People v. Sanders

Docket No. 109014.

IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v.
ITALO SANDERS, Appellant.

Opinion filed October 7, 2010.

JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Chief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, and
Karmeier concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice Freeman specially concurred, with opinion, joined by
Justice Burke.

OPINION

In 1994, defendant, Italo Sanders, was convicted in the circuit
court of Cook County of first degree murder and sentenced to 40
years in prison. The appellate court affirmed his conviction. People v.
Sanders, No. 1–94–1710 (1996) (unpublished order under Supreme
Court Rule 23). In November 2001, defendant filed a postconviction
petition, which the circuit court dismissed. After the appellate court
remanded for second-stage proceedings, the circuit court advanced
the petition to third-stage proceedings. Following oral argument, the
circuit court granted the State’s motion to dismiss. The appellate
court affirmed. 393 Ill. App. 3d 152.
 BACKGROUND
Defendant was charged with the murder of John Pinkerton, which
occurred on January 24, 1992. Pinkerton was shot in a stairwell of the
Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago, where he was walking with
Alexander Robinson and seven-year-old Manuel Woods. Two months
later, Pinkerton died from complications of his injuries. Prior to trial,
defendant filed a motion in limine to preclude the State from
introducing evidence related to street gangs. This evidence consisted
of the testimony of Michael Stewart, who was Pinkerton’s brother. At
the hearing on defendant’s motion, defense counsel told the court that
two days after the shooting, Stewart saw defendant at the Robert
Taylor Homes and asked defendant who had shot Pinkerton.
Defendant allegedly replied that he could not tell Stewart, but that it
was “BD business” and that Pinkerton had not been the intended
target. Defendant asked Stewart if Pinkerton was dead and Stewart
said no. Defendant smiled and walked away. The trial court denied
defendant’s motion, finding that the proposed evidence explained an
otherwise inexplicable murder and that the probative value of the
evidence outweighed any potential prejudice to defendant.
During jury selection, defense counsel submitted several questions
to the trial court concerning possible gang contact or bias. The court
refused to ask the questions, stating that an individual juror’s opinion
about gangs was not relevant and noting that the submitted questions
were highly subjective and might serve to inflame the members of the
venire.
At defendant’s trial, then nine-year-old Manuel Woods testified
that on January 24, 1992, he lived at the Robert Taylor Homes. His
cousin, Michael Stewart, also lived there, on the same floor as
Manuel. Around dinnertime, Pinkerton and Robinson came over to
Manuel’s apartment. They stayed for a while and then left. Manuel
went with them. They were going to Stewart’s apartment to watch a
basketball game. They started walking down the hallway. Manuel was
holding Pinkerton’s hand. As they approached the elevator and
stairway, Manuel heard gunshots. Pinkerton was “jumping.” Manuel
saw defendant at the top of the staircase. He was approximately 12 to
15 feet from Manuel. Defendant was holding a gun and shooting at
Pinkerton, who pushed Manuel out of the way. Manuel ran to
Stewart’s apartment. Manuel stated that he went to the police station

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with his mother and identified defendant in a lineup. He had previously
seen defendant more than once at the Robert Taylor Homes.
On three occasions, the jury was shown a photograph of the
stairwell at Robert Taylor Homes where the shooting took place. The
photo showed gang graffiti on the walls of the stairwell which read,
“GDs Die, Bds live.”
Michael Stewart testified that a few days after the shooting, he
saw defendant walking on the fifth floor of the Robert Taylor Homes.
Stewart had seen defendant in the building several times, but did not
know his name. Stewart told defendant that he had seen him in the
stairwell the night Pinkerton was shot and he asked defendant who
had shot Pinkerton. Defendant asked if Pinkerton was dead and, upon
being told Pinkerton was alive, defendant said “it was BD business”
and all he could tell Stewart was that Pinkerton was not the intended
target. Stewart testified that the term “BD” meant Black Disciples,
which was a street gang.
Sometime later, the police recovered a gun from defendant. A
firearms expert testified that the bullets recovered from Pinkerton had
the same class characteristics as the gun and could have been fired
from the gun. However, the expert was unable to include or exclude
the gun as the murder weapon.
Defendant called three witnesses to testify. His mother, sister, and
girlfriend all testified that the three of them and defendant were in
defendant’s mother’s apartment at the Robert Taylor Homes at the
time of the shooting. They heard the shots and ran out to see what
happened. Afterward, they went back into the mother’s apartment and
stayed there until defendant walked his girlfriend home about 10 p.m.
During closing arguments, the prosecutor referred to defendant’s
alleged gang affiliation and the alleged gang motive for the shooting
by repeatedly referring to Stewart’s testimony that defendant told him
Pinkerton’s shooting was “BD business.” The jury convicted
defendant and the trial court sentenced him to 40 years in prison.
On direct appeal, the appellate court affirmed defendant’s
conviction and sentence. Before the appellate court, defendant argued,
inter alia, that the trial court had erred in refusing to ask potential
jurors questions during voir dire concerning potential bias against
gangs. The appellate court rejected this argument, concluding that the

