NUMBER 13-08-00551-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
DENNIS WAYNE LIMON, JR., Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 36th District Court of
of San Patricio County, Texas.
OPINION
Before Justices Yañez, Benavides, and Vela
Opinion by Justice Benavides
Appellant, Dennis Wayne Limon, Jr., was convicted of deadly conduct with a
firearm, a third-degree felony, and sentenced to three years’ imprisonment in the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice—Institutional Division. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 22.05
(Vernon 2003); id. at § 12.34 (Vernon Supp. 2009). By a single issue, Limon argues that
the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress illegally-obtained evidence. We
reverse and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
Limon was indicted for the offense of deadly conduct with a firearm on August 14,
2007. On October 10, 2007, Limon filed a “Motion to Determine the Admissibility of
Illegally Obtained Evidence and Statements.” The trial court held a hearing on the motion
on October 23, 2008.
Officer Gus Perez testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress that on June
28, 2007, he received a call at about 10:00 p.m. informing him that there was a shooting
in Aransas Pass at the 1400 block of W. Matlock. On his way to that location, Officer
Perez was advised that another shooting had occurred. He proceeded to the location of
the second shooting, at 244 N. 11th Street.
At the scene of the second shooting, Officer Perez recovered three “shotgun
waddings,” which he described as projectiles from a shotgun. He spoke to a witness
named “Lupe Ortiz” or “Guadalupe Ortiz,” who advised that he had seen a green four-door
car leaving the area. Ortiz could not provide a make, model, or license plate for the car.
The rest of the witnesses at the residence were reluctant to cooperate.
Officer Perez then proceeded to the location of the first shooting. When he arrived,
he was approached by a “person that live[d] in the vicinity who advised [him] that that
person believed that the Limon kids were involved.” Officer Perez admitted that he did not
know the name of his informant, but he believed the person was a neighbor or resident that
lived in the area.
Officer Perez testified that he knew of only one Limon family in Aransas Pass, and
he knew where they lived. He went to the Limon residence, arriving at approximately 2:00
a.m., where he observed a green Buick four-door car. He felt the hood, which he stated
was warm, and observed what appeared to be a bullet hole in the front passenger door.
Officer Perez testified on cross-examination that the bullet hole indicated to him that the
car had been shot at. Officer Perez then called for backup, and three other officers arrived
within minutes.
Officer Perez testified that he did not have a search warrant or an arrest warrant,
2
and it would have taken him about an hour and a half to two hours to get a warrant. Officer
Perez went to the front door and knocked. The door was answered by A.S. Officer Perez
testified that he knew that Limon’s father (hereinafter “Limon, Sr.”), an adult, lived in the
residence. On direct examination during the pretrial hearing, Officer Perez testified about
A.S.’s identity and their encounter:
[State]: Do you know who [A.S.] is?
[Perez]: At the time I did not, but I later learned that [he] was a nephew
of Mr. Limon and a cousin of the Defendant.
[State]: Okay. How old is [A.S.]? Do you know?
[Perez]: I’m not aware, sir.
[State]: Is he an adult?
[Perez]: I do not believe so.
[State]: What did you tell [A.S.], if anything?
[Perez]: I advised [A.S.] that I was investigating a shooting case and
asked for permission to enter the residence.
[State]: And did he let you come in?
[Perez]: Yes, sir, he did.
[State]: Did any other officers come in with you?
[Perez]: Yes, sir, Officer Hernandez.
On cross-examination, Officer Perez further testified about the entry into the home:
[Defense]: And as you stood on the front porch how long a conversation
did you have with this young man who is a juvenile [A.S.]?
[Perez]: It was a fairly short conversation. I advised him who I was,
what department I was with[,] and why I was there.
[Defense]: And did you ask him if he owned or had possession of that
residence?
[Perez]: I assumed that because he opened the door that he was one
3
of the residents.
[Defense]: Okay. And did you ask him if there was someone there who
was the owner or had greater right of possession to that
residence?
[Perez]: No, sir, I did not.
[Defense]: And at the time that he approached[,] you indicated that you
felt or you knew that he was not an adult; is that correct?
