People v. Trotter

NO. 5-05-0533
N O T IC E

Decision filed 02/23/07. The text of
IN THE
this dec ision m ay b e changed or

corrected prior to the filing of a
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
P e t i ti o n for Re hea ring or the

disposition of the same.
FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) St. Clair County.
)
v. ) No. 03-CF-886
)
FELICIA TROTTER, ) Honorable
) John Baricevic,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE SPOMER delivered the opinion of the court:

The defendant, Felicia Trotter, was found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) on

charges of aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-1(a), 10-2(a)(2) (West 2004)).

Subsequently, the circuit court of St. Clair County ordered the defendant committed to the

Department of Human Services for a time not to exceed 25½ years. On appeal, the defendant

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on the essential elements of the offense,

contending that there was no aggravated kidnaping because there was no "secret

confinement" of the victim. See 720 ILCS 5/10-1(a) (West 2004). As a result, the defendant

argues that she should have been found not guilty of aggravated kidnaping, rather than

NGRI.

Before addressing the issue raised by the defendant on appeal, we must resolve a

threshold matter raised by the State regarding whether this court has jurisdiction to review

this case on appeal. The State asserts that while the right to appeal a criminal conviction is

fundamental and guaranteed by the Illinois Constitution (People v. Rovito, 327 Ill. App. 3d

164, 168 (2001) (citing Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §6)), "there shall be no appeal from a

1
judgment of acquittal" (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §6). The State contends that a verdict of

NGRI is essentially an acquittal and that this court consequently lacks jurisdiction over this

appeal. In response, the defendant argues that jurisdiction is proper because a verdict of

NGRI presupposes that every element of the underlying offense is proven beyond a

reasonable doubt.

In support of its position, the State cites People v. Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d 210, 214

(2006), appeal allowed, 221 Ill. 2d 654 (2006), in which our colleagues in the First District

ruled that they lacked jurisdiction to review the defendant's case because a verdict of NGRI

is "in all form and substance" an acquittal. The Harrison court reasoned that a defendant

found NGRI faces no criminal responsibility and is ultimately free. Harrison, 366 Ill. App.

3d at 218. The court noted that while such a defendant may be held in a mental health

facility, he is eventually released and discharged just as any other acquitted defendant.

Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 216. Moreover, the court did not deem confinement in a mental

health facility to be punishment but, rather, treatment and protection for the defendant as well

as society. Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 216-17 (citing Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354,

368-69, 77 L. Ed. 2d 694, 708, 103 S. Ct. 3043, 3051-52 (1983)). The Harrison court ruled

that it could exercise no jurisdiction over the defendant's cause because it could bestow no

greater relief upon the defendant than the freedom from guilt which he had already received.

Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 218. The Harrison court also concluded that for double

jeopardy purposes, a defendant who has been found NGRI "may not be retried on the same

offense." Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 215.

Although we agree with the Harrison court that a defendant found NGRI, like a

defendant acquitted generally, may not be retried on the same offense pursuant to long-settled

principles of double jeopardy, we believe that the similarities between a general acquittal and

a finding of NGRI end there. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that a verdict of NGRI is "in

2
all form and substance" an acquittal. See Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 214. To the contrary,

we find that for purposes of determining the jurisdiction of this court to review a finding of

NGRI, at least two fundamental differences between a general acquittal and a finding of

NGRI convince us that we have jurisdiction to review a finding of NGRI. These differences

raise questions related both to a substantial liberty interest and to equal protection.

The first fundamental difference between a general acquittal and a finding of NGRI

is found in the statutorily prescribed procedure that follows a finding of NGRI. Following

a general acquittal, a criminal case ends, and as the Harrison court noted, "a defendant who

has been acquitted and declared not guilty may not be retried on the same offense."

Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 215. We note that although the Harrison court cites the

language of section 104-25(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/104-

25(c) (West 2002)) that directs courts to "enter a judgment of acquittal" when a defendant

is found NGRI as evidence that a finding of NGRI is the equivalent of an acquittal, section

104-25(c) is, by its own terms, relevant only to a finding of NGRI following a discharge

hearing after a determination that a defendant is not fit for a trial and will not become so

within one year (see 725 ILCS 5/104-23(a), 104-25(c) (West 2004)). This section does not

speak at all to an NGRI finding following a trial. Accordingly, we do not believe that the use

of the term "acquittal" in section 104-25(c) is meant to imply that an NGRI finding following

a trial is somehow the legal equivalent, for all purposes, of a general acquittal. Indeed,

section 115-4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-4 (West 2004)),

which does govern an NGRI finding following a trial by a jury, does not contain language

directing courts to "enter a judgment of acquittal" when a defendant is found NGRI.