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trial court’s questions were reasonably calculated to expose latent bias
and prejudice. Sanders, No. 1–94–1710 (unpublished order under
Supreme Court Rule 23).
On November 16, 2001, defendant filed a petition for
postconviction relief, in which he alleged that the trial court erred in
failing to voir dire potential jurors on the subject of gang bias.
Defendant alleged that this failure, together with the State’s reliance
on gang-related evidence at trial, deprived him of his right to an
impartial jury. In support, he cited this court’s decision in People v.
Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467 (2000), in which the court held that, where
gang evidence is to be integral to the defendant’s trial, the trial court
must ask potential jurors during voir dire about any biases they may
have against gangs. The trial court dismissed the petition at the first
stage as untimely. The appellate court reversed the dismissal and
remanded the cause for second-stage proceedings. People v. Sanders,
No. 1–02–0880 (2003) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule
23). On remand, the trial court found the petition was not untimely or
barred by res judicata, based upon a 2002 appellate court decision,
People v. Gardner, 331 Ill. App. 3d 358 (2002), which found Strain
to be applicable on collateral review. Thus, the trial court denied the
State’s motion to dismiss on those grounds. The court advanced the
petition to third-stage proceedings to determine whether the gang
evidence at defendant’s trial was integral to the trial within the
meaning of Strain. The court reviewed transcripts from the trial and
heard oral argument. The court granted the State’s motion to dismiss
on the basis that the gang evidence could not have been considered
integral to the trial.
On appeal, the appellate court held that Strain announced a new
rule and thus could not be applied retroactively to defendant’s case.
The court rejected defendant’s reliance on Gardner, finding that,
although Strain was doctrinally consistent with prior law, it
represented a clear break in placing a “stringent limitation upon the
broad range of discretion traditionally afforded to the trial court.” 393
Ill. App. 3d at 166. The appellate court concluded that, because Strain
was not applicable to defendant’s case, his postconviction petition was
barred by res judicata. In addition, the appellate court noted that,
even if it agreed with the Gardner court’s analysis, it would find that
defendant’s petition was barred as untimely. 393 Ill. App. 3d at 167.

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 ANALYSIS
Defendant raises three arguments in this appeal: (1) this court’s
decision in Strain did not announce a new constitutional rule of
criminal procedure and therefore applies retroactively to defendant’s
case; (2) defendant’s postconviction petition is not barred by res
judicata and the late filing of his petition was not due to his culpable
negligence; and (3) under the holding of Strain, the gang evidence was
integral to defendant’s trial and the trial court’s failure to voir dire
potential jurors on the issue of gang bias thus deprived him of a fair
trial.
Defendant argues that this court’s decision in Strain applies
retroactively to his case.
A postconviction proceeding is a collateral attack on a prior
conviction in which a defendant may challenge his conviction or
sentence on the basis that his substantial constitutional rights were
violated. People v. Beaman, 229 Ill. 2d 56, 71 (2008). Postconviction
claims are limited to those claims that were not and could not have
been previously adjudicated on direct appeal. People v. Johnson, 206
Ill. 2d 348, 356 (2002). Claims that were raised and decided on direct
appeal are barred by res judicata and those claims that could have
been raised, but were not, are considered waived. People v. Towns,
182 Ill. 2d 491, 502-03 (1998). Here, the trial court advanced
defendant’s petition to third-stage proceedings. However, the court
heard no new evidence; rather, the court reviewed the transcripts from
the trial and heard arguments of counsel. In addition, the judge who
presided over the postconviction hearing was not the same judge who
presided at defendant’s trial. Defendant argues, and the State does not
disagree, that the judge had no special expertise or familiarity with
defendant’s trial. In such circumstances, this court has applied a de
novo standard of review. See People v. Caballero, 206 Ill. 2d 65, 88
(2002). In addition, this court applies a de novo standard of review as
to questions of law. In re D.S., 198 Ill. 2d 309, 321 (2001).
In Strain, the defendant was charged with murder. The State’s
theory was that the defendant, who was a member of the Black
Disciples street gang, shot the victim while attempting to take revenge
on a rival gang, the Gangster Disciples, for allegedly shooting the
defendant at an earlier time. During voir dire, the trial court asked
potential jurors if they, any member of their family, or close friend had

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been involved in a gang. The court refused defense counsel’s request
to ask each prospective juror whether the juror would find the
defendant less believable if the juror learned that the defendant
belonged to a gang. During trial, gang members testified, a statement
made by defendant to the police concerning the gang-related motive
for the shooting was admitted into evidence, and defendant testified,
denying that he made the statement. The trial court allowed the State
to introduce evidence at trial of other gang-related crimes in an effort
to bolster the State’s theory regarding the motive for the murder. The
defendant was convicted. This court noted two matters of crucial
importance: (1) gang information permeated the testimony of almost
every witness at trial; and (2) the outcome of the trial turned upon the
credibility of the defendant, the testifying police officers, and members
of the Gangster Disciples. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 473.
This court noted that article I, section 13, of the Illinois
Constitution of 1970 (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §13) guarantees a “right
of trial by jury as heretofore enjoyed.” The court had previously
construed those words to mean the right to trial by jury as it existed
under the common law, which entails the right to have the facts
determined, under the supervision of a judge, by the unanimous
verdict of 12 impartial jurors who possess the qualifications and are
selected in the manner prescribed by law. The court observed that the
scope and extent of the voir dire examination is left to the discretion
of the trial court; however, that discretion must be exercised in a
manner consistent with the purpose of voir dire, which is to obtain
enough information about the beliefs and opinions of potential jurors
as would allow for the removal of those members of the venire whose
minds are so closed by bias and prejudice that they cannot apply the
law as instructed by the trial court. A failure to permit pertinent
inquiries to reveal any such prejudices may constitute reversible error.
Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 476-77.
This court noted it had previously recognized that street gangs are
regarded with disfavor by other segments of society and that,
especially in metropolitan areas, there may be strong prejudice against
gangs. For this reason, this court has held that evidence of gang
membership or gang-related activity is admissible only where there is
sufficient proof that such membership or activity is related to the
crime charged. Strain stated that these same concerns dictated its

