NUMBER 13-09-00219-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
EX PARTE: JOSE DAVID FLORES CEDILLO
On appeal from the 275th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Benavides
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
This is an interlocutory appeal from a pre-trial application for writ of habeas corpus
denied by the trial court. By one issue,1 relator Jose David Flores Cedillo complains that
1
In his statem ent of issues, Cedillo outlines the following five argum ents:
Does the State act intentionally when it was ordered three tim es not to m ention extraneous
offenses, and yet does so during opening statem ent, m inutes after the last order?
Can a trial court avoid granting habeas relief, m erely based on the State's self-serving denials
to cause a m istrial (especially when the State cannot substantively explain its conduct)?
Does an order need to be in writing in order to be effective?
the trial court erred in denying his application because double jeopardy barred his retrial.
We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Cedillo was indicted for injury to a child and murder. Our review of the record
reveals that, in the time between indictment and trial, an issue arose over certain alleged
extraneous offenses committed by Cedillo. Cedillo filed a motion in limine, in which he
sought to prevent the State from introducing evidence of "extraneous crime[s] or
misconduct." Although we find no ruling in the record by the trial court on Cedillo's motion
in limine, the trial court twice instructed the prosecutor, on the record in pre-trial
proceedings, to refrain from delving into extraneous offenses without first approaching the
bench for a ruling.
Cedillo pleaded not guilty to both indicted counts, and the case proceeded to a jury
trial. During his opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury that:
[T]here was some talk about self-defense at voir dire which wasn't
evidence. As the Judge told you before and what I say now isn't evidence
nor what the Defense counsel is going to tell you later on, which is probably
going to be around the same theory of self-defense, is not evidence. That
is not evidence either.
....
Now, what is the evidence going to show? The evidence is going to
show that [the victim] was a hard-working lady and she was honest. She
was good. She was not violent and she was decent. That's what the
evidence is going to show.
Does the concept of bully ipso facto im plicate extraneous offenses?
For purposes of crim inal law, does a prosecutor's opening statem ent im plicate the double
jeopardy clause?
All five are properly characterized as sub-issues of the general double jeopardy issue we address in our
opinion. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.
2
The evidence is going to show that this Defendant, who had a
reputation for being a bully, bad mouth and —
At that point, Cedillo objected that the prosecutor's statement went to Cedillo's reputation
and asked for a hearing outside the presence of the jury. After the jury left the courtroom,
Cedillo moved for a mistrial on the basis that the prosecutor's statement that Cedillo has
a reputation for being a bully was a reference to extraneous conduct and bad acts and was
therefore in violation of the motion in limine.2 The trial court granted the motion for mistrial
and dismissed the jury.
Thereafter, Cedillo filed an application for writ of habeas corpus, arguing that, as a
result of the prosecutor's comment during opening statement, his retrial was barred by
double jeopardy. The trial court held a hearing on the application. At the hearing, the
prosecutor testified that he could not recall any express rulings on Cedillo's motion in limine
but that he remembered being instructed by the trial court to not get into extraneous
offenses without first approaching the bench. The prosecutor further testified that he did
not believe the judge would grant a mistrial if he used the word bully; that he was pleased
with the jury that was chosen for the trial; that he believed his comment concerned only
character traits and reputation rather than the prohibited extraneous offenses evidence;
and that he did not make the bully comment because he wanted a mistrial in order to "get
rid" of the case.
Cedillo's trial counsel also testified at the hearing. He stated that the trial court had
orally granted the motion in limine during an off-the-record conference in chambers.
2
Cedillo also com plained that the com m ent violated the State's notice of intent to use extraneous
offenses. However, we find no such notice in the record before us that was on file with the court at the tim e
of trial. The only such notice by the State in the record was filed three days after the m istrial was granted by
the trial court.
3
Cedillo's counsel testified that, in addition to the two on-record instructions to the
prosecutor, the trial judge also instructed the prosecutor at the in-chambers conference to
avoid extraneous offenses unless he first approached the bench. Counsel further stated
that he believed that the prosecutor's violation of the trial court's "numerous" instructions
on the matter was evidence that his conduct was intentional. The trial court issued an
order denying Cedillo's application for writ of habeas corpus, and this interlocutory appeal
ensued. See Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 801 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (holding that
"denial of relief on a pretrial writ of habeas corpus may be appealed immediately").
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW
"In a habeas corpus hearing, the burden of proof is on the petitioner." State v.
Cabrera, 24 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2000, pet. ref'd). We review a trial
court's decision to grant or deny a writ of habeas corpus for abuse of discretion. Ex parte
Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In reviewing the facts, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling. Cabrera, 24 S.W.3d at 530.