[Perez]: No. I indicated that I found out he wasn’t an adult, but he’s not
a young kid. I believe he is maybe 14, 13, somewhere in that
area.
[Defense]: So at the time you weren’t sure?
[Perez]: That’s correct.
[Defense]: Did you ask him for any identification?
[Perez]: No, sir, I did not.
[Defense]: Did you ask him how old he was?
[Perez]: No, sir, I did not.
[Defense]: Did you ask him what grade he had gone to school?
[Perez]: No, sir, I did not.
Officer Perez testified that while he was outside the home, he did not see any
crimes visibly being committed inside or outside the home. He stated that when he arrived
at the front door, he had a “reasonable suspicion that there was a suspect inside. . . . It
was likely—I didn’t know. It was approaching probable cause but more than a reasonable
suspicion.”
Once inside the home, Officer Perez smelled marijuana. He stated that he and
Officer Hernandez went to the bedroom in the southwest corner of the residence, where
they observed Limon and two other males lying in bed, apparently sleeping with the lights
4
on. The officers had their guns drawn, and they told Limon and the two males to get up.
Limon was handcuffed and moved into the common area of the home.
Officer Perez stated that another officer, Officer Rhodes, was outside the residence
looking through a window into the southwest bedroom, and he informed Officer Perez that
he saw weapons in the room. Officer Perez stated that “[t]here was [sic] two handguns
towards the front where their heads were to the west side of the bed at which point we
went ahead and detained everybody in the residence, secured them all so we could secure
those weapons and see if there was [sic] any other weapons.” Officer Perez stated that
one of the handguns was a .22 caliber handgun and the other was a .380 caliber handgun.
Officer Perez testified that one of the officers went into the southeast bedroom,
which belonged to Limon’s parents, who were sleeping. Limon, Sr. was not dressed, and
Mrs. Limon had a nightgown on. Both were handcuffed. Mrs. Limon was taken to a
common area in the home, and Limon, Sr. was told to lie face down on the floor, despite
being completely naked. Officer Perez testified that the officers “went ahead and got him
some clothes, removed the hand restraints, and that’s when we asked for consent.”
Officer Perez stated that he asked for a written consent to search from Limon, Sr.,
who stated that he wanted to speak to his wife because he could not see. Mrs. Limon then
gave written consent to search the home.
After obtaining consent, Officer Perez photographed the residence, and he testified
that ammunition for a .22 caliber gun and a 12-gauge shotgun were found in the southwest
bedroom, along with drug paraphernalia. He stated that, outside the residence in the
vicinity of the southwest bedroom, the officers located a “Remington semiautomatic
shotgun 12 gauge.” Officer Perez agreed that the shotgun was “near the window of the
southwest bedroom” in an area enclosed by a privacy fence belonging to the Limon
5
residence.
After searching the residence and finding the guns, Officer Perez obtained consent
to search the vehicle from Limon, who stated that his parents bought the vehicle for him
to drive. In the vehicle, Officer Perez found a metal jacket from an unknown caliber
weapon.
Officer Perez testified that at that time, he “felt that there was probable cause for the
arrest,” and he arrested Limon. Limon was transported to the police station and booked,
which took approximately one hour. Limon was in the jail for about thirty minutes before
he was given his Miranda warnings; following the warnings, at 5:01 a.m., he provided a
statement.
The trial court denied Limon’s motion to suppress without stating the grounds or
issuing findings of fact and conclusions of law. At trial, when the State attempted to admit
Limon’s videotaped statement, the following exchange occurred:
[Defense]: Excuse me, Ms. Cable. Judge, at this time I would reassert the
motions filed prior to trial, and I object to any testimony
regarding those matters.
The Court: Would y’all come up for a second?
(Bench conference)
[State]: There was a motion to suppress the statement, and it was
denied by Judge Whatley.
The Court: I’m showing an [sic] October of 2007 Judge Whatley heard that
motion.
[Defense]: Right. And so I’m reasserting it for the purposes of getting a
Court’s ruling into the record on this matter.