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holding that “when testimony regarding gang membership and gang-
related activity is to be an integral part of the defendant’s trial, the
defendant must be afforded an opportunity to question the prospective
jurors, either directly or through questions submitted to the trial court,
concerning gang bias.” Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 477.
The question before us is whether Strain announced a new
constitutional rule of criminal procedure. In Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S.
288, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334, 109 S. Ct. 1060 (1989), the United States
Supreme Court set forth standards for determining when a case
announces a new rule. The Court stated that a case announces a new
rule when it breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the
states or federal government. The result must not be “dictated by
precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became
final.” (Emphasis in original.) Teague, 489 U. S. at 301, 103 L. Ed. 2d
at 349, 109 S. Ct. at 1070. Generally, new rules are not to be applied
retroactively to cases on collateral review except in two instances: (1)
if the rule places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct
beyond the power of the criminal-law-making authority to proscribe;
or (2) if the rule requires the observance of those procedures that are
implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. The Court described rules
that come within the second exception as “watershed rules of criminal
procedure” and stated that they should be limited to those new
procedures without which the likelihood of an accurate conviction is
seriously diminished. Teague, 489 U.S. at 311, 313, 103 L. Ed. 2d at
356, 358, 109 S. Ct. at 1076, 1077.
The purpose of the Teague framework is to promote the
government’s interest in the finality of criminal convictions (Teague,
489 U.S. at 309, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 355, 109 S. Ct. at 1074) and to
validate “reasonable, good-faith interpretations of existing precedents
made by state courts even though they are shown to be contrary to
later decisions” (Butler v. McKellar, 494 U.S. 407, 414, 108 L. Ed.
2d 347, 356, 110 S. Ct. 1212, 1217 (1990)). “ ‘Application of
constitutional rules not in existence at the time a conviction became
final seriously undermines the principle of finality which is essential to
the operation of our criminal justice system. Without finality, the
criminal law is deprived of much of its deterrent effect.’ ” People v.
Flowers, 138 Ill. 2d 218, 239 (1990), quoting Teague, 489 U.S. at
309, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 355, 109 S. Ct. at 1074.

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 It is “often difficult” to determine whether a case announces a new
rule. Teague, 489 U.S. at 301, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 349, 109 S. Ct. at
1070. This is particularly true where the new decision is reached by an
extension of the reasoning of prior cases. Butler, 494 U.S. at 412-13,
108 L. Ed. 2d at 355, 110 S. Ct. at 1216. “[T]he fact that a court says
that its decision is within the ‘logical compass’ of an earlier decision,
or indeed that it is ‘controlled’ by a prior decision, is not conclusive
for purposes of deciding whether the current decision is a ‘new rule’
under Teague.” Butler, 494 U.S. at 415, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 356, 110 S.
Ct. at 1217. Rather, the task is to determine whether courts
considering the defendant’s claim at the time his or her conviction
became final “would have felt compelled by existing precedent to
conclude that the rule *** was required by the Constitution.” Saffle
v. Parks, 494 U.S. 484, 488, 108 L. Ed. 2d 415, 424, 110 S. Ct. 1257,
1260 (1990); People v. Morris, 236 Ill. 2d 345, 360 (2010). This
court adopted the Teague retroactivity standards in Flowers, which
held that this court’s decision in People v. Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d 184
(1988), constituted a new constitutional rule of criminal procedure
and was not applicable to postconviction proceedings. Flowers, 138
Ill. 2d at 240.
Defendant argues that this court’s holding in Strain derives from
the constitutional principle that an accused has the right to an
impartial jury. He notes this court has previously stated in People v.
Cloutier, 156 Ill. 2d 483, 495-96 (1993), that the purpose of voir dire
is to ascertain sufficient information about the beliefs and attitudes of
prospective jurors to allow removal of those venire members whose
biases and prejudices would prevent them from applying the law as
instructed by the trial court. Defendant argues that Strain applied this
principle in light of the judicially recognized bias against gang
affiliation. Defendant also points to prior cases in which he says this
court and the appellate court recognized the potential for bias against
gangs among prospective jurors. Thus, defendant argues that Strain
was motivated by concerns regarding the prejudicial effect of gang
evidence and it relied on prior case law in reaching its holding. For
these reasons, Strain did not announce a new rule.
Defendant particularly emphasizes Strain’s statement, after citing
cases that had recognized the prejudice against gangs, that “[t]he same
concerns regarding the prejudicial effect of gang evidence dictate our