The Double Jeopardy Clauses of the United States and Texas Constitutions provide
that no person shall twice be put in jeopardy of life or liberty for the same offense. See
U.S. CONST . amend V.; TEX . CONST . art. 1, § 14. If a double jeopardy complaint is made
on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct that caused a mistrial, we review the prosecutor's
actions under the standard enunciated in Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667 (1982). See
Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d 335, 371 (Tex. 2007). "[T]he circumstances under which such
a defendant may invoke the bar of double jeopardy in a second effort to try him are limited
to those cases in which the conduct giving rise to the successful motion for a mistrial was
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intended to provoke the defendant into moving for a mistrial." Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 679.
In other words, relief is appropriate "[o]nly where the governmental conduct in question
[was] intended to 'goad' the defendant into" so moving. Id. at 676.
In determining whether the prosecutor intended to provoke or goad the defendant
into moving for a mistrial, we look to the objective facts and circumstances surrounding the
prosecutor's conduct. Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d at 323; see Kennedy, 456 U.S. at
675. To that end, the following is a non-exclusive list of objective factors we consider in
making our determination:
1) Was the misconduct a reaction to abort a trial that was “going badly
for the State?” In other words, at the time that the prosecutor acted,
did it reasonably appear that the defendant would likely obtain an
acquittal?
2) Was the misconduct repeated despite admonitions from the trial
court?
3) Did the prosecutor provide a reasonable, “good faith” explanation for
the conduct?
4) Was the conduct “clearly erroneous”?
5) Was there a legally or factually plausible basis for the conduct,
despite its ultimate impropriety?
6) Were the prosecutor's actions leading up to the mistrial consistent
with inadvertence, lack of judgment, or negligence, or were they
consistent with intentional . . . misconduct?
Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d at 323-24.
III. DISCUSSION
By one issue, Cedillo complains that the trial court erred in denying his application
for writ of habeas corpus because double jeopardy barred his retrial after the prosecutor
commented during his opening statement that Cedillo is a bully. Cedillo points to the trial
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court's instructions to the prosecutor not to mention extraneous offenses without first
approaching the bench and contends that the prosecutor's bully comment violated those
instructions. Citing a concurring opinion in Ex parte Masonheimer, Cedillo argues that "the
objective facts and circumstances clearly demonstrate that the prosecutor intentionally
acted improperly." See 220 S.W.3d 494, 509-10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (Meyers, J.,
concurring) ("My reading of Oregon v. Kennedy is that if the State's intentional actions
goad the defendant into requesting a mistrial, then retrial is jeopardy-barred. Rather than
considering whether the State actually wanted a mistrial, we look to see if the improper
conduct of the State was intentional."). However, Justice Meyers's concurring opinion is
not the controlling law on the issue before us. Rather, Texas law is clear that the burden
was on Cedillo to prove that, by his comment, the prosecutor intended to provoke or goad
Cedillo into moving for a mistrial. See Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W.3d at 371; Cabrera, 24
S.W.3d at 530. Cedillo did not meet his burden.
Here, the prosecutor testified at the hearing on Cedillo's application that he did not
believe the judge would grant a mistrial because he referred to Cedillo's reputation as a
bully. He further testified that he "liked" the jury that was chosen and that he did not make
the comment to cause a mistrial and "get rid" of the case. See Ex parte Wheeler, 203
S.W.3d at 324 (holding that one factor in our determination is whether the trial was "going
badly" for the State). Even were we to concede that the prosecutor violated the trial court's
instructions regarding the mentioning of extraneous offenses and/or conduct and that his
comment could be characterized as misconduct, that misconduct was not repeated. See
id. Moreover, the prosecutor provided a "good faith" and "legally and factually plausible"
explanation for his comment when he testified at the hearing on Cedillo's application that
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he believed the bully comment went to character and reputation and not to extraneous
offenses. See id.; see also TEX . R. EVID . 404(a), (b) (providing distinct rules for character
and character trait evidence versus evidence of extraneous offenses or bad acts).
Similarly, the prosecutor's comment was arguably not "clearly erroneous" because his
reference to Cedillo's reputation did not necessarily contravene the motion in limine or the
trial court's instructions regarding extraneous offenses and other bad acts, none of which
mentioned or referred to reputation or character trait evidence. See Ex parte Wheeler, 203
S.W.3d at 324.
In sum, the objective facts and circumstances demonstrate that the prosecutor did
not intend to goad Cedillo into moving for a mistrial. See Kennedy, 456 U.S. at 675.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the ruling, we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Cedillo's application for writ of habeas corpus.3
See Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d at 324; Cabrera, 24 S.W.3d at 530. Cedillo's sole
issue is overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION
The order of the trial court denying Cedillo's writ of habeas corpus is affirmed.
NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
27th day of May, 2010.
3
Having concluded that the trial court correctly denied Cedillo's application on the basis that he failed
to prove intentional goading by the prosecutor, see Ex parte Lewis, 219 S.W .3d 335, 371 (Tex. 2007), we
need not reach Cedillo's additional sub-issues outlined in our previous footnote. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.
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Ex Parte: Jose David Flores Cedillo
Combined Opinion