Opinion issued April 7, 2011
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-10-00067-CR
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RICARDO APODACA, Appellant
V.
the state of texas, Appellee
On Appeal from the 182nd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 1228917
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant, Ricardo Apodaca, of family violence assault, which was enhanced with a prior conviction for family violence assault.[1] Appellant pleaded true to an enhancement alleging a prior aggravated robbery conviction. The jury then assessed punishment at 15 years’ confinement. In two related points of error, appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On Christmas night 2008, Officer J. Lopez was dispatched to a trailer park in Houston. Once there, he encountered Deisy Roman, who told him that appellant, the father of her two small daughters, had started choking her while they were arguing. Lopez noticed marks on Roman’s neck that were consistent with her statement. Roman made the same statements to at least four other people: her neighbor, her sister, an assistant district attorney, and a social worker.
Rosa Ramirez, Roman’s neighbor, testified that she was asleep in her trailer when she was awakened by a knock at the door. When she opened the door, she saw Roman, who was bleeding from her mouth. Roman appeared frightened and nervous. Although Roman did not specifically state that appellant had hit her, she told Ramirez that “her husband wasn’t like that, that he had never done something like that before.” Ramirez helped Roman call the police.
Roman’s sister, Griselda Alvarado, testified that Roman called her on Christmas night. She was crying and told Alvarado that appellant had been choking her and wanted to stab her. Roman also told her that appellant had taken their baby daughter and left. Alvarado drove to Roman’s home, and Roman told her that she and appellant had been arguing when it “started to get physical that that [appellant] was choking her and was punching her.” Roman never claimed to have started the physical fight. Alvarado saw Roman’s injuries and took pictures of them. The photographs were admitted into evidence.
Andrea Perrard, an assistant district attorney for Harris County, testified that she called Roman on December 31, 2008, as a part of the district attorney’s investigation of the offense. Roman told her that appellant was mad at her because she could not find one of his shirts, so he began to choke her. When he initially grabbed her and began choking her, appellant scratched Roman’s neck with his fingernail. Roman told Perrard that “when he pressed against her neck, he caused her pain.” Roman said that she ran to a neighbor’s house because she was afraid for her life.
Jennifer Whaley, a social worker with the district attorney’s family criminal law division, met with Roman on December 30, 2008, and helped Roman prepare an affidavit to support her application for a protective order against appellant. In the affidavit, Roman swore that on the night of the incident, appellant pushed her on the couch and “started pressing on [her] face and choking [her] with his hands.” He then held his arm on her neck after she tried to escape. When appellant realized that Roman’s face was bleeding, he went to wash his hands and Roman fled to the neighbor’s home. Roman swore, “I sustained scratches to my neck, a cut inside my lip, a bloody nose, and soreness to my face as a result of this incident.”
Nevertheless, at trial, Roman denied that appellant ever pushed her, choked her, or pressed her face with his hands. She admitted that he did scratch her, but only because she was hitting him. She testified that she lied about appellant attacking her because she was angry with him, and that she was the one who attacked him. Finally, Roman testified that the injuries as depicted in the photographs did not cause her any pain, either right after the injury or later.
Appellant, testifying in his own behalf, stated that after arguing with Roman, he tried to leave, but she started slapping him and telling him he was not leaving. He testified that he did not hurt her or choke her or split her lip.
Jennifer Verella, a licensed social worker, testified as an expert witness on domestic violence issues. Verella stated that victims of domestic abuse often recant their statements implicating the offender, and that because victims recant so frequently, the crimes are considered “evidence-based cases and not victim-based.”
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In points of error one and two, appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction.
Standard of Review
This Court reviews legal and factual sufficiency challenges using the same standard of review. Ervin v. State, 331 S.W.3d 49, 52–56 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d) (construing majority holding of Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). Under this standard, evidence is insufficient to support a conviction if, considering all the record evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, no rational factfinder could have found that each essential element of the charged offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1071 (1970); Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence is insufficient under this standard in two circumstances: (1) the record contains no evidence, or merely a “modicum” of evidence, probative of an element of the offense; or (2) the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 314, 318 n.11, 320, 99 S. Ct. at 2786, 2789; Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 518; Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750. Additionally, the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law if the acts alleged do not constitute the criminal offense charged. Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750.
Law Pertaining to Family Violence Assault
A person commits the offense of assault if the actor “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person’s spouse.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2010). Such an assault is a third degree felony if committed against a family member and the defendant has previously been convicted of assault against a family member. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(b)(2)(A). “Family” includes “individuals who are the parents of the same child, without regard to marriage.” See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 71.003 (Vernon 2008).
Analysis
Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient because (1) Roman recanted and denied appellant assaulted her, (2) her injuries were barely visible to an officer at the scene, and (3) Roman testified that the injuries she suffered did not cause her any pain. In light of these factors, appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to show that Roman suffered any bodily injury.
“Bodily injury” is defined as “physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(8) (Vernon Supp. 2010). Thus, we review the evidence to determine whether the evidence is sufficient to prove this element of assault beyond a reasonable doubt. A fact finder may infer that a victim actually felt or suffered physical pain because people of common intelligence understand pain and some of the natural causes of it. Randolph v. State, 152 S.W.3d 764, 774 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). A jury may reasonably infer that the victim suffered pain as a result of her injuries. Arzaga v. State, 86 S.W.3d 767, 778 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2002, no pet.); Goodin v. State, 750 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref’d). Moreover, a jury may apply common sense, knowledge, and experience gained in ordinary life when making such reasonable inferences. Eustis v. State,191 S.W.3d 879, 884 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). See also Wawrykow v. State, 866 S.W.2d 96, 100 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1993, no pet.) (holding rational fact finder could have inferred that blows from appellant’s fist to police officer’s head area hurt the officer or caused her physical pain beyond a reasonable doubt). The existence of a bruise or scrape on the body is sufficient evidence of physical pain. Arzaga, 86 S.W.3d at 778.
Here, at least four people testified that Roman told them that appellant choked her and caused her injuries, including a split lip and scratches on her neck. Neighbors heard Roman screaming, running for help, and saw her bleeding from her mouth. Roman’s sister saw Roman’s injuries and took pictures. The jury was able to look at the pictures and see Roman’s split lip, as well as the scratches and bruises on her neck.
Although at trial Roman denied that appellant made any assaultive contact or that she suffered any pain from the alleged contact, the jury as fact finder and sole judge of the weight and credibility of the witnesses’ testimony could have discredited that testimony. See Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (holding witness’s recantation of former statement did not destroy statement’s probative value).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury could reasonably conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant caused bodily injury to a family member. See Ervin, 331 S.W.3d at 52–56. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for the offense of family violence assault, second offense. We overrule the appellant’s first and second points of error.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Sherry Radack
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Alcala and Bland.
Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 42(b).
[1] See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2) (Vernon
Supp. 2010).