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holding that, when testimony regarding gang membership and gang-
related activity is to be an integral part of the defendant’s trial,” the
trial court must question potential jurors about any bias against gangs.
(Emphasis added.) Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 477.
Defendant notes that the appellate court in People v. Gardner,
331 Ill. App. 3d 358 (2002), held that Strain did not announce a new
rule. Gardner found that Strain had premised its holding on prior case
law concerning the purpose of voir dire, the procedures outlined in
Rule 431 (177 Ill. 2d R. 431), and constitutional safeguards. Gardner
also noted Strain’s citation of cases recognizing the possibility of
strong prejudice against gangs in large metropolitan areas. Gardner
found that Strain did not announce a new rule, given its reliance on
precedent and long-standing principles surrounding voir dire. Thus,
the Gardner court stated that the holding of Strain may be applied
retroactively to cases on collateral review. Gardner, 331 Ill. App. 3d
at 367.
The State argues that, although Strain may have been doctrinally
consistent with the rules regulating voir dire and with case law
regarding public disapproval of gang membership, Strain was the first
time this court had mandated gang-bias inquiry during voir dire based
upon, not just an abuse of discretion, but a denial of the constitutional
right to an impartial jury. The State argues this conclusion did not
necessarily follow from this court’s rules or existing case law.
This court has long recognized that the scope and extent of voir
dire examination rests within the discretion of the trial court. People
v. Lobb, 17 Ill. 2d 287, 300 (1959); People v. Buss, 187 Ill. 2d 144,
176 (1999); People v. Williams, 164 Ill. 2d 1, 16 (1994). Although
Rule 431 requires the trial court to allow counsel to “supplement the
examination by such direct inquiry as the court deems proper for a
reasonable period of time depending upon the length of the
examination by the court, the complexity of the case, and the nature
of the charges,” this court has held that the trial court retains
discretion to determine what direct questioning will be allowed, as
long as the court exercises its discretion in accordance with the
requirements of the rule. See People v. Garstecki, 234 Ill. 2d 430
(2009). Indeed, this court in Garstecki even noted that it was not
impossible to conceive of a case in which the trial court might
properly conclude, based upon the factors cited above, that no

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attorney questioning should be permitted. Garstecki, 234 Ill. 2d at
444.
Defendant cites several cases that he believes support his
contention that Strain did not announce a new rule. His reasoning is
that these cases recognized the disfavor in which street gangs are held
by the general public, directly leading, in his view, to this court’s
holding in Strain.
In People v. Jimenez, 284 Ill. App. 3d 908 (1996), the defendant
was charged with murder. The shooting was gang-related and the
State focused on gang affiliation as the motive for the murder. The
defendant asked the trial court to question the individual members of
the venire on whether the fact that the defendant was a member of a
street gang would prevent them from giving him a fair trial. The trial
court refused the question. On appeal, the defendant argued that the
trial court committed reversible error by refusing to question the
venire on the subject of gang affiliation. The appellate court reversed
and remanded for a new trial. The court noted that the parties had
cited no case requiring the trial court to question prospective jurors
about biases against gang members. The court observed that in most
Illinois cases, the trial court had permitted such questions to be asked.
The court noted that gang membership is an area of potential bias due
to a widespread prejudice against street gangs. Because the trial court
failed to ask any questions concerning this bias, the defendant was
deprived of the opportunity to exercise his peremptory challenges in
an effective manner. Once the trial court decided to permit evidence
of the defendant’s gang affiliation, the trial court was under a “clear
duty” to insure that the jury selected was free from prejudice against
gangs. Jimenez, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 912. We note that Jimenez relied
on a California case for this holding, noting that the question was one
of first impression in Illinois. Jimenez, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 912.
In People v. Pogue, 312 Ill. App. 3d 719 (1999), the defendant
was charged with shooting a member of a rival gang. The appellate
court reversed and remanded for a new trial on the basis that the trial
court had failed to question individual members of the venire
concerning the defendant’s right not to testify as required by People
v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472 (1984). Because the issue was likely to recur
on retrial, the appellate court also addressed the defendant’s
contention that the trial court erred by refusing to ask prospective

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jurors whether the defendant’s gang affiliation would affect their
ability to be fair and impartial. Relying on Jimenez, the appellate court
held that the trial court should have questioned the venire concerning
gang bias. Specifically, the court noted that, while Jimenez does not
impose an affirmative duty on the trial court to make gang bias
inquiries sua sponte, “where an appropriate question is tendered prior
to voir dire, and the circumstances of the case are such that
fundamental fairness requires that the venire be probed on this issue,
the refusal to do so constitutes reversible error.” Pogue, 312 Ill. App.
3d at 727.
Defendant also cites People v. Cruz, 164 Ill. App. 3d 802 (1987).
There, the trial court allowed the State to show the jury a
documentary video concerning street gangs in an attempt to support
its effort to establish a gang-related motive for the shooting. The
victim claimed that he had been harassed by members of the
defendant’s gang to join the gang and that the shooting was part of an
attempt to recruit him. The appellate court found the admission of the
video to be highly inflammatory and prejudicial. The court noted that
in Chicago there was a “ ‘deep, bitter and widespread prejudice
against street gangs.’ ” Cruz, 164 Ill. App. 3d at 812, quoting People
v. Parrott, 40 Ill. App. 3d 328, 331 (1976).
Defendant also cites People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 58 (1990), a
capital case involving extensive evidence of gang-related activity. In
discussing this evidence and its relevance, this court noted that it has
been recognized that, particularly in metropolitan areas, there may be
strong prejudice against street gangs.
We note that neither Cruz nor Smith involved any issue concerning
voir dire. Regarding Jimenez, the appellate court in Pogue recognized
that Jimenez imposed no sua sponte duty on the trial court to question
the venire regarding gang bias. Rather, Pogue noted that the thrust of
Jimenez was that where gang-bias questions are submitted and
“fundamental fairness” so dictates, a trial court is required to question
potential jurors on gang bias. Pogue, 312 Ill. App. 3d at 727. This
amounts to no more than saying that a trial court abuses its discretion
in refusing to question the venire concerning gang bias in appropriate
cases. These cases cannot be said to lead inevitably to the holding of
Strain.
This court has previously held that a new requirement mandating

