MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-10-00759-CV
SAN ANTONIO HOUSING AUTHORITY FOUNDATION, INC.
d/b/a San Antonio Housing Authority a/k/a SAHA,
Appellant
v.
Herbert Allen SMITH and Missy Rene Smith,
Appellees
From the 131st Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2009CI16412
Honorable Barbara Hanson Nellermoe, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: August 17, 2011
REVERSED AND RENDERED
This is an interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s denial of a plea to the jurisdiction
filed by appellant San Antonio Housing Authority Foundation, Inc. d/b/a San Antonio Housing
Authority a/k/a SAHA. On appeal, SAHA raises two issues, contending: (1) the trial court erred
in denying its plea to the jurisdiction, and (2) res judicata bars the Smiths’ claims. We reverse
the trial court’s order denying SAHA’s plea to the jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing
the Smiths’ claims.
04-10-00759-CV
BACKGROUND
In 2007, Herbert Allen Smith and Missy Rene Smith were living in a home at 514
Precious, which was provided by SAHA. That year, the Smiths complained to SAHA about
mold in their home. SAHA moved the family to a temporary residence at Courtland Heights so
SAHA could “remediate” the problem. SAHA provided furniture to the Smiths during their stay
at Courtland Heights. The Smiths remained at Courtland Heights until 2008 when they moved
back into their home at 514 Precious. Almost immediately, the Smiths began to complain there
was still mold in the house. They also claimed that property they had left at 514 Precious during
their stay at Courtland Heights was supposed to be cleaned, but when they returned they found
some of the property damaged or missing.
In March of 2008, SAHA moved the Smiths to a new home at 448 Precious. At this time,
the Smiths filed a damage claim with SAHA. SAHA paid the Smiths $41,000.00. SAHA
claimed the payment was for mold damage to personal property. From the record, it appears the
payment was for damages to property that occurred between June 18, 2007 and March 19, 2008.
After moving into their new home at 448 Precious, the Smiths again complained of mold.
The Smiths filed a second claim for damages and a lawsuit. This time, SAHA paid to have the
Smiths’ personal belongings stored in a professional storage facility during the remediation of
the home at 448 Precious. According to SAHA, the second remediation was completed, but after
filing suit, the Smiths refused to pick up their personal belongings from the storage facility.
Because the Smiths would not pick up their property and the cost of storage was expensive,
SAHA moved the property to a SAHA warehouse, where the property apparently remains. The
Smiths claimed they requested the property be returned, but SAHA returned only a few items.
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The Smiths also claimed that when they viewed the items at the storage facility, they noted some
of their property was damaged.
As noted above, the Smiths filed suit against SAHA. In their First Amended Petition,
which was the live pleading for purposes of the plea to the jurisdiction, the Smiths alleged claims
for negligence, retaliation, eviction, conversion, and takings. In response, SAHA filed an answer
and then a plea to the jurisdiction asserting sovereign immunity. After a hearing, the trial court
ruled by written order dated September 24, 2010, that SAHA’s plea should be granted as to the
Smiths’ claims for conversion and negligence, but denied as to their claims for retaliation,
eviction, and takings. SAHA thereafter perfected this interlocutory appeal.
After the hearing on SAHA’s plea to the jurisdiction, the Smiths filed a Second Amended
Petition in which they alleged the same claims asserted in the First Amended Petition plus a
claim for breach of contract. By order dated October 28, 2010, the trial court severed the new
cause of action asserted in the Second Amended Petition from those ruled upon by the trial court
in its September 24, 2010 order. SAHA filed a plea to the jurisdiction in the severed cause and,
after a hearing, this plea to the jurisdiction was granted. We note that in the plea to the
jurisdiction in the severed cause, SAHA also asserted immunity as to the causes of action ruled
upon by the trial court in the first plea. SAHA apparently took this action because the Smiths
reasserted all of their claims in the Second Amended Petition.
We hold, however, these claims were not severed into the new cause; rather, pursuant to
the specific language in the trial court’s October 28, 2010 order, only the cause of action not
ruled upon in the previous plea, i.e., the breach of contract claim, was severed. Accordingly, we
find this is the only claim to which the trial court’s order granting SAHA’s plea in the severed
cause was applicable. The Smiths appealed the granting of the plea in the severed cause to this
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court, but ultimately filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, which was granted. See Smith v. San
Antonio Housing Auth. Found., Inc., No. 04-10-00875-CV, 2011 WL 61195 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio Jan. 5, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). Accordingly, it is only the Smiths’ breach of contract
claim that was finally disposed.
ANALYSIS
SAHA raises two issues on appeal. SAHA first contends the trial court erred in denying
its plea to the jurisdiction as to the Smiths’ takings, eviction, and retaliation claims. SAHA also
contends the claims in this appeal are barred by res judicata based on the trial court’s order
granting the second plea to the jurisdiction.
Plea to the Jurisdiction
In its first issue, SAHA argues the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction
because SAHA, as a governmental unit, is immune from liability as there has been no waiver of
immunity. It also argues the Smiths’ pleadings failed to state facts sufficient to support their
claims.
