civ. App.—Austin 1978, writ ref‘d n.r.e.)). In other words, while the cases cited
above state that a trial court may not disregard uncontroverted evidence from a
Craddock movant, the trial court may certainly compare that evidence to other
evidence submitted by the movant. See id. In this case, we conclude that it was
not arbitrary or unreasonable for the trial court to conclude that appellant‘s
excuse for not personally attending the trial—his medical condition—was
internally inconsistent with the part of his affidavit indicating that he had moved
out of state because of his job at about the same time as the trial. See Munson,
576 S.W.2d at 442 (―[T]he trial judge is not required to grant a new trial merely
upon the advancement of an excuse, no matter how unbelievable.‖); see also
Titan Indem. Co. v. Old S. Ins. Group, Inc., 221 S.W.3d 703, 711 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2006, no pet.) (―[T]he trial court is to determine credibility and . . . we
cannot substitute our opinion for the trial court‘s when there is evidentiary support
for the trial court‘s conclusion.‖); Martinez v. Martinez, 157 S.W.3d 467, 470 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (stating that in a Craddock review, the
trial court is the ―sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be
given to their testimony‖).
We note that we are not reviewing the justness of a denial of a motion for
continuance based on the apparent absconding of appellant‘s trial counsel and
appellant‘s requesting more time to retain new counsel. Rather, as appellant
recognizes in his reply brief, we are reviewing the propriety of a default judgment
11
and the denial of a motion for new trial that both relate to appellant‘s failure to
personally appear for trial. Although the facts related to appellant‘s original trial
counsel are undisputed, they do not directly relate to appellant‘s absence at the
trial on August 16, 2010.11 Further, the trial court could have rationally
determined that if appellant recovered from his surgery enough to hire a private
investigator and move to Pennsylvania for his job, he could have obtained new
counsel to appear at the trial, even if he could not appear personally.12
Because the trial court could have reasonably determined that appellant‘s
reasons for not attending the trial that were stated in his letter and his affidavit
were not credible or were fabricated, we hold that the trial court could also have
reasonably found that the failure to appear (or failure to hire new counsel to
appear) was intentional or consciously indifferent, rather than negligent or
mistaken, even if appellant actually believed that the letter would excuse his
absence. See Briscoe, 327 S.W.3d at 746–47.
11
In his affidavit, appellant stated that he ―expected that because [he] had
paid [his original trial counsel] a flat fee to handle the case through trial, then if
necessary, [counsel] would appear in court on [appellant‘s] behalf to handle any
rescheduling.‖ This alleged expectation, however, is inconsistent with appellant‘s
previous letter, which stated that before the trial date arrived, he was in the
―process of trying to hire a new attorney.‖ At the end of the hearing on
appellant‘s motion for new trial, the trial judge stated, ―[Appellant] says that he
thought his other attorney was going to show up; but he says he couldn‘t find . . .
their office . . . . That doesn‘t seem . . . to be the truth, that he thought the
attorney was going to show up.‖
12
As appellee notes, appellant was able to obtain new counsel soon after
receiving the trial court‘s judgment, when he was still recovering from his surgery.
12
Because we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding
that appellant was consciously indifferent toward appearing at trial, we need not
address the other two Craddock elements. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Davilla,
139 S.W.3d at 382. We overrule appellant‘s sole issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant‘s issue, we affirm the trial court‘s judgment.
TERRIE LIVINGSTON
CHIEF JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MEIER and GABRIEL, JJ.
DELIVERED: July 21, 2011
13
John E. Boatman v. Bradley M. Griffin, Inc. D/B/A Home Theater Design Group
Combined Opinion