The Court: Fine. I just want to be sure that we’re all on the same page.
[Defense]: That is when we had it, October.
6
[State]: I don’t remember the date.
[Defense]: Yeah.
[State]: I rely on the docket sheet.
[Defense]: And then—well, go ahead.
The Court: The Court will adopt the prior rulings of Judge Whatley in this
matter. Your objection is overruled.
The evidence obtained from the search of the residence, the search of the car, and
Limon’s statement were admitted at trial, and Limon was convicted of deadly conduct by
use of a firearm. See id. at § 22.05(b)(2), (e).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
An accused seeking suppression of evidence based on an alleged unlawful search
and seizure bears the burden of rebutting the presumption that the police conduct was
proper. Russell v. State, 717 S.W.2d 7, 9 (Tex. Crim. App.1986); Harris v. State, 994
S.W.2d 927, 930 (Tex. App.–Waco 1999, pet. ref’d). To rebut the presumption, the
accused must show that the search or seizure occurred without a warrant. Johnson v.
State, 864 S.W.2d 708, 714 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1993), aff’d, 912 S.W.2d 227 (Tex. Crim.
App.1995); Harris, 994 S.W.2d at 930. The burden of proof then shifts to the State to
either produce a warrant or prove that the warrantless search or seizure was reasonable.
Russell, 717 S.W.2d at 10; Harris, 994 S.W.2d at 930. Limon argued in his motion to
suppress that the search of the home was made without a warrant in violation of the Fourth
and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article I, section 9 of the
Texas Constitution, and articles 1.04, 1.06, and 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure. U.S. CONST . amend. IV, XIV; TEX . CONST . art. I, § 9; TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC .
7
ANN . arts. 1.04, 1.06, 38.23 (Vernon 2005).1 Thus, the burden shifted to the State to prove
an exception to the warrant requirement.
“Voluntary consent to search is a well-established exception to the warrant and
probable cause requirements of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.”
Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 105 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). While under the federal
constitution, the State must prove consent by a preponderance of the evidence, our State
constitution requires the state to prove voluntary consent by clear and convincing evidence.
Id. (citing TEX . CONST . art. I, § 9).2
“[W]hen reviewing a trial court's decision to deny a motion to suppress, an appellate
court ‘should afford almost total deference to a trial court's determination of the historical
facts that the record supports especially when the trial court's fact findings are based on
an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.’” Id. (quoting Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85,
89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). We afford the same deference to rulings applying law to fact
questions, otherwise known as mixed questions of law and fact, “‘if the resolution of those
ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.’” Id. (quoting
Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 89). “Finally, an appellate court may conduct a de novo review
where the resolution of mixed questions of law and fact does not turn on an evaluation of
credibility and demeanor.” Id. Where a trial court does not enter any findings of fact, we
must view the evidence “‘in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling’” and “‘assume
that the trial court made implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those
1
Lim on did not argue below, and does not argue to this Court, that the standards for adm itting
evidence under any of these provisions is different from the federal constitutional analysis.
2
In the trial court, the State relied upon only one exception to the warrant requirem ent: consent to
search. Because the State was required to justify the warrantless search, we lim it our discussion to this
ground.
8
findings are supported by the record.’” Id. (quoting State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). “[W]hether a third party had actual authority to consent to a
search of another's property and whether an officer was reasonable in finding that a third
party had apparent authority to consent are mixed questions of law and fact which
reviewing courts should examine de novo.” Hubert v. State, No. PD-0493-09, 2010 WL
2077166, at *3 (Tex. Crim. App. May 26, 2010).
III. A.S.’S CONSENT TO ENTER THE RESIDENCE
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
[t]he rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.
U.S. CONST . amend. IV. Article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution further provides that:
[t]he people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and
possessions, from all unreasonable seizures or searches, and no warrant to
search any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue without
describing them as near as may be, nor without probable cause, supported
by oath or affirmation.