Sovereign immunity from suit defeats a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Tex.
Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004). A plea to the
jurisdiction challenges a court’s authority to determine the subject matter of the action. Texas
Bay Cherry Hill, L.P. v. City of Fort Worth, 257 S.W.3d 379, 387 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008,
no pet.) (citing Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999)). Therefore, a
claim of sovereign immunity is properly asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 226.
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Retaliation
In their petition, the Smiths asserted a claim for retaliation based on section 92.331 of the
Texas Property Code. That section gives tenants a right to recover against landlords who
retaliate by filing eviction actions or taking other adverse actions against tenants who, among
other things, ask the landlord for repairs. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 92.331 (West 2007). The
Smiths claimed SAHA retaliated against them for complaining about the mold “by engaging in
conversion and eviction.” SAHA argued in its plea to the jurisdiction, and on appeal, that
immunity is not waived for any claims arising out of an intentional tort, and retaliation is an
intentional tort. SAHA therefore contends the trial court erred in denying its plea to the
jurisdiction as to the retaliation claim. We agree.
The waiver of governmental immunity is a matter addressed to the Texas Legislature.
Univ. of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. Hohman, 6 S.W.3d 767, 775 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 1999, pet. dism’d w.o.j.) (citing City of LaPorte v. Barfield, 898 S.W.2d 288, 291
(Tex. 1995)). To waive a governmental entity’s sovereign immunity, the Legislature must do so
in clear and unambiguous language. Id. Section 101.057 of the Texas Civil Practice &
Remedies Code, which is part of the Texas Tort Claims Act, specifically states there is no waiver
of immunity for intentional torts. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.057(2) (West
2011); see Midland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Watley, 216 S.W.3d 374, 383 (Tex. App.—Eastland
2006, no pet.); Tex. River Barges v. City of San Antonio, 21 S.W.3d 347, 356 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2000, pet. denied).
In this case, the Smiths alleged SAHA damaged and destroyed their personal property
because the Smiths complained about mold in their housing unit. We hold retaliation, as alleged
by the Smiths, is an intentional tort. Cf. Walton v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, No. 13-07-
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00656-CV, 2008 WL 3868113, at *1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(affirming grant of plea to jurisdiction as to inmate suit that included retaliation claim, which
court described as intentional tort under section 101.057 of Civil Practice & Remedies Code).
Accordingly, the Smiths are statutorily precluded from asserting retaliation against SAHA. See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.057. Because there has been no waiver of immunity
for the intentional tort of retaliation, we hold the trial court erred in not granting SAHA’s plea as
to this claim.
Takings
In their petition, the Smiths alleged SAHA took and damaged their property without
adequate compensation in violation of Article 1, Section 17 of the Texas Constitution. See TEX.
CONST. art. I, § 17 (stating “[n]o person’s property shall be taken, damaged or destroyed or
applied to public use without adequate compensation being made, unless by the consent of such
person.”). To establish such a claim, the Smiths were required to plead facts establishing SAHA
(1) intentionally performed certain acts in the exercise of its lawful authority (2) that were a
proximate cause of the taking, damaging, or destroying of the Smiths’ property (3) for public
use. See City of Houston v. Boyle, 148 S.W.3d 171, 177 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004,
no pet.). In its plea to the jurisdiction, SAHA alleged the Smiths’ pleadings affirmatively negate
the trial court’s jurisdiction over the takings claim. SAHA also challenged the existence of facts
alleged by the Smiths to establish the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction.
Whether a pleader has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s subject
matter jurisdiction is a question of law we review de novo. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. When
the plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we must determine if the pleader has alleged
facts that affirmatively demonstrate the court’s jurisdiction to hear the case. Id. The pleadings
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must be construed liberally in favor of the pleader, and we look to the pleader’s intent. Id. “If
the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court[’]s
jurisdiction but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one
of pleading sufficiency and the plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend.” Id. If,
however, the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the
jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the pleader a chance to amend. Id.
However, “[w]hen a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of facts alleged by
the pleader to establish the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction, as occurred in this case, the
trial court must consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties.” Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at
227 (citing Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555). This standard generally mirrors that of a traditional
summary judgment. Id. at 228; TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). Thus, the trial court may consider
affidavits and other summary judgment-type evidence. FKM P’ship v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of
Houston Sys., 255 S.W.3d 619, 628 (Tex. 2008). The court takes as true evidence favorable to
the nonmovant and indulges every reasonable inference and resolves any doubts in the
nonmovant’s favor. City of Waco v. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. 2009). It is for the
defendant to assert the absence of subject matter jurisdiction and present conclusive proof the
trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228 (party asserting plea to
jurisdiction must meet summary judgment standard of proof); City of Austin v. Rangel, 184
S.W.3d 377, 382 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (defendant must first establish as matter of
law absence of subject matter jurisdiction); Dallas County v. Wadley, 168 S.W.3d 373, 377, 378-
79 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied) (plaintiffs had no burden on defendant’s plea to
jurisdiction until defendant met its burden).
