Bell v. Hutsell

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
Supreme Court

Bell v. Hutsell, 2011 IL 110724

Caption in Supreme JANET BELL, Indiv. and as Special Adm’r of the Estate of Daniel Bell,
Court: Appellee, v. JEFFREY HUTSELL et al., Appellants.

Docket No. 110724
Filed May 19, 2011
Rehearing denied September 26, 2011
Held Where defendants owed plaintiff’s minor decedent no duty to prohibit his
(Note: This syllabus voluntary possession or consumption of alcohol at a teen party held on
constitutes no part of defendants’ property where, contrary to their instructions to their son,
the opinion of the court alcoholic beverages allegedly were served, but defendants otherwise took
but has been prepared no actions pursuant to their verbalized intent, there was no voluntary
by the Reporter of undertaking sufficient to impose liability under sections 323 through
Decisions for the 324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.
convenience of the
reader.)

Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Second District, reported at 402
Review Ill. App. 3d 654; heard in that court on appeal from the Circuit Court of
Lake County, the Hon. David M. Hall, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Appellate court judgment reversed in part.
Counsel on John W. Patton, Jr., Dale L. Schlafer, Jessica K.T. Ohlson, David F. Ryan
Appeal and David W. Lewarchik, of Patton & Ryan LLC, of Chicago, for
appellants.

Jeffrey S. Deutschman, of Chicago, for appellee.

C. William Busse, Jr., and Christopher D. Willis, of Busse, Busse &
Grasse, PC, of Chicago, for amicus curiae Illinois Association of Defense
Trial Counsel.

Francis K. Tennant, of Wolf & Tennant, of Chicago, for amicus curiae
Illinois Trial Lawyers Association.

Justices JUSTICE KARMEIER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Burke,
and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Plaintiff, Janet Bell, individually and as special administrator of the estate of her son,
Daniel Bell, filed an action in the circuit court of Lake County seeking damages from the
defendants, Jeffrey and Sara Hutsell, as a result of Daniel’s death. Daniel died in an
automobile accident after allegedly consuming alcoholic beverages at defendants’ residence.
Ultimately, defendants filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2006)) and plaintiff’s second amended complaint
(hereafter, complaint) was dismissed, with prejudice, in its entirety. Plaintiff appealed the
dismissal of six counts of her nine-count complaint. The appellate court upheld the dismissal
of counts IV through VI of plaintiff’s complaint, but reversed and remanded as to counts I
through III, which were based on a theory of voluntary undertaking. 402 Ill. App. 3d 654. We
granted defendants leave to appeal pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 315(a) (Ill. S. Ct. R.
315(a) (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)), and now reverse the judgment of the appellate court as to counts
I through III.

¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 This case arises out of the death of Daniel Bell, age 18, who died in a single-car accident
after he had allegedly consumed alcoholic beverages at the residence of defendants in the
course of a party organized and hosted by the defendants’ son, Jonathan. Plaintiff’s second
amended complaint implicitly acknowledges that the defendants did not provide alcohol for