TEX . CONST . art. I, § 9. A search without a warrant is presumed to be unreasonable, but
there are exceptions to the warrant requirement. See Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 466 (1999)). One
exception is consent to search. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973);
Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Consent to enter and search property can be given either by the individual whose
property is searched or by a third party who possesses common authority over the
premises. Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 181 (1990); Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d
9
481, 490 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). “Common authority” is “mutual use of the property by
persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes.” Patrick, 906 S.W.2d
at 490. “Although property interests are relevant to this determination, the commonality of
authority to consent is not determined solely by the law of property.” Hubert, 2010 WL
2077166, at *3. Rather, we look to whether it is “reasonable to recognize that any of the
co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others
have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be
searched.” Id. at *3-4. The State bears the burden of proving actual authority by
presenting facts that show mutual use of and control over the property by the third person.
Id. at *4.
When the facts do not support a finding of actual authority, a search may be valid
if the consent-giver is clothed with apparent authority. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 188. A law
enforcement officer’s warrantless search of a person’s premises may be justified under the
doctrine of “apparent authority” when consent to search is obtained from a third party
whom the officers reasonably believe at the time of the search to possess common
authority over the premises, but who does not, in fact, possess such authority. Id. at
186-89. A third party's consent is valid if “the facts available to the officer at the moment
[would] warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the consenting party had
authority over the premises.” Id. at 188. The State has the burden to prove apparent
authority, id. at 181, and this burden is not met if, when faced with an ambiguous situation,
the officer nevertheless proceeds without making any further inquiry. Id. at 186-89. If the
officers do not learn enough and if the circumstances fail to clarify whether the property is
subject to common authority by the consent-giver, then the warrantless search is unlawful.
10
Id.
It is undisputed that A.S. was Limon, Sr.’s nephew and Limon’s cousin. The
testimony presented by the State at the suppression hearing does not provide any
information regarding whether A.S. lived at the Limon residence or was just visiting. Officer
Perez testified that he did not inquire as to A.S.’s use of or control over the property.
Based on this lack of evidence, it is clear that the State failed to demonstrate that A.S. had
actual authority to consent to the officers’ entry into the home. Cf. Hubert, 2010 WL
2077166, at *5-6 (holding that the evidence was sufficient to justify an implied finding that
the defendant’s grandfather was the exclusive owner of the home and validly consented
to a search of the defendant’s bedroom). Moreover, consent to enter a home is different
than consent to search the premises, and there was no evidence presented that A.S. had
actual authority to allow the officers to proceed to Limon’s bedroom for a search of the
room. See Alberti v. State, 495 S.W.2d 236, 237 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973) (“[A]n invitation
to officers to enter a residence ordinarily cannot be construed as an invitation or consent
to search.”). Thus, the warrantless entry can only be sustained if the facts available would
warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that A.S. had authority over the
premises under the doctrine of apparent authority.
Officer Perez testified at the suppression hearing that he knew that A.S. was not an
adult, that he believed A.S. was thirteen or fourteen years old, and knew that the house
belonged to Limon, Sr., an adult. Officer Perez admitted that he did not ask A.S. if he lived
at the house, if he had possession or control of the house, how old he was, or what grade
he attended at school. Rather, he told A.S. he was a police officer there to investigate a
shooting and then asked for permission to enter. The dissent would conclude that because
11
A.S. opened the front door of the home at 2:00 a.m., Officer Perez reasonably concluded
that A.S. was a resident of the house.3 But this logic is flawed for several reasons.
First, mere presence at a residence is insufficient to support a reasonable belief that
the person has authority to consent to a search. The State must present more evidence
than mere presence to support a finding of apparent authority. See, e.g., United States
v. Cos, 498 F.3d 1115, 1129 (10th Cir. 2007); Riordan v. State, 905 S.W.2d 765, 772 (Tex.
App.–Austin 1995, no pet.) (holding that mere presence and relationship to defendant does
not justify conclusion that person has apparent authority). A.S.’s mere act of answering
the door in the middle of the night did not, by itself, justify Officer Perez’s conclusion that
A.S. had authority to consent to entry into the home, and more specifically, into Limon’s
bedroom, particularly given that Officer Perez knew that an adult owned and resided on the
premises.