Following either a section 104-25(c) NGRI finding following a discharge hearing or

a section 115-4 NGRI finding following a trial by a jury, the court must turn to section 5-2-4

of the Unified Code of Corrections (Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4 (West 2004)), which spells out

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the proceedings to take place after an "Acquittal by Reason of Insanity." Although section

5-2-4 uses the term "acquittal" to encompass a finding made under either section, again we

do not believe that the use of the term "acquittal" under these circumstances is meant to

imply that an NGRI finding following a trial is somehow the legal equivalent, for all

purposes, of a general acquittal, for the procedural requirements that follow in the section are

too far removed from those that follow a general acquittal to legitimately be equated

therewith. Although the Harrison court focused on section 5-2-4(a) of the Code (730 ILCS

5/5-2-4(a) (West 2002)), which details the first of those procedures–the discharge from

custody of a defendant found both NGRI and "not in need of mental health services"–we

believe it is more appropriate, for purposes of comparing a finding of NGRI with a general

acquittal, to focus on section 5-2-4(b) of the Code (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(b) (West 2004)), which

states that a defendant found NGRI is subject to as many years in a mental health facility as

the maximum potential prison sentence for a defendant found guilty of the same charged

offense. In this case, the circuit court ordered the defendant committed to the custody of the

Department of Human Services for a period of time not to exceed 25½ years. Contrary to

the State's argument–and the Harrison court's conclusion that a defendant found NGRI is no

more "aggrieved" than one who is acquitted generally (People v. Harrison, 366 Ill. App. 3d

210, 218 (2006))–the defendant in this case certainly is more aggrieved than would be one

who was acquitted generally of the charge of aggravated kidnaping: the defendant here is

being detained against her will in a mental health facility and could potentially spend the rest

of her life there. This striking fact highlights a key difference between a finding of NGRI

and a general acquittal: whereas no liberty interest is implicated following a general acquittal,

a substantial liberty interest–a potentially long-term confinement in a mental health

facility–may be implicated following a finding of NGRI. See People v. Marshall, 273 Ill.

App. 3d 969, 974-95 (1995) (a substantial liberty interest is implicated when one is detained

4
in a mental health facility). In addition, a defendant found NGRI may continue to bear the

inherent stigma associated with the underlying factual allegations–which according to the

Harrison court the defendant is precluded from challenging–despite the defendant's

purported "acquittal." Given this key difference, we simply cannot agree with the Harrison

court that a defendant found NGRI has not been "aggrieved," and we cannot conclude that

a finding of NGRI is the legal equivalent of a general acquittal.

The second fundamental difference between a general acquittal and a finding of NGRI

is that before a defendant may be found NGRI, the State is required to prove the defendant

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of every element of an offense charged. People v. Wells,

294 Ill. App. 3d 405, 408 (1998); 720 ILCS 5/6-2(e) (West 2004); see also People v. Gold,

38 Ill. 2d 510, 513 (1967) (a special verdict of NGRI requires the jury to find that the

defendant committed the offense charged but was insane while committing the act). As the

Wells court noted, one of the prerequisites to finding a defendant NGRI is that the defendant

must have committed an act that constitutes a criminal offense. Wells, 294 Ill. App. 3d at 407

(two facts are established when a defendant receives a verdict of NGRI: (1) the defendant

committed an act that constitutes a criminal offense and (2) the defendant committed the act

because of mental illness (relying on Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 363, 77 L. Ed. 2d

694, 705, 103 S. Ct. 3043, 3049 (1983))). Only after it has been established that the

defendant committed an act that constitutes a criminal offense does the trier of fact consider

the defense of insanity. 725 ILCS 5/115-3, 115-4 (West 2004). Clearly, there is–and could

be–no such requirement for a general acquittal. This difference in the legal preconditions for

a finding of NGRI and a general acquittal, too, militates against the conclusion that a finding

of NGRI and a general acquittal are for all purposes legal equivalents.

We note as well that the position taken by the Harrison court–and advocated by the

State in this case–would also create the untenable situation in which one who was found

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guilty but mentally ill would have the same full appellate rights–including the right to

challenge the sufficiency of the evidence–as anyone else convicted of a criminal offense,

while one found NGRI would not be able to challenge the facts of the underlying offense.

The fundamental differences between a finding of NGRI and a general acquittal lead

us to conclude that for purposes of appellate review, a finding of NGRI is not the legal

equivalent of a general acquittal, as contemplated by the Framers of the Illinois Constitution.

Accordingly, we do not believe that section 6 of article VI of the Illinois Constitution of 1970

prevents this court from reviewing this case. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, §6 ("there shall

be no appeal from a judgment of acquittal"). Accordingly, we turn now to the facts necessary

to the disposition of this appeal.

At the trial, Latosha Peltier testified that on July 6, 2003, she went to the hospital to

pick up one of her children, who had been visiting Peltier's mother on the third floor. Ms.