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 underage consumption, and in fact alleges that defendants informed Jonathan both that
alcohol consumption would not be tolerated and that they would monitor the party to see that
underage partygoers did not possess or imbibe alcoholic beverages. Plaintiff alleges,
however, that the Hutsells were aware of underage consumption on their premises at prior
parties; that their son, Jonathan, had previously pled guilty to underage consumption; that
alcohol was brought to the party in question and underage guests drank, excessively, with the
Hutsells’ knowledge–in some instances in their presence–without objection or consequence;
and that Jerry Hutsell “on multiple occasions spoke to a number of underage partygoers who
had been drinking alcohol and requested that if they had been drinking at the party not to
drive a vehicle when leaving.” The complaint states that Daniel Bell drank alcohol “in full
and open view of the defendants,”and that he later walked to his car, “began driving,” and
“crashed his car into a tree,” resulting in his death.
¶4 With respect to plaintiff’s theory of a voluntary undertaking, advanced in counts I
through III of the complaint, it was alleged generally, without additional factual reference,
that defendants “voluntarily undertook the duty” to prohibit underage drinking and
possession of alcoholic beverages on their premises and to inspect, monitor, and supervise
partygoers under the age of 21 to those ends.
¶5 The complaint then recites various respects in which defendants were “negligent,” most
of which mirror the general allegations of the complaint, without additional factual
elaboration, with the exception of a statement in paragraph 50(I) of the complaint, which
includes an allegation that defendants were negligent in “failing to comply with their own
verbal directions to the party guests to ensure that underage drinking and driving thereafter
from their home not occur.” (Emphasis added.) Language with respect to the preclusion of
driving after the party does not appear in any statements attributed to defendants when the
alleged voluntary undertaking was communicated to their son. If the allegation is a reference
to the complaint’s recitation that Jerry Hutsell “on multiple occasions spoke to a number of
underage partygoers who had been drinking alcohol and requested that if they had been
drinking at the party not to drive a vehicle when leaving,” then it inappropriately equates a
“request” with “verbal directions” aimed at ensuring compliance.
¶6 Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code (735
ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2006)). Pertinent to this appeal, defendants moved to dismiss counts I,
II, and III, the voluntary undertaking counts, on the basis that defendants owed Daniel no
duty because there is no social host liability in Illinois and the voluntary undertaking theory
was simply a way of trying to circumvent the rule against social host liability. The trial court
granted the motion to dismiss with prejudice, dismissing plaintiff’s nine-count complaint in
its entirety. With respect to counts I through III, the court stated:
“As to Counts I, II, and III, which alleges [sic] a voluntary undertaking, the court
is familiar with [Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill. 2d 223 (2003)], the new allegations that
have been added to this Second Amended Complaint do not bring it under the rule
as stated in Wakulich. The new allegations don’t support a finding that the defendant
owed any duty to the plaintiff that was breached under a voluntary undertaking.”
Plaintiff filed a timely appeal challenging the dismissal of the first six counts of her

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 complaint.
¶7 The appellate court affirmed the judgment of the circuit court as to counts IV through VI
of the complaint, but reversed the dismissal of counts I though III. With respect to the latter,
the appellate court first acknowledged the applicability of section 323 of the Restatement
(Second) of Torts (Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 (1965)), which addresses an
undertaking voluntarily assumed for the protection of another and the bases for liability
attendant to such an undertaking. The court then discussed, principally, our decisions in
Charles v. Seigfried, 165 Ill. 2d 482 (1995) (no social host liability in Illinois based on
provision of alcohol), and Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill. 2d 223 (2003) (recognizing liability of
hosts on a theory of voluntary undertaking where defendants allegedly exerted control over
a helpless, inebriated 16-year-old to her detriment) and concluded on these facts:
“The instant complaint alleged something different from the direct or indirect
giving, selling, or delivery of alcohol. It alleged that defendants voluntarily undertook
the duty to prevent the consumption of alcohol on their premises and that they
negligently performed that duty. Because defendants did not supply the alcohol, store
the alcohol, or affirmatively permit its consumption, they were not social hosts.
Defendants repeat the rationale for the rule against social host liability, that it is ‘the
drinking of the intoxicant, not the furnishing of it, [that] is the proximate cause of the
intoxication and the resulting injury.’ Charles, 165 Ill. 2d at 486. Defendants did not
furnish the alcohol, and we offer no opinion on whether the complaint adequately
pleaded all of the elements of a voluntary undertaking. Accordingly, the trial court
erred in dismissing counts I, II, and III of the complaint.” 402 Ill. App. 3d at 662.
The appellate court remanded for further proceedings on counts I through III.

¶8 ANALYSIS
¶9 A motion to dismiss, pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, challenges the legal
sufficiency of a complaint based on defects apparent on its face. Marshall v. Burger King
Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 429 (2006). We review de novo an order granting a section 2-615
motion. Heastie v. Roberts, 226 Ill. 2d 515, 531 (2007). In reviewing the sufficiency of a
complaint, we accept as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable inferences that may be
drawn from those facts. Ferguson v. City of Chicago, 213 Ill. 2d 94, 96-97 (2004). We
construe the allegations in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff (King v.
First Capital Financial Services Corp., 215 Ill. 2d 1, 11-12 (2005)); however, the plaintiff
must allege facts sufficient to bring a claim within a legally recognized cause of action
(Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429-30).
¶ 10 Plaintiff in this case alleges that defendants voluntarily undertook the duty to prevent the
underage consumption of alcoholic beverages on their premises and that they negligently
performed that duty.
¶ 11 In order to prevail in an action for negligence, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant
owed a duty, that the defendant breached that duty, and that defendant’s breach was the
proximate cause of injury to the plaintiff. Krywin v. Chicago Transit Authority, 238 Ill. 2d
215, 225 (2010). Unless a duty is owed, there can be no recovery in tort for negligence.