Second, a child is generally incapable of waiving his own rights without any
instruction or guidance, and is even less fit to surrender the rights of another. See
Reynolds v. State, 781 S.W.2d 351, 355 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, pet. ref’d)
(holding that consent given by the defendant’s twelve-year-old son was not effective).
More importantly, however, a child who may have been awakened from his or her slumber
at 2:00 a.m. is unlikely to be thinking clearly or capable of making a reasoned decision
whether to admit officers into the home. See Matt McCaughey, And a Child Shall Lead
Them: The Validity of Children’s Consent to Warrantless Searches of the Family Home, 34
U. LOUISVILLE J. FAM . L. 747, 749 (1996) (“[C]hildren are far less likely to understand the
3
The State did not file a brief in this case; thus, we are without the benefit of any argum ent on its
behalf.
12
consequences of their consent, and thus, some may not have the capacity to consent
voluntarily to a warrantless search.”). Officer Perez did not testify that he advised A.S. of
the consequences of his consent to search or that A.S. understood those consequences
and made a reasoned decision.
These circumstances created an ambiguity that Officer Perez was obligated to
resolve before entering the home, requiring him to ask further questions, such as whether
the child actually lived at the home, whether the child’s parents were available, whether the
child understood that he did not have to consent, or whether the child wished to consult an
adult on the premises. See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 (1973) (holding
knowledge of the right to refuse consent is one factor to be taken into account in the totality
of circumstances); see Riordan, 905 S.W.2d at 772 (holding that officer could not rely on
cursory conversation to establish apparent authority). Had Officer Perez simply asked
A.S.’s name, he would have realized that A.S. did not share the same last name as Limon,
Sr. Upon that discovery, Officer Perez should have asked to speak to Limon, Sr., instead
of relying on a thirteen- or fourteen-year-old’s consent to enter. The State did not meet its
burden to present evidence demonstrating a reasonable belief that A.S. had authority to
allow the officers to enter.4
The dissent cites Russell v. State, concluding that permission to search a residence
4
The dissent claim s that we are creating a “new rule of law for police to follow when conducting
searches” because we are requiring officers to ask m inors certain questions to m ake sure the m inor has
authority to perm it entry. See Limon v. State, ___ S.W .3d ___, ___ (Tex. App.— Corpus Christi _____, 2010,
no pet. h.) (Vela, J., dissenting). Not so. Rather, we are enforcing the well-established rule that an officer m ay
not proceed in an am biguous situation without first verifying that the person purporting to consent to the entry
has authority to do so. Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 186-89 (1990). Here, an am biguity existed not just
because A.S. was a m inor, but also because Officer Perez knew that Lim on, Sr. owned the house and it was
2:00 a.m . W hen a child answers the door at 2:00 a.m ., and the officer knows who owns the hom e, it is not
unreasonable to require an officer to determ ine if the child lives in the hom e, and if not, ask to speak to the
owner, which Officer Perez did not do.
13
given by a minor has been held to be sufficient. 739 S.W.2d 923, 928 (Tex. App.–Dallas
1987, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). The facts of that case, however, are readily distinguishable. In
that case, Russell was a sixteen-year-old girl who was being investigated for murder. Id.
at 925-26. Russell spoke to the police on her front doorstep and agreed to go with them
to the police station to give a statement. Id. At the police station, Russell informed the
police that she was on adult felony probation and told the officers that she was eighteen
years of age instead of providing her true age of sixteen. Id. According to the court of
appeals’ recitation of facts, the officers had no reason to disbelieve Russell when she told
them her age, as she appeared mature. Id. at 926.
The next day, Russell returned to the police station for a polygraph test, and after
the test, the officers asked for her consent to search her residence. Id. The officer
explained to Russell that she could refuse consent and that she was under investigation
for murder. Id. Russell signed the consent. Id. The search of her residence uncovered
evidence connecting her to the alleged murder. Id. Russell moved to suppress the
evidence at her trial, claiming that her consent was not voluntary because she was a minor.