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certain questions during voir dire did not apply retroactively. In Zehr,
this court held that it was error for the trial court to refuse to ask
prospective jurors, upon the defendant’s request, whether they
understand and accept the following concepts: (1) the defendant is
presumed innocent until proven guilty; (2) the defendant is not
required to offer any evidence in his own behalf; (3) the defendant
must be proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; and (4) the
defendant’s failure to testify in his own behalf cannot be held against
him. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 477. In Zehr, the State argued that because
Supreme Court Rule 234 prohibited voir dire questions on matters of
law or instructions, the trial court properly refused to ask the
defendant’s questions. This court rejected that argument, noting that
the understanding of the four concepts was essential to the
qualification of jurors in a criminal case. If a juror has an objection to
any of these basic guarantees, the court opined, an instruction given
at the end of the trial will have little curative effect. The court
observed that each of the mandated inquiries goes to the heart of a
particular bias or prejudice that would deprive a defendant of the right
to a fair and impartial jury. The failure to ask such questions thus
results in prejudicial error. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 477-78.
Despite the importance of the questions mandated by Zehr, this
court held in People v. Britz, 112 Ill. 2d 314, 318-19 (1986), a pre-
Teague case, that the holding of Zehr was to be given only
prospective effect because it represented a change in Illinois law. In
support of this holding, the court cited Rule 234’s prohibition of voir
dire questions that directly or indirectly concern matters of law or
instructions and noted that Zehr represented a departure from that
rule. Defendant here attempts to distinguish Britz by noting that while
Zehr was contrary to supreme court rules, Strain was in accord with
those rules. This claim is inaccurate. As previously noted, the conduct
of voir dire has historically been left to the trial court. Strain
represented a break from this precedent by removing the trial court’s
discretion where gang evidence will be integral to a defendant’s trial.
Rule 431 was adopted by this court to regulate voir dire examination
of prospective jurors. That rule gives the trial court the primary
discretion of conducting voir dire and for determining the extent and
scope thereof. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 475-76. The holding of Strain,
removing that discretion when gang evidence is to be integral to the

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trial, was not consistent with that rule.
In his argument that Strain did not announce a new rule, defendant
relies heavily on Strain’s recognition of the disfavor in which gangs
are held by the general public and its citation of prior cases that had
commented on this fact. However, it does not necessarily follow from
this that Strain was a mere extension of this prior precedent. And even
if Strain is viewed as an extension of prior precedent, this fact alone
would not be enough to find that Strain did not announce a new rule.
As we noted earlier, “the fact that a court says that its decision is
within the ‘logical compass’ of an earlier decision, or indeed that it is
‘controlled’ by a prior decision, is not conclusive for purposes of
deciding whether the current decision is a ‘new rule’ under Teague.”
Butler, 494 U.S. at 415, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 356, 110 S. Ct. at 1217.
Rather, the key to the determination of whether a new rule was
announced is whether courts considering the defendant’s claim at the
time his or her conviction became final “would have felt compelled by
existing precedent to conclude that the rule *** was required by the
Constitution.” Saffle v. Parks, 494 U.S. 484, 488, 108 L. Ed. 2d 415,
424, 110 S. Ct. 1257, 1260 (1990); People v. Morris, 236 Ill. 2d at
360.
Defendant has cited no case predating Strain that came to the
conclusion that mandated questioning of the venire was required by
the Constitution. The case that comes closest to doing so, Jimenez,
relied on a California case for its holding. Jimenez, 284 Ill. App. 3d at
912-13. The fact is that, prior to Strain, as the State notes, there were
very few subjects concerning which trial courts were required to
question potential jurors. Some of those subjects included the Zehr
factors (Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472); views concerning the defense of
insanity (People v. Stack, 112 Ill. 2d 301 (1986)); racial bias in certain
cases (People v. Hope, 184 Ill. 2d 39 (1998)); abortion (People v.
Murawski, 2 Ill. 2d 143 (1954)); dram shop and temperance (Lavin v.
People, 69 Ill. 303 (1873); Schneider v. Kirk, 83 Ill. App. 2d 170
(1967)); and life-qualifying questions in capital cases (People v. Buss,
187 Ill. 2d 144 (1999)). Instead, as we have noted, the scope of voir
dire was committed in the vast majority of cases to the sound
discretion of the trial court. For these reasons, at the time defendant’s
conviction became final, no court would have felt compelled by
existing precedent to conclude that the rule announced in Strain was

