People v. Sinegal

Rule 23 order filed NO. 5-09-0563
March 30, 2011;
Motion to publish granted IN THE
May 5, 2011.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Union County.
)
v. ) No. 09-CF-55
)
CEDRIC J. SINEGAL, ) Honorable
) Mark M. Boie,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Justices Welch and Donovan concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

The defendant, Cedric J. Sinegal, appeals his conviction for unlawful possession of

cannabis. He argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash arrest and

suppress evidence because officers who pierced the side of a plastic-wrapped package

containing the cannabis lacked probable cause to search the package. We affirm.

The defendant's conviction stems from a stop of his vehicle at a gas station near

Interstate 57 in Union County, Illinois. Trooper Rodger Goines initially stopped the vehicle

because the defendant was exceeding the speed limit and his car had tinted windows and did

not have a front license plate. After stopping the vehicle, Trooper Goines learned that the

defendant's vehicle was registered in Louisiana. Illinois requires vehicles to have two license

plates, while Louisiana does not. At the relevant time, Illinois prohibited tinted windows for

the windshield and the windows to each side of the driver, while Louisiana does not. (We

note that the law has subsequently been amended to relax that prohibition. 625 ILCS 5/12-

1
503(a-5) (West Supp. 2009); Pub. Act 96-815, §5 (eff. Oct. 30, 2009).) It is not illegal to

drive an out-of-state vehicle into Illinois that fully complies with the requirements of the state

in which it is registered; however, Trooper Goines did not realize that the car was registered

in Louisiana until he made the stop. During the course of the stop, Trooper Goines

discovered a large package wrapped in opaque green plastic. He suspected that the package

contained narcotics. He therefore called for backup, arrested the defendant and a passenger

in his vehicle, and searched the vehicle. Sergeant Steven Lawrence arrived and pierced the

side of the package, revealing that it contained cannabis.

The defendant and his passenger were charged with unlawful possession with intent

to deliver cannabis, cannabis trafficking, and unlawful possession of cannabis. Their cases

were consolidated for purposes of a series of hearings on their motions to quash their arrests

and suppress evidence of the cannabis.

At the first hearing on the motions, Trooper Goines testified that he saw the

defendant's vehicle traveling at a speed of 68 miles per hour in a 65-mile-per-hour zone. He

also noticed that the vehicle had no front license plate and had black tinted windows on each

side of the driver and on the rear windows. He followed the defendant's vehicle as the

defendant exited the interstate. At the top of the exit ramp, the vehicle did not come to a

complete stop. In addition, it appeared to begin to turn right but then turned left instead.

Trooper Goines testified that he followed the vehicle into a Travel Hut located near the

interchange. There, both the driver and the passenger immediately jumped out of the car.

They stated that they needed to buy gas and both needed to use the restroom. Trooper Goines

patted down each defendant and allowed them to use the restroom one at a time.

Trooper Goines testified that he asked the defendant for permission to look at his gas

gauge and that the defendant consented. When Trooper Goines opened the car door to look

at the gauge, he saw a 24- by 12-inch package wrapped tightly in opaque green plastic shrink

2
wrap. The package was lying on the driver's seat. He immediately suspected that it

contained narcotics. He called for backup, placed both defendants under arrest, and searched

the defendant's car. The search did not turn up any additional contraband. Sergeant Steven

Lawrence arrived on the scene and pierced the side of the package, revealing a leafy

substance the officers suspected to be cannabis.

After his testimony, Trooper Goines left the courtroom, and the attorneys for the

defendants and the State began their arguments. The State argued that once Trooper Goines

saw the package in plain view on the front seat of the defendant's car, it was "rather obvious"

to him that the package contained narcotics. In response, the defendants argued that there

was no evidence to support the officer's suspicion that the package contained drugs. They

argued that there was no suspicious behavior on the part of either defendant to support this

conclusion and that Trooper Goines' search of the car and pat-down searches of both

defendants yielded no evidence of any additional contraband or drug paraphernalia. The

court then made the following observation: "I didn't hear any testimony from the trooper that

he even had any previous drug experience, any previous experience that would lead him to

believe that the bundle was anything about drugs." The court continued the hearing to allow

the parties time to address the applicability of Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. ____, 173 L. Ed. 2d

485, 129 S. Ct. 1710 (2009). That case, which was decided five days after the search and

seizure at issue in this case occurred, placed limits on the ability of officers to search a

vehicle incident to an arrest. Gant, 556 U.S. at ____, 173 L. Ed. 2d at 501, 129 S. Ct. at

1723-24. Although relevant at the trial court level, the case is not relevant to the issues

raised in this appeal. The defendant concedes that Trooper Goines discovered the package

after being given consent to open the door to look at the gas gauge and that the search of the

vehicle did not turn up any other incriminating evidence.

A few days after the first hearing, the State filed a motion to strike the defendants'

3
motions to quash arrest and a motion to reopen direct examination and allow additional

witnesses. The defendants promptly filed an objection to the State's motions. The court held

a second hearing to address these pending motions. The court denied the motion to strike,

finding that it was untimely and moot. The court found that it had never closed the evidence

in the first hearing; therefore, over the defendants' objections, the court ruled that the State

would be permitted to present additional evidence without the need to reopen the case.

The court then held a third hearing in the matter. Trooper Goines again took the

stand. This time, he testified that he asked the passenger about the package and that the

passenger told him that the package did not belong to him and that he did not know what was

in the package or how it got there. Trooper Goines also testified that he questioned both

defendants about where they were going. The defendant, who was the driver, told him that

they were going to Indianapolis. The passenger said that he was just going along for the ride

and did not know where they were going.

Trooper Goines further testified that he immediately suspected that the package

contained some type of narcotics because of the way it was wrapped as well as the

defendants' behavior. He explained that he had some training in drug interdiction, from

which he had learned that plastic wrap was used by drug traffickers to conceal narcotics. He

further explained that although many drivers appear to be nervous when stopped for routine

traffic violations, both defendants here acted more nervous than the typical motorist. Trooper

Goines acknowledged that he did not know what type of narcotic he could expect to find in

the package. He suspected it contained cocaine because he ran a warrant check on each

defendant and learned that each had a history of cocaine trafficking. He also acknowledged

that his search of the car did not turn up any additional evidence of contraband.

Sergeant Steven Lawrence, the officer who pierced the package, also testified for the

State. He testified that he had taken five different one-week training seminars dealing with

4
drug interdiction, including one seminar specifically geared towards interdiction on the

interstate. In addition, he had attended shorter one-day seminars on the topic. He explained

that narcotics are generally transported in shrink-wrapped packages, such as the one found

in the defendant's car, to make it harder to detect. The human nose cannot smell the narcotics

through the airtight wrap, and because opaque wrap is used, the drugs themselves are not

visible, either. Sergeant Lawrence testified that he had been involved in 8 to 10 previous

stops involving packages containing narcotics. Although the wrap was black rather than

green in most of the stops, the packages were otherwise identical to the one Trooper Goines

found in the defendant's car. He testified that the type of packaging used here was never used

for anything other than illegal drugs.

Sergeant Lawrence went on to explain that he suspected not only that the package

contained narcotics but that it contained cannabis. He explained that the packaging for

different types of drugs was distinctive–for example, cocaine was ordinarily wrapped in

small brick-shaped packs that could easily be concealed in the door pocket of a vehicle, while

cannabis was ordinarily wrapped in larger packages such as the one involved here. He

testified that two things led him to question whether the package might contain something

other than cannabis–first, he knew from Trooper Goines that both defendants had a history

of cocaine trafficking, and second, ordinarily with a package that large it was possible to

smell the faint aroma of cannabis in spite of the plastic wrap, but he could not smell it.

Finally, Sergeant Lawrence testified that he pierced the side of the package at the scene so

that he could tell the drug interdiction unit what type of narcotic they had found before they

arrived.

The court found that Trooper Goines had consent to look at the gas gauge. This

required him to open the door to the car, which in turn led to the discovery of the package

in plain view. This gave him probable cause to arrest the defendant and search the car. The

5
court further found that the officers' training and experience in drug detection, combined with

their knowledge of the defendants' prior history of drug trafficking and the nervousness

displayed by both men during the stop, gave Sergeant Lawrence probable cause to open the

package at the scene. The court denied the motion to suppress. After a stipulated bench trial,

the defendant was convicted of unlawful possession of cannabis, and the State dropped the

other charges. The defendant then filed the instant appeal.

A ruling on a motion to suppress evidence presents mixed questions of fact and law.

On appeal, we will reverse the trial court's findings of fact only if they are against the

manifest weight of the evidence. However, we will consider de novo "the ultimate question

of whether the evidence should be suppressed." People v. McDonough, 239 Ill. 2d 260, 266,

940 N.E.2d 1100, 1105 (2010).

The fourth amendment does not protect citizens from any and all searches and

seizures; it prohibits only those searches and seizures that are unreasonable. People v. Hall,

352 Ill. App. 3d 537, 545, 816 N.E.2d 703, 710 (2004). Generally, this requires a warrant

supported by probable cause. However, there are exceptions to the requirement of a warrant.

People v. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d 261, 269, 830 N.E.2d 541, 548 (2005). "The central requirement

of the fourth amendment is reasonableness." Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 268, 830 N.E.2d at 548.

Two exceptions are relevant to this appeal. First, officers may properly conduct a search

without a warrant if they are given consent. People v. Davis, 398 Ill. App. 3d 940, 956, 924

N.E.2d 67, 82 (2010). Second, under the plain view doctrine, an officer may seize an object

without a warrant if (1) the officer is lawfully in the place where he sees the object in plain

view, (2) the officer has a lawful right of access to the object, and (3) the incriminating

nature of the object is "immediately apparent." Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 271-72, 830 N.E.2d at

550. The incriminating nature is immediately apparent if the officer has probable cause to

believe that the object is evidence of a crime without searching further. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d

6
at 272, 830 N.E.2d at 550.

Here, there is no real dispute that the defendant gave Trooper Goines consent to enter

his car to look at his gas gauge. Thus, there is no question that he was lawfully in the vehicle

when he saw the package in plain view or that he had lawful access to it. What is at issue is

whether he had probable cause to believe that the package contained illegal drugs without

conducting a further search.

The defendant argues that Trooper Goines lacked probable cause to arrest the

defendant or seize the package because (1) the package was not distinctive enough to make

it obvious that it contained narcotics and (2) the defendant's actions were not