Id. The court disagreed, explaining as follows:
The fact that Russell was only 16 years old does not preclude a finding that
her consent and confessions were voluntary. Russell said she was 18 years
old and acted like it. She was no stranger to the criminal justice system, on
adult felony probation with another felony charge pending. Having cut a
neighbor's telephone wires in anger and then beaten an old woman to death
with a hammer, Russell was not the sort of person one would expect to be
easily intimidated, even by police.
Id. at 928.
Russell is distinguishable because that case did not concern a child’s apparent
authority to search a residence, but rather, involved the voluntariness of a minor’s consent.
14
Id. There are no facts in Russell indicating suggesting that another person controlled the
property that was searched. Id. Second, Russell involved a sixteen-year-old girl who lied
to police and told them she was an adult, and there was no reason to doubt the veracity
of her story. Id. Finally, and most importantly, Russell, while probably reaching the correct
result, was poorly reasoned, as pointed out by the dissent in that case, and appears to
state that the voluntariness of consent turns on whether the person is of a savory
character. Id. at 929-30 (Whitham, J., dissenting). Thus, we find Russell inapposite and
hold that the State did not present evidence to justify the warrantless entry into the home
based on the apparent authority of A.S.
IV. APPLICATION OF THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE
At the suppression hearing, the State argued that the evidence obtained at the
residence could be admitted at trial because after the entry into the home, Limon’s parents
consented to a search of the residence. Limon argues that his parents’ consent to search
the home was tainted by the illegal entry into the home; therefore, all the evidence
discovered pursuant to the consent should be excluded. Limon further argues that his
statement given to police after his arrest, which was based on the illegally-obtained
evidence, was tainted by the police conduct and should have been excluded. We agree.
A. The Limons’ Consent to Search
As the Supreme Court has explained,
[t]he exclusionary rule prohibits introduction into evidence of tangible
materials seized during an unlawful search, and of testimony concerning
knowledge acquired during an unlawful search. Beyond that, the
exclusionary rule also prohibits the introduction of derivative evidence, both
tangible and testimonial, that is the product of the primary evidence, or that
is otherwise acquired as an indirect result of the unlawful search, up to the
point at which the connection with the unlawful search becomes “so
15
attenuated as to dissipate the taint.”
Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 537 (1988). To determine whether consent to a
search, following the police’s illegal entry onto premises, is tainted by the illegal entry, we
must look to the following factors:
(1) the temporal proximity between the unlawful entry and the given consent;
(2) whether the warrantless entry brought about police observation of the
particular object for which consent was sought; (3) whether the entry resulted
from flagrant police misconduct; (4) whether the consent was volunteered or
requested; (5) whether appellant was made fully aware of the right to refuse
consent, and (6) whether the police purpose underlying the illegality was to
obtain the consent.
Stone v. State, 279 S.W.3d 688, 693 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2006, pet. ref’d) (adapting the
factors set forth in Brick v. State, 738 S.W.2d 676 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987), to an unlawful
entry followed by consent to search).
First, the consent occurred shortly after the police entered the Limon home and
swept the home for weapons. This factor weighs in favor of exclusion of the evidence. Id.
Next, Officer Perez testified that he was investigating the shooting and did not have
probable cause to arrest Limon at the time he arrived at the home. Officer Perez was
looking for evidence relating to the shootings, and the illegal entry into the home allowed
him to view guns in the southwest bedroom, providing him with further suspicion that Limon
was involved.5 The subsequent consent to search the rest of the home further revealed
ammunition in that bedroom. Accordingly, this factor supports exclusion of the evidence.
5
Although Officer Perez testified that another officer outside a window to the southwest bedroom
pointed out the guns to Officer Perez, the State did not attem pt to justify the adm ission of the handguns into
evidence based on the other officer’s ability to view them from outside the residence. In fact, the evidence
showed that the area outside the southwest bedroom was enclosed in a privacy fence, and the State did not
offer any testim ony showing that the officers could have viewed the handguns from outside the privacy fence.
Thus, the State did not show that the area was not curtilage that is protected by the Fourth Am endm ent. See
Pool v. State, 157 S.W .3d 36, 41 (Tex. App.–W aco 2004, no pet.). Accordingly, the officers would not have
been able to search the yard without either a warrant or consent.