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required by the Constitution. Thus, the conclusion is inescapable that
Strain announced a new rule.
Defendant, however, analogizes Strain to this court’s decision in
People v. Moore, 177 Ill. 2d 421 (1997). There, the issue was whether
the decision in People v. Kilpatrick, 167 Ill. 2d 439 (1995), applied
retroactively to the defendant’s case. Kilpatrick held that section
5–8–1(c) of the Unified Code of Corrections (Code) prohibits a trial
court from imposing a longer sentence on reconsideration, even if the
aggregate period of imprisonment remains the same. Kilpatrick, 167
Ill. 2d at 446-47. The defendant in Moore had been given consecutive
sentences. The appellate court vacated the sentences as improper and
remanded for resentencing. The trial court resentenced the defendant
to concurrent terms of imprisonment that equaled the combined length
of his prior consecutive sentences. The defendant filed a
postconviction petition challenging the sentences. This court held that
Kilpatrick did not announce a new rule and was therefore applicable
to cases on collateral review. In doing so, the court noted that a case
does not announce a new rule if “ ‘ “ ‘it has simply applied a well-
established constitutional principle to govern a case which is closely
analogous to those which have been previously considered in the prior
case law.’ ” [Citations.]’ ” Moore, 177 Ill. 2d at 431, quoting Penry
v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 314, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256, 274, 109 S. Ct.
2934, 2944 (1989). Moore concluded that a decision does not
announce a new rule if it merely applies existing precedent to an
analogous set of facts. Moore, 177 Ill. 2d at 431. The court noted that
Kilpatrick had relied on the Supreme Court’s decision in North
Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 23 L. Ed. 2d 656, 89 S. Ct. 2072
(1969), which stated that due process may prohibit a judge from
imposing a more severe sentence where a defendant has been
convicted after a retrial in the absence of objective evidence of
identifiable misconduct occurring after the time of the original
sentencing. Section 5–8–1 of the Code was consistent with Pearce.
Moore noted that this court followed Pearce in People v. Baze, 43 Ill.
2d 298 (1969). Moore noted further that the legislature had
incorporated the Pearce and Baze decisions into section 5–5–4 of the
Code (applicable in Moore), which prohibits a more severe sentence
from being imposed on resentencing unless it is based on a defendant’s
conduct occurring subsequent to the original sentencing. Thus, Moore

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concluded that this had been the rule in Illinois for over 20 years.
Kilpatrick merely applied this precedent to the facts of that case. As
such, the rule enunciated in Kilpatrick was predicated on well-settled
principles of law. Moore, 177 Ill. 2d at 432-33.
Moore is distinguishable from Strain. The holding of Kilpatrick
was a mere extension of existing law. It was already well settled in
Illinois that due process prohibited a judge from increasing a sentence
upon resentencing unless justified by a defendant’s conduct occurring
after the original sentencing. In addition, the Illinois legislature had
enacted section 5–5–4 of the Code, incorporating Pearce and Baze.
Kilpatrick merely applied the then-existing precedent and statutory
law to the set of facts in that case. Strain, on the other hand, was a
clear break from precedent. Nothing in the case law foretold the
holding in Strain. Comments made by the dissenting justices in Strain
confirm this fact. Justice Heiple noted in his dissent that this court had
consistently held that potential jurors may not be asked about
anticipated responses to specific items of evidence. Calling Strain’s
holding “revolutionary,” he worried that the court was setting a
troubling precedent which would result in future litigants requesting
voir dire on any potential bias merely by showing that the evidence on
a particular subject will play a major role in the trial and that segments
of our society view the subject with considerable disfavor. He
expressed concern that such mandated questioning of the venire
would be counterproductive and might corrupt a jury by prematurely
exposing potential jurors to evidence. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d at 483-84
(Heiple, J., dissenting, joined by Bilandic, J.).
Defendant, however, maintains that there is a difference between
a new rule and a “change” in the law and that Strain represents the
latter, thus allowing him to avoid the bar of res judicata. In making
this argument, defendant relies primarily on Moore and Kilpatrick.
Although he agrees that Kilpatrick applied existing precedent and
statutory law to the facts of that case, he argues that it nonetheless
changed the law, allowing for retroactive application. Defendant
points to the fact that the trial court and the appellate court in
Kilpatrick had rejected Kilpatrick’s claim. Defendant also notes that,
prior to this court’s Kilpatrick decision, the appellate court in People
v. Todd, 263 Ill. App. 3d 435 (1994), reached a contrary conclusion
to that reached by this court in Kilpatrick. Defendant further asserts