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 American National Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago v. National Advertising Co., 149 Ill. 2d 14,
26 (1992); Pippin v. Chicago Housing Authority, 78 Ill. 2d 204, 208 (1979). Whether a duty
exists is a question of law for the court to decide via de novo review. Krywin, 238 Ill. 2d at
226.
¶ 12 Under a voluntary undertaking theory of liability, the duty of care to be imposed upon a
defendant is limited to the extent of the undertaking. Frye v. Medicare-Glaser Corp., 153 Ill.
2d 26, 32 (1992); Pippin, 78 Ill. 2d at 210. The theory is narrowly construed. Frye, 153 Ill.
2d at 33. We have looked to the Restatement (Second) of Torts (Restatement (Second) of
Torts §§ 323 through 324A (1965)) in defining the parameters of liability pursuant to this
theory. See Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 242-46; Frye, 153 Ill. 2d at 32; Vesey v. Chicago
Housing Authority, 145 Ill. 2d 404, 415-19 (1991); Pippin, 78 Ill. 2d at 210-11.
¶ 13 The relevant sections of the Restatement, as identified by the plaintiff, provide as follow:
Ҥ 323. Negligent Performance of Undertaking to Render Services
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the other’s
person or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm resulting from
his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) the harm is suffered because of the other’s reliance upon the undertaking.”
Ҥ 324A. Liability to Third Person for Negligent Performance of Undertaking
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person
or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting
from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if:
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance on the other or the third person upon
the undertaking.” Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 323, 324A (1965).
¶ 14 Plaintiff contends that section 323 or 324A of the Restatement could reasonably apply
to these facts. Plaintiff argues that the allegations of her complaint, “[r]easonably construed,
*** show that defendants did not only voluntary [sic] undertake to monitor, inspect and
supervise their son, but also the party guests, including Daniel. Daniel and other party guests
were ‘another’ within the meaning of Section 323.” Alternatively, plaintiff submits: “[I]f the
undertaking was to render services to their son as defendants argue, defendants should have
recognized that the undertaking was necessary for the protection of third persons, the party
guests, including Daniel.”
¶ 15 As for defendants, two of their four arguments appear to be mere variations of their
principal argument below, i.e., that plaintiff’s voluntary undertaking theory is simply a way
to circumvent the rule against social host liability set forth in Charles v. Seigfried, 165 Ill.
2d 482, 491 (1995) (“Legislative preemption in the field of alcohol-related liability extends
to social hosts who provide alcoholic beverages to another person, whether that person be

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 an adult, an underage person, or a minor.”). Additionally, defendants contend that plaintiff
has failed to allege the requisites for liability based on voluntary undertaking, and that the
failure of the appellate court to “hold that a cause of action for voluntary undertaking was
stated invalidates its opinion.”
¶ 16 Plaintiff responds that defendants raise several issues for the first time in this court,
among them: “that plaintiff has failed to allege a number of matters which are purportedly
necessary to state a cause of action based on a voluntary undertaking”; and that “the alleged
injuries were proximately caused by Daniel’s voluntary intoxication.” Plaintiff contends that
defendants have forfeited those arguments.
¶ 17 We acknowledge–and reject–defendants’ persistent argument that plaintiff’s attempt to
state a cause of action based on a voluntary undertaking is foreclosed by the rule against
social host liability. It is clear enough, from even a casual reading of this court’s decision in
Wakulich, that such a contention is meritless. In Wakulich, the plaintiff alleged that a pair of
brothers, social hosts, provided alcohol to the plaintiff’s 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth,
who became intoxicated as a result and lost consciousness. She began “vomiting profusely
and making gurgling sounds.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 227. The hosts removed her soiled
blouse and provided a pillow under her head to prevent aspiration, but they did not drive her
home or contact her parents, and they prevented others at the home from calling 911 or
seeking medical attention. Elizabeth died the following day, after the brothers’ father
allegedly ordered them to remove her from the house. Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 227. In
Wakulich, this court made clear that the defendants’ liability, if any, was not contingent upon
their status as social hosts: “Indeed, it is irrelevant for purposes of plaintiff’s voluntary
undertaking counts ***.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 242. The court specifically rejected the
argument that “plaintiff’s voluntary undertaking theory [was] simply an attempt to
circumvent the rule against social host liability set forth in Charles.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d
at 241-42.
¶ 18 What the court found significant in Wakulich were allegations that defendants, after
Elizabeth had lost consciousness and become helpless, had “placed [Elizabeth] in the family
room; checked on her periodically; took measures to prevent aspiration; removed her soiled
blouse; and prevented other persons present in the home from intervening in Elizabeth’s
behalf.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 243. What was critical to this court’s disposition in
Wakulich were allegations that “defendants effectively took complete and exclusive charge
of Elizabeth’s care after she became unconscious.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 243. In Wakulich,
this court agreed with the “general proposition” that “where *** a host merely permits an
intoxicated guest to ‘sleep it off’ on the host’s floor, the host does not thereby assume an
open-ended duty to care for the guest and assess the guest’s medical condition” (Wakulich,
203 Ill. 2d at 243); however, the court found that defendants had done more, assuming a duty
to the helpless Elizabeth, pursuant to section 324 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts
(Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324 (1965)), by their affirmative actions, taking “complete
and exclusive charge of [her] care after she became unconscious.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at
243.
¶ 19 Turning to this case, we note that the circuit court’s comments in rendering its ruling on
counts I through III of the complaint evince an understanding that the principles applicable

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 to voluntary undertakings, as discussed in Wakulich, controlled the result here and that the
factual allegations of plaintiff’s complaint had to establish a duty that would support a cause
of action based on voluntary undertaking. The court obviously found they did not.
¶ 20 Plaintiff cites Marshall in support of her forfeiture argument. Unlike Marshall, where
lack of proximate cause was not a matter addressed or encompassed in the circuit court’s
dismissal of the complaint, and where this court thus found that issue was “not properly
presented by the record” (Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 430-31), the circuit court’s ruling in this
case took into account and specifically addressed both this court’s decision in Wakulich and
the issue of duty. In Wakulich, the defendants–like the defendants in this case–had moved
to dismiss “principally argu[ing] that under this court’s decision in Charles, there is no
common law social host liability in Illinois.” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 227. As previously
noted, this court rejected that argument, and then went on to discuss factors bearing upon
both duty and liability for purposes of plaintiff’s voluntary undertaking theory. See Wakulich,
203 Ill. 2d at 243-46.
¶ 21 Given the circuit court’s consideration, in this case, of the elements underpinning this
court’s decision in Wakulich, and the circuit court’s specific reference to duty in its ruling,
we believe, as defendants suggest, that the principle acknowledged in Marshall and In re
R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d 428, 437 (2006), applies here: “It is well settled that where the appellate
court reverses the judgment of the circuit court, and the appellee in that court brings the case
before this court as an appellant, that party may raise any issues properly presented by the
record to sustain the judgment of the circuit court.” Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 430-31 (citing
R.L.S., 218 Ill. 2d at 437). We will therefore consider whether the facts alleged by the
plaintiff in her complaint could, pursuant to a voluntary undertaking theory founded upon
sections 323 or 324A of the Restatement, support a duty and/or liability on the part of the
defendants with respect to people to whom no statements of intent were even communicated
and with respect to whom no affirmative action appears to have been taken.
¶ 22 According to plaintiff’s complaint, on the date of the party the defendants “voluntarily
undertook a duty to prohibit their son and his party guests who were under the age of 21 from
drinking alcoholic beverages of any kind at their residence” and to that end also undertook
to “monitor and supervise *** to ensure that none of the party guests who were under the age
of 21 would consume alcoholic beverages.” The complaint recites that the alleged
undertaking was communicated to defendants’ son Jonathan, but there is no claim that the
defendants’ intent was communicated to anyone else. It is alleged that defendants were
present, at times, in the portion of their residence where the party was ongoing, and where
plaintiff alleges that underage consumption of alcohol was obviously taking place, that
defendants witnessed underage possession and consumption of alcohol; yet, they took no
actions to prohibit it in furtherance of the aim of their alleged undertaking.
¶ 23 “ ‘By undertaking to act’ ” a defendant becomes “ ‘subject to a duty with respect to the
manner of performance.’ ” Wakulich, 203 Ill. 2d at 242 (quoting Nelson v. Union Wire Rope
Corp., 31 Ill. 2d 69, 85 (1964)). Although the cited sections of the Restatement do not
address a situation like this, where there is a narrowly disseminated statement of intent to
engage in a course of conduct, the aim of which might be as much the protection of the
defendants’ perceived legal interests, as the physical welfare of others who are guests on the

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 premises, comments to section 323 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts do address
circumstances under which a mere promise, without entering upon performance, might
qualify as a sufficient undertaking within the rule stated in that section. Comment a to section
323 references comment d thereof. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323, cmt. a, at 136
(1965). There, the distinction between “misfeasance” (negligent performance of a voluntary
undertaking, as alleged in Wakulich) and “nonfeasance” (omission to perform a voluntary
undertaking) is discussed as it pertains to tort liability. The commentators observe that the
“modern law has *** witnessed a considerable weakening and blurring of the distinction, in
situations where the plaintiff’s reliance upon the defendant’s promise has resulted in harm
to him.” (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323, cmt. d, at 138 (1965).
Decisions of our appellate court have also underscored the necessity of reliance if a
defendant is to be held responsible for nonfeasance: “ ‘Under Illinois law, a plaintiff’s
reliance on the defendant’s promise is an independent, essential element in cases of
nonfeasance.’ ” Buerkett v. Illinois Power Co., 384 Ill. App. 3d 418, 428 (2008) (quoting
Bourgonje v. Machev, 362 Ill. App. 3d 984, 997 (2005)); see also Lewis v. Chica Trucking,
Inc., 409 Ill. App. 3d 240 (2011).
¶ 24 The alleged recipient’s change of position, or lack thereof, may also be a factor affecting
duty and liability when an actor terminates services voluntarily undertaken. Comment c of
section 323 addresses an actor’s ability to terminate services voluntarily undertaken:
“The fact that the actor gratuitously starts in to aid another does not necessarily
require him to continue his services. He is not required to continue them indefinitely,
or even until he has done everything in his power to aid and protect the other. The
actor may normally abandon his efforts at any time unless, by giving the aid, he has
put the other in a worse position than he was in before the actor attempted to aid
him.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323, cmt. c, at 137 (1965).
¶ 25 With these principles in mind, we first look to the factual allegations of plaintiff’s
complaint to ascertain the scope of the duty plaintiff may reasonably claim defendants
intended to undertake, and to determine whether performance was commenced.
¶ 26 The facts alleged by plaintiff in this case suggest that defendants expressed an intention
to prohibit underage possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages at the party hosted
by their son at their residence. Although plaintiff states that monitoring the possession and
consumption of alcohol at the party was part of the duty voluntarily undertaken by
defendants, monitoring alone obviously did nothing to ensure “the protection of the other’s
person,” or “the protection of a third person,” pursuant to the requisites of sections 323 and
324A of the Restatement. Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 323, 324A (1965). Monitoring
was not, as in some of the cases cited by the plaintiff, the duty itself. Given the facts alleged
by plaintiff, it was not even a substantial step in the undertaking. Plaintiff alleges that
defendants were aware of underage drinking, and took no action.1 Given these facts, for there

1
We note, plaintiff’s complaint contains summary allegations that defendants were
“negligent” in inspecting and monitoring the activities on the premises; however, the factual
recitations of plaintiff’s complaint would actually refute that allegation as plaintiff repeatedly states