16
Id.
Third, there was flagrant misconduct in this case. Officer Perez obtained
information from an unidentified person that the “Limon kids” were involved in the
shootings. In fact, he admitted that at the time he arrived at the Limon house, he had a
reasonable suspicion that a suspect was in the house, but he did not have probable cause.
He testified that he went to the Limon residence to “investigate” at 2:00 a.m. Upon
encountering A.S. at the door, Officer Perez made absolutely no inquiry as to A.S.’s
authority to consent to his entry, and he and the other officers immediately proceeded to
the back bedroom of the house, where Limon was sleeping. Limon and the two other
males in the bedroom were handcuffed and moved to the common area of the house.
Limon’s parents, who Officer Perez had no reason to suspect as being involved in the
shootings, were awakened from their sleep in the middle of the night. Limon, Sr. was
handcuffed and made to lie face-down on the floor—naked. See Green v. State, 615
S.W.2d 700, 708 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) (holding police misconduct was flagrant where
the defendant was awakened from his sleep and arrested in the middle of the night at
gunpoint and without clothing). Although Limon, Sr., was allowed to get dressed and his
handcuffs were removed before the officers asked for consent, there was no significant
time lapse between these events. Under these circumstances, this factor weighs in favor
of excluding the evidence. See Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 605 (1975) (holding that
the manner of arrest indicated it was “calculated to cause surprise, fright, and confusion,”
where the arrest was based on an anonymous tip, and the defendant was ambushed by
police officers at gunpoint on his way home); see also Bell v. State, 724 S.W.2d 780, 790
(Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (listing cases where flagrant misconduct was found).
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Fourth, the consent was not volunteered, but was requested, which favors exclusion
of the evidence. Fifth, the Limons were made aware of the right to refuse consent, which
favors admitting the evidence. Finally, the State did not present any evidence on whether
the police purpose underlying the illegality was to obtain the consent, but as stated above,
the police misconduct justified such a conclusion. See Brown, 422 U.S. at 605. When
taking these factors together, it is clear that the State failed to meet its burden to prove that
the taint from the illegal entry had sufficiently dissipated before the consent was given.
See Brick, 738 S.W.3d at 681 (holding that the burden is on the State). Accordingly, all of
the evidence discovered at the residence should have been excluded.
B. Limon’s Statement
Next, Limon argues that because all of the evidence discovered at the house was
illegally obtained, and Officer Perez did not have a warrant for his arrest, his arrest was
illegal, and therefore, the statement he gave to the police while in custody should be
excluded. Officer Perez admitted that at the time he sought permission to enter the Limon
residence, he did not have probable cause to arrest Limon and he did not have a warrant.
Officer Perez testified that after the search of the residence, which we have held was
illegal, he believed he had probable cause to arrest Limon and took him to the police
station. Shortly after his arrival, Limon gave a statement to police that was relied upon to
obtain his conviction.
Here, Limon’s arrest was illegal because it was without a warrant, and the
information necessary to establish probable cause was the result of the illegal entry and
search of the home. Sturchio v. State, 136 S.W.3d 21, 25 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2002,
no pet.) (“Because the warrantless arrest and search incident to arrest that led to the
18
discovery of the cocaine were based on the illegal seizure of the crack pipe, they were
illegal as well. Consequently, the evidence obtained as a result of the pat down,
warrantless arrest, and search incident to arrest should have been suppressed.”). To
determine whether a defendant’s statement, given after an illegal arrest, was attenuated
from the illegality, we must look at (1) the giving of Miranda warnings; (2) the temporal
proximity of the arrest and the confession; (3) the presence of intervening circumstances;
and (4) the purpose and flagrancy of the official conduct. Brown, 422 U.S. at 603-04; Bell,
724 S.W.2d at 788.
First, it is undisputed that Limon received Miranda warnings before giving his
statement. This fact, however, does not carry much weight in the analysis. Bell, 724
S.W.2d at 788. “[E]ven repeated warnings alone are not enough to purge the taint of an
otherwise illegal arrest.” Id. Second, the statement was given shortly after Limon’s arrest.