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that because no lower court would reach this contrary conclusion
subsequent to this court’s Kilpatrick decision, Kilpatrick’s
“clarification of what the law required represented a change from the
previous state of affairs.”
We disagree with defendant’s argument. This court in Moore
stated that the appellate court’s decision in Todd was not a reasonable
application of existing precedent and that it conflicted with Pearce and
with the plain language of sections 5–8–1 and 5–5–4 of the Code.
Moore, 177 Ill. 2d at 435-36. Further, that post-Kilpatrick decisions
of the appellate court would not reach the contrary position of Todd
merely reflects the fact that Kilpatrick, as a decision of this court, is
binding on all lower courts. See People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 164
(2009).
We therefore conclude that this court’s decision in Strain
announced a new constitutional rule of criminal procedure. Under
Teague, a new rule may not be applied retroactively except in two
limited circumstances: (1) if the new rule places certain kinds of
primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal-
law-making authority to proscribe; or (2) if the rule is a watershed rule
of criminal procedure, requiring the observance of those procedures
that are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. Teague, 489 U.S.
at 311, 313, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 356, 358, 109 S. Ct. at 1076, 1077. The
first exception is obviously not applicable. As to the second exception,
we note the Supreme Court stated in Teague that it should be limited
to those new procedures without which the likelihood of an accurate
conviction is seriously diminished. Teague, 489 U.S. at 313, 103 L.
Ed. 2d at 358, 109 S. Ct. at 1077. At oral argument in this case,
counsel for defendant candidly acknowledged that neither exception
applies to Strain and we agree. Thus, the holding of Strain is not
retroactive and does not apply to cases on collateral review.
Because Strain announced a new rule and is not to be applied
retroactively to collateral proceedings, defendant’s postconviction
petition is barred by res judicata. A postconviction proceeding
permits review of constitutional issues that were not and could not
have been adjudicated on direct appeal. People v. Pitsonbarger, 205
Ill. 2d 444, 455-56 (2002). Thus, issues that were decided on direct
appeal are barred from consideration by the doctrine of res judicata.
People v. Towns, 182 Ill. 2d 491, 502 (1998). Here, absent the

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applicability of Strain, the claim raised by defendant in his
postconviction petition is the same one raised and decided in his direct
appeal. Thus, res judicata bars defendant’s petition. Due to our
disposition of this case, we need not address the remainder of
defendant’s arguments.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we hold that this court’s decision in Strain
announced a new constitutional rule of criminal procedure and that
neither of the Teague exceptions to nonretroactivity apply. Therefore,
the holding of Strain does not apply retroactively to cases on
collateral review. Defendant’s postconviction petition is thus barred
by res judicata. In addition, we overrule the appellate court’s decision
in People v. Gardner, 331 Ill. App. 3d 358 (2002), to the extent that
case is inconsistent with our holding today.
The judgment of the appellate court is affirmed.

Affirmed.

JUSTICE FREEMAN, specially concurring:
In its opinion, the majority concludes that our prior decision in
People v. Strain, 194 Ill. 2d 467 (2000), announced a new
constitutional rule of criminal procedure and, therefore, may not be
applied retroactively. Although I have no quarrel with the majority’s
holding on this issue, I believe my colleagues have erred by not first
addressing a threshold, procedural question: whether Sanders’
postconviction petition was timely filed. The appellate court, using an
incorrect standard, determined that Sanders’ petition was untimely.
Normally, such a holding ends the case, as the Post-Conviction
Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122–1 et seq. (West 2000)) forbids
any proceedings filed beyond the time periods it sets forth. However,
the appellate court nevertheless reached the merits of the substantive
issue. In their opinion, my colleagues do not address this threshold
procedural issue, analyzing only Sanders’ substantive claim. By doing
so, this court creates confusion for the bench and bar in several

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respects: not only does the court call into question the proper
analytical sequence used to review such claims, the court also leaves
standing a published appellate court opinion that applies an incorrect
standard to assess the timeliness of Sanders’ petition. Because today’s
opinion leaves these matters unaddressed, I am compelled to write
separately.
Section 122–1(c) of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122–1(c) (West 2000))
sets forth the specific time period within which a petitioner shall
initiate a postconviction proceeding. At the time defendant filed his
petition, the Act provided:
“No proceedings under this Article shall be commenced
more than 6 months after the denial of a petition for leave to
appeal or the date for filing such a petition if none is filed or
more than 45 days after the defendant files his or her brief in
the appeal of the sentence before the Illinois Supreme Court
(or more than 45 days after the deadline for the filing of the
defendant’s brief with the Illinois Supreme Court if no brief is
filed) or 3 years from the date of conviction, whichever is
sooner, unless the petitioner alleges facts showing that the
delay was not due to his or her culpable negligence.”
Thus, the General Assembly has not only established a clear
framework within the Act for assessing the timeliness of a
postconviction petition, but also has specified the test to be used to
excuse a petitioner’s noncompliance with these requirements: a
petition filed outside the delineated time period is considered untimely
unless “the petitioner alleges facts showing that the delay was not due
to his or her culpable negligence.” 725 ILCS 5/122–1(c) (West 2000);
see also People v. Rissley, 206 Ill. 2d 403, 420 (2003); People v.
Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 456 (2002).
The appellate court, despite acknowledging that the clear language
of section 122–1(c) mandates the use of the culpable negligence
standard to assess the timeliness of Sanders’ initial postconviction
petition, instead applied the cause-and-prejudice standard set forth in
Pitsonbarger which is used to determine the timeliness of successive