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 to be a substantial step in pursuit of the alleged undertaking, there must have been some
affirmative action taken in an attempt to prohibit possession and consumption of alcohol, the
ultimate objective of the undertaking. No affirmative action is alleged here. Defendants did
not attempt to confiscate alcoholic beverages in the possession of underage partygoers; they
did not ask offenders to leave; they did not call a halt to the party–they did nothing. In our
view, the facts alleged do not support an inference that defendants commenced substantive
performance of their intended undertaking; however, even if we were to assume, arguendo,
such an inference could be reasonably drawn, the alleged circumstances indicate the intent
to perform was abandoned.
¶ 27 Moreover, even if we were to find sufficient allegations of a duty voluntarily assumed,
pursuant to which performance was commenced, the facts alleged do not provide a basis for
liability. The factual allegations of plaintiff’s complaint do not support an inference that
defendants’ stated intent and subsequent inaction increased the risk of harm to Daniel or
other partygoers (see Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 323(a), 324A(a) (1965)), nor does
it evince reliance or change of position on the basis of defendants’ expressed intent.
According to the facts set forth in plaintiff’s complaint, defendants’ intention to prohibit
underage possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages was expressed only to their
son, Jonathan. There is no allegation that Jonathan communicated defendants’ intention to
anyone else. Thus, there are no facts alleged in the complaint that would support an inference
of reliance or change of position on the part of any guests attending the party or, for that
matter, any “other” person owing them some unarticulated, undefined duty. See Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 324A(b), cmt. d, at 143 (1965) (addressing a situation where the actor
“has undertaken a duty which the other owes to the third person”). Plaintiff’s undeveloped
suggestion that Jonathan might be the “other” for purposes of section 324(b) liability fails
to account for the fact that the extent of Jonathan’s innate liability to the guests–having
undertaken no additional duty–is no greater than any other host in this situation. He owed
Daniel no duty to prevent Daniel’s possession or consumption of alcohol.
¶ 28 Because defendants in this case took no affirmative acts to effect the aim of their
expressed intention, i.e., prohibition, and no one changed position as a result of their
statement, relied upon it, or was put at “increase[d] *** risk of *** harm” or “in a worse
position” because of it (see Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 (1965)), the factual
allegations of this case do not support a basis for finding a duty undertaken or liability for
violation of any such duty. Indeed, under these circumstances, it would be illogical, and
unsound policy, to hold that defendants could be liable: illogical, because defendants’ failure
to act on their stated intention did not in any way affect the events as they would have
unfolded had the intent to act not been verbalized; unsound policy, because the imposition
of a duty and liability in this situation would only serve as a deterrent to those who would
consider volunteering assistance to others, in effect punishing people for thinking out loud.
At most, the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint suggest that defendants failed to follow

in her complaint that defendants witnessed and were aware of underage possession and consumption
of alcoholic beverages on the premises.

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 through on an expressed intent to act that might have protected Daniel–who was legally
underage for the consumption of alcohol, but an adult for most other purposes–against his
own volitional acts, or that defendants simply abandoned their original undertaking, whether
it was intended for their own protection from the perceived potential of liability, or a genuine
concern for the safety of Daniel and other partygoers. We conclude the allegations of
plaintiff’s complaint are insufficient to state a legal duty and a basis for liability on the part
of defendants under either section 323 or 324A of the Restatement.
¶ 29 We note that the facts alleged in this case bear little similarity to those this court
addressed in Wakulich and Simmons v. Homatas, 236 Ill. 2d 459 (2010) (employees of club
ejected highly intoxicated individual, placed him in his vehicle, and directed him to drive
away), both of which were discussed in the parties’ briefs to a greater or lesser extent for
diverse reasons. In those cases, this court applied Restatement principles, as we have done
here. However, in each of those cases defendants’ affirmative conduct, amounting to an
assertion of control over an inebriated and significantly impaired person, increased the risk
of harm to that person and/or created a risk of harm to others. Thus, different considerations
applied. Here, where defendants owed Daniel no duty to prohibit his voluntary possession
or consumption of alcohol, and took no action to do so pursuant to their verbalized intent,
which was communicated only to their son, we have a case of true nonfeasance. We think
the facts and analysis of this case point up the continuing significance of a distinction
between misfeasance and nonfeasance.
¶ 30 For the reasons stated, we reverse that part of the appellate court’s judgment that reversed
the circuit court’s dismissal of counts I through III of plaintiff’s second amended complaint.

¶ 31 Appellate court judgment reversed in part.

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