Officer Perez testified that it took an hour from the time of Limon’s arrest to transfer him
to the police station and book him, and Limon was in jail for thirty minutes before Officer
Perez read him his Miranda rights and obtained the statement. See id. at 788-89 & n.4
(holding that a time span of one to three hours is considered “close temporal proximity”).
Third, according to Officer Perez, there were no intervening circumstances. Officer Perez
denied having any conversations with Limon, nor did Limon have any significant time to
reflect or consult with anyone prior to his statement. Id. at 788-89. Finally, our analysis
of the purpose and flagrancy of the police conduct is the same as our analysis of the taint
resulting from the improper entry of the home. Id. at 789-90. Accordingly, Limon’s
statement was not attenuated from the taint of the illegal entry and search of the residence,
19
and should have been excluded.6
V. HARMFUL ERROR
Limon argued below and argues to this Court that the evidence in this case was
obtained and admitted at trial in violation of his Fourth Amendment right to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures. See U.S. CONST . amend. IV, XIV. Because the error
below was constitutional, we apply the harmless error analysis under Texas Rule of
Appellate Procedure 44.2(a). See Hernandez v. State, 60 S.W.3d 106, 108 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2001). Rule 44.2(a) provides that “[i]f the appellate record in a criminal case reveals
constitutional error that is subject to harmless error review, the court of appeals must
reverse a judgment of conviction or punishment unless the court determines beyond a
reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment.” TEX .
R. APP. P. 44.2(a). While this rule does not explicitly place the burden on the State to show
harmless error, “the ‘default’ is to reverse unless harmlessness is shown. Thus, if neither
party does anything, the case will be reversed. This requires the State to come forward
with reasons why the appellate court should find the error harmless.” Merritt v. State, 982
6
The dissent would refuse to consider Lim on’s final argum ent, characterizing Lim on’s challenge to
the statem ent as being based on the illegal search of the vehicle, not the residence. The dissent concludes
that the evidence does not show that Officer Perez coerced Lim on into consenting to the vehicle search, and
that Lim on did not object to the adm ission of his statem ent on the basis that a written consent to search the
vehicle was not adm itted at trial.
The brief should not be so narrowly construed. The dissent picks out one isolated statem ent from
the brief and presents it as if it constitutes the entirety of Lim on’s argum ent. The argum ent portion of the brief
is not divided into distinct sections. Rather, the argum ent attacks each police action in chronological order,
spending significant tim e discussing all aspects of the initial entry into the hom e, the protective sweep, and
the consent to search the hom e. The brief then m entions the search of the car in a brief sentence set off as
a separate paragraph—m ost likely because the search of the vehicle did not reveal any relevant, dam aging
evidence, but rather, revealed am m unition from an unknown caliber weapon that was never tied to the crim e
at issue. In the next paragraph, the brief launches into a discussion of the exclusionary rule, initially stating
that “[Lim on’s] statem ent was obtained after his warrantless arrest based on this warrantless search.”
Rather than narrowly reading this sentence of the brief to invoke a waiver of rights, as the dissent
does, we read the brief as a whole and construe the statem ent to refer to the brief’s prior discussion of the
warrantless search of the residence. W e hold that Lim on did not waive his argum ent at trial because he
obtained a ruling outside the presence of the jury, see T EX . R. E VID . 103, and he did, in fact, reassert his
objection to the adm ission of the statem ent based on the prior warrantless search of the residence.
20
S.W.2d 634, 637 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.) (citing Arnold v. State, 786
S.W.2d 295, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (placing the burden on the State to show
harmless error under former rule 81(b)(2), the predecessor to rule 44.2(a)); see also Davis
v. State,195 S.W.3d 311, 317 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.). The State
has not filed a brief in this case and has provided us with no argument or any reason why
the constitutional error in this case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly,
we reverse and remand for a new trial.
VI. CONCLUSION
For all the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for
further proceedings.
_______________________________
GINA M. BENAVIDES,
Justice
Dissenting Opinion by
Justice Rose Vela.
Delivered and filed the
17th day of June, 2010.
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