Peltier's 13-month-old son was sleeping, so she left him in the vehicle by himself with the

doors unlocked and the windows open. She testified that the baby was strapped into his car

seat when she went into the hospital. When Ms. Peltier returned 10 minutes later, the baby

was gone. Immediately, Ms. Peltier asked a hospital security guard if he had seen anyone

with a baby. He replied that he had not. Ms. Peltier then saw some police officers leaving

the hospital and asked them if they could help her find her baby.

Rick Perry, a detective for the East St. Louis police department, testified that on July

6, 2003, he was called to the hospital to investigate a child abduction. After interviewing Ms.

Peltier he returned to his office, where he received a phone call from the Alorton police

department regarding a woman who was acting strangely and who had a baby with her at the

MotoMart across the street from Southwestern Illinois College in Belleville. Detective Perry

proceeded to the MotoMart, where he found the baby and the defendant, along with Perlisa

Wright, a security guard from the college, and an officer from the St. Clair County sheriff's

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department.

Officer Wright testified that she worked primarily as a police officer for the

Centreville police department. However, on July 6, 2003, Officer Wright was on duty at her

second job as a security guard for Southwestern Illinois College in Belleville, when "a couple

of people" approached her to report that they had been on the train and interacted with a

woman passenger (the defendant) who had a baby with her and told them that the baby was

not hers. The defendant had disembarked from the train at the college. When Officer Wright

spotted the defendant, she approached her, identified herself as a police officer, and asked

her where she was from and where she was going. The defendant introduced herself as

Felicia Green from East St. Louis, and she said that she had taken her six-month-old

granddaughter, Beverly Green, on the train to Belleville because the baby's mother and her

boyfriend were having an argument. The defendant also told Officer Wright that she had

gotten off the train because it was very hot and she was taking the baby to cool off at the

college.

After the exchange with Officer Wright, the defendant walked across the parking lot.

Officer Wright kept the defendant in sight and called the Alorton police department to check

the information given by the defendant. Although the records check returned the name

"Felicia Green" without a record, Officer Wright remained suspicious because of the

defendant's statement to the people on the train that the baby was not hers. Officer Wright

then observed the defendant put the baby down. The baby began to walk around and play.

At that point, Officer Wright knew that the defendant had given an inaccurate report of the

baby's age, because six-month-old infants are incapable of walking. Officer Wright decided

to contact the police department in East St. Louis to inquire about a missing baby. It was

then that Detective Perry was notified.

Officer Wright testified that she followed the defendant across the street to the

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MotoMart. When Officer Wright did not see the defendant inside the store, she asked the

clerk if a woman had come in with a baby. The clerk replied that a woman had taken a baby

into the restroom. Officer Wright approached the restroom, but the door was locked. When

Officer Wright heard a baby crying inside the restroom, she told the defendant to open the

door. Officer Wright testified that when the defendant emerged from the restroom with the

baby, she smiled and said: "[O]kay, I guess you got me[.] I guess you know by now."

Officer Wright testified on cross-examination that the defendant had never left her sight. She

watched the defendant walk all the way to the MotoMart, where she remained until Detective

Perry and the St. Clair County sheriff's department arrived.

Dr. Daniel Cuneo, a clinical psychologist, testified to a reasonable degree of

psychological certainty that the defendant was insane at the time of the events in issue. A

jury found the defendant NGRI on charges of aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-1(a), 10-

2(a)(2) (West 2004)). Subsequently, the circuit court of St. Clair County ordered the

defendant committed to the Department of Human Services for a time not to exceed 25½

years.

On appeal, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence regarding the

essential elements of the offense, contending that there was no aggravated kidnaping because

there was no "secret confinement" of the victim. See 720 ILCS 5/10-1(a) (West 2004). We

note that because the State did not address this issue in its brief, we assume that it does not

disagree with the defendant's position and thereby waives the issue. See People v. Haag, 80

Ill. App. 3d 135, 137 (1979) (issues not addressed by the appellee in the appellee's brief are

deemed waived); see also Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 12 (June 7, 2006), R.

341(h)(7), eff. September 1, 2006 (points not argued in an opening brief are waived and shall

not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or in a petition for rehearing); Official

Reports Advance Sheet No. 12 (June 7, 2006), R. 341(i), eff. September 1, 2006 (Supreme

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Court Rule 341(h)(7) also applies to the appellee's brief). However, even if the issue were

not waived, for the reasons set forth below, we reverse the trial court's judgment of NGRI

because the State failed to prove the elements of aggravated kidnaping beyond a reasonable

doubt.