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If the defendant discharges this burden, the plaintiff must present evidence sufficient to
raise a material issue of fact regarding jurisdiction or the plea will be sustained. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 228; City of Dallas v. Heard, 252 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet.
denied). However, as with a traditional motion for summary judgment, if the defendant fails to
present conclusive proof of facts negating subject matter jurisdiction, the burden does not shift to
the plaintiff to establish the existence of an issue of material fact. See Wadley, 168 S.W.3d at
378-79. This means a defendant may not merely offer a pleading denying the existence of
jurisdictional facts and by so doing force the plaintiff to present evidence sufficient to raise an
issue of fact. Rangel, 184 S.W.3d at 382; cf. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i) (no-evidence motion for
summary judgment). The plaintiff is thus protected from having to put on its case simply to
establish jurisdiction. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228; Wadley, 168 S.W.3d at 377.
We shall deal with SAHA’s evidentiary challenges first. SAHA submitted evidence to
controvert certain factual allegations made by the Smiths in support of jurisdiction with regard to
the takings claim. We must, therefore, consider that evidence to decide this jurisdictional
challenge. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 231. SAHA contends, among other things, it presented
evidence that conclusively proves SAHA did not take or damage the Smiths’ property for public
use; rather, the undisputed evidence established SAHA merely stored the property during the
mold remediation. SAHA contends this negates the Smiths’ takings claim. We agree.
Attached to SAHA’s plea to the jurisdiction is an affidavit from Jennifer Gonzales, the
Risk Specialist for SAHA. In her affidavit, Gonzales averred that when the Smiths were first
moved from their home during the initial mold remediation, the property was at all times stored
in a mobile storage unit on the home’s driveway. When the Smiths made their second mold
complaint, their personal property was packed by Armstrong Moving and Storage Company at
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the direction of SAHA. According to Gonzalez, the Smiths’ property was always stored in the
possession of either Armstrong Moving and Storage Company or SAHA.
Gonzales’s testimony establishes as a matter of law that the Smiths’ property was stored
at all times, thereby establishing an absence of public use of that property. Because SAHA
established as a matter of law an absence of a taking for public use, it was incumbent upon the
Smiths to present evidence sufficient to raise a material issue of fact regarding jurisdiction. We
have reviewed all of the evidence attached to the Smiths’ response to the plea to the jurisdiction
and the record, and cannot find even a scintilla of evidence that SAHA took the Smiths’ property
and damaged it for some public use. In fact, it is clear from the record that the Smiths agree their
property was in storage during each remediation, and continues to be held in storage to date.
Accordingly, we conclude the evidence in the record establishes SAHA did not take and
damage the Smiths’ personal property for a public use. The Smiths have failed to raise a fact
issue regarding this element of their takings claim. Therefore, the trial court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction over this claim and should have granted SAHA’s plea with regard to the
takings allegation. Given our holding on the takings claim, we need not review SAHA’s
evidentiary challenge to another element of the takings claim, nor are we required to review
SAHA’s challenges to the Smiths’ pleadings.
Eviction
In their live petition, the Smiths claimed SAHA wrongfully evicted them, violating
landlord duties under numerous provisions of the Texas Property Code. In response, SAHA
presented evidence in an attempt to negate the Smiths’ allegation of eviction. We will again
consider SAHA’s evidence to decide whether the trial court has jurisdiction over this claim. See
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 231.
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SAHA presented as evidence in support of its plea the properly authenticated depositions
of the Smiths, both Missy and Herbert. In Missy’s deposition, she was asked what SAHA did
that constitutes an eviction. In response, Missy testified SAHA filed several eviction notices, but
admitted, “They never evicted me or nothing, just take me to court.” When specifically asked if
she was ever “actually” evicted, Missy said, “No.”
Similarly, Herbert admitted there had never been an actual eviction. Rather, according to
both Missy and Herbert, they considered it an eviction when the family was asked to move to
another SAHA dwelling because of mold contamination and when SAHA filed suit for the
Smiths’ failure to pay rent. Both admitted, however, there was never any actual, legal eviction.
The Smiths’ deposition testimony, which was submitted as evidence in support of
SAHA’s plea to the jurisdiction, establishes as a matter of law that the Smiths were never
evicted. Rather, the evidence shows SAHA moved the Smiths to other locations when the
Smiths complained about mold contamination. We have found nothing in the record to establish
the Smiths were ever actually “evicted.” We must therefore conclude the trial court lacked
subject matter jurisdiction over the Smiths’ eviction claim.
Having determined the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the Smiths’ retaliation, takings,
and evictions claims, we sustain SAHA’s first issue and hold the trial court erred in denying
SAHA’s plea to the jurisdiction as to these claims. Given our disposition of this issue, we need
not reach SAHA’s claim that this appeal is moot under the doctrine of res judicata.
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CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we sustain SAHA’s first issue. We hold the trial court erred in
denying SAHA’s plea to the jurisdiction. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and dismiss the
Smiths’ retaliation, takings, and eviction claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
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San Antonio Housing Authority Foundation, Inc. D/B/A San Antonio Housing Authority A/K/A SAHA v. Herbert Allen Smith and Missy Rene Smith
Combined Opinion