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postconvicition petitions.1 In applying this heightened standard, the
appellate panel reasoned that where a “defendant seeks in the first
instance to file an untimely postconviction petition because of a
change in the law that occurred after the filing deadline had passed,”
this is “analogous to the situation in which a defendant has already
filed an unsuccessful postconviction petition, but seeks to file a
successive postconviction petition because of a change in the law that
occurred after the rejection of his first petition.” 393 Ill. App. 3d at
171-72. This reasoning is without support and in error.
As this is the first postconviction petition filed by Sanders, both
the Act and our case law make it clear that challenges to timeliness
must be evaluated under the culpable negligence standard and not the
more stringent cause-and-prejudice test. The appellate court ignored
the distinction between initial and successive postconviction petitions,
which mandates that each type of petition be evaluated under different
analytical frameworks. In addition, the appellate panel’s holding runs
counter not only to our long-held view that the Act in general must be
“ ‘liberally construed to afford a convicted person an opportunity to
present questions of deprivation of constitutional rights’ ” (Rissley,
206 Ill. 2d at 421, quoting People v. Correa, 108 Ill. 2d 541, 546
(1985)), but also that the specific exception contained in section
122–1(c) allowing a petitioner to file an otherwise-untimely petition
operates as a “ ‘special “safety valve” ’ in the Act.” Rissley, 206 Ill. 2d
at 420, quoting People v. Bates, 124 Ill. 2d 81, 88 (1988).
In light of the above, I cannot understand why my colleagues do
not address this threshold issue and clarify that the appellate court
used the wrong standard. The majority’s silence on this issue is even
more disturbing in light of the concession made by the State in its brief
to this court that the appellate court’s holding with respect to
timeliness does “not find support in the Act,” and that the applicable

1
Section 122–1(f) was added to the Act in 2004, and codified the holding
of Pitsonbarger. By its plain language, section 122–1(f) applies only to
successive postconviction petitions, and provides that a successive petition
may be filed only upon leave of court where “a petitioner demonstrates cause
for his or her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction
proceedings and prejudice results from that failure.” 725 ILCS 5/122–1(f)
(West 2004).

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timeliness standard in this appeal is one of culpable negligence.
Further, during oral argument, several members of this court
repeatedly questioned the parties concerning the timeliness issue and
the manner in which it was handled by the appellate panel. Counsel for
both the State and petitioner agreed that the culpable negligence
standard applies in this case, and that the appellate court erred in
employing the cause-and-prejudice test.
It is my view that when the correct standard is applied to Sanders’
postconviction petition, the delay in filing was not due to his culpable
negligence. This court has defined culpable negligence as “ ‘something
greater than ordinary negligence’ ” and “ ‘akin to recklessness.’ ”
Rissley, 206 Ill. 2d at 420, quoting People v. Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d 89,
108 (2002). Sanders had argued on direct appeal that the circuit
court’s voir dire was deficient and denied him his constitutional right
to a fair and impartial jury by failing to question the jury regarding
potential gang bias. See 393 Ill. App. 3d at 160. Because this
argument was rejected on direct appeal, Sanders was barred by res
judicata from re-raising it in a postconviction petition. People v.
Whitehead, 169 Ill. 2d 355, 371 (1996). As my colleagues hold today,
this court’s decision in Strain announced a new constitutional rule of
criminal procedure which impacted defendant’s ability to once again
raise this issue in postconviction proceedings. Thus, it was only after
Strain was decided that Sanders was able to resurrect the issue of
inadequate voir dire without being barred by res judicata.
Here, Sanders’ petition for leave to appeal to this court with
respect to his direct appeal was denied on April 2, 1997 (People v.
Sanders, 172 Ill. 2d 563 (1997)), and the six-month statutory
postconviction period following that date expired on October 2, 1997.
Since he was sentenced on May 4, 1994, the three-year period
following that date expired on May 4, 1997. Therefore, under the
applicable version of section 122–1(c), Sanders’ postconviction
petition was due on May 4, 1997, the earlier of the two dates. We
decided Strain on November 16, 2000, and Sanders filed the instant
postconviction petition exactly one year later, on November 16, 2001.
Under these facts, I conclude that Sanders’ delay in filing was not due
to his culpable negligence, as he reasonably pursued the voir dire issue
again after the new rule in Strain was announced. I note that the Act
does not specify an additional time period, after the expiration of the

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normal filing period, during which a petitioner may be found culpably
negligent in filing a postconviction petition based upon a change in the
law. In addition, our case law has not squarely addressed this issue.
We have, however, traditionally relied upon federal case law in
interpreting and applying the Act. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 12
(2009). In Dodd v. United States, 545 U.S. 353, 357, 162 L. Ed. 2d
343, 349, 125 S. Ct. 2478, 2481-82 (2005), the Supreme Court held
that 28 U.S.C. 2255, ¶6(3) establishes that a federal prisoner may file
a motion to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence within one year
from the date on which the right he asserts was newly recognized by
the Court. Relying upon Dodd, there is no question that, at a
minimum, Sanders’ petition filed one year after Strain was decided
was not untimely.
Accordingly, after having survived this threshold procedural
inquiry, it only then becomes appropriate to examine the substantive
issue of whether Strain applied retroactively to Sanders’ case. As
stated, I am in agreement with my colleagues’ holding that Strain
represents a new constitutional rule of criminal procedure that is not
to be retroactively applied.

JUSTICE BURKE joins in this special concurrence.

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