When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the question is

whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

fact finder could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a

reasonable doubt. People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541 (1999). It is not the duty of this court

to retry the defendant but, rather, to examine the evidence, bearing in mind that the jury had

the opportunity to observe the witnesses. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d at 541. While the jury's finding

is entitled to great deference, it is not conclusive. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d at 542. If we find the

evidence so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that a reasonable doubt of the

defendant's guilt is created, we will reverse the conviction. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d at 542.

Pursuant to section 10-1(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/10-1(a) (West

2004)), kidnaping occurs when a person knowingly and secretly confines another person

against his will, or carries a person from one place to another with the intent to secretly

confine him against his will, or deceives another person into going from one place to another

with the intent to secretly confine him against his will. The confinement of a child under the

age of 13 is considered "against his will" if it is without the consent of his parent or legal

guardian. 720 ILCS 5/10-1(b) (West 2004). Moreover, if the victim is a child under the age

of 13, the offense rises to the level of aggravated kidnaping. 720 ILCS 5/10-2(a)(2) (West

2004). Secret confinement is demonstrated by either the secrecy of the confinement or the

place of the confinement. People v. George, 326 Ill. App. 3d 1096, 1101 (2002) (citing

People v. Mulcahey, 72 Ill. 2d 282, 285 (1978)). In cases where the proof of a secret

confinement was established, the victim was clearly confined or enclosed within something,

9
usually a house or a vehicle. People v. Sykes, 161 Ill. App. 3d 623, 628 (1987). The word

"secret" has been defined as " '[c]oncealed; hidden; not made public; particularly, in law, kept

from the knowledge or notice of persons liable to be affected by the act, transaction, deed,

or other thing spoken of.' " (Emphasis in original.) George, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 1101

(quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1352 (6th ed. 1990)).

In this case, the defendant contends that the State failed to prove that the baby was

secretly confined, which is an essential element of aggravated kidnaping (720 ILCS 5/10-1(a)

(West 2004)). Thus, the defendant argues that she should have been found not guilty of

aggravated kidnaping, rather than NGRI. We agree. The baby was never secretly confined

because the defendant never removed the baby from the public's view or awareness. After

taking the baby from the vehicle at the hospital, the defendant boarded the train, where she

was in constant contact with other people. The defendant disembarked from the train in

Belleville, then interacted with Officer Wright, who kept the defendant in sight and watched

her walk into the MotoMart. Although the defendant took the baby into the restroom for a

few minutes, this does not equate to secret confinement, because both the clerk and later

Officer Wright were aware of the defendant's presence in the restroom with the baby. See

People v. Pasch, 152 Ill. 2d 133 (1992) (an aggravated kidnaping conviction was reversed;

although the defendant held the victim hostage in an apartment, many were aware of it); see

also People v. Sykes, 161 Ill. App. 3d 623, 625-29 (1987) (an aggravated kidnaping

conviction was reversed; although the defendant grabbed the victim, pulled her into an alley,

and attempted to enter an abandoned building, no secret confinement was found because the

victim was not at any time hidden or not made public during the entire incident); People v.

Lamkey, 240 Ill. App. 3d 435, 439-40 (1992) (an aggravated kidnaping conviction was

reversed; there was no secret confinement because the victim was never outside the public's

view but was in a room with a glass door where people were seen walking on the sidewalk

10
and the defendant made no attempt to further conceal the victim). In the case at bar, at no

point did the defendant secretly confine, or show an intent to secretly confine, the baby. At

best, the facts of this case support a possible conviction for unlawful restraint, which was not

charged. See 720 ILCS 5/10-3 (W est 2004). Based on the totality of the circumstances, no

rational trier of fact could have found that the State met its burden in proving a secret

confinement beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the trial court's judgment of NGRI

is hereby reversed, and pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 615(b) (134 Ill. 2d R. 615(b)), we

enter a judgment of acquittal.

Reversed.

CHAPMAN and STEWART, JJ., concur.

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 NO. 5-05-0533

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) St. Clair County.
)
v. ) No. 03-CF-886
)
FELICIA TROTTER, ) Honorable
) John Baricevic,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion Filed: February 23, 2007
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices: Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, J.

Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J., and
Honorable Bruce D. Stewart, J.,
Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Daniel M . Kirwan, Deputy Defender, Lawrence J. O'Neill, Assistant Defender,
for Office of the State Appellate Defender, Fifth Judicial District, 117 North Tenth
Appellant Street, Suite 300, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Hon. Robert Haida, State's Attorney, St. Clair County, 10 Public Square, Belleville,
for IL 62220; Norbert J. Goetten, Director, Stephen E. Norris, Deputy Director, Rebecca
Appellee E. McCormick, Staff Attorney, Office of the State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor,
730 E. Illinois Highway 15, Suite 2, P.O. Box 2249, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
___________________________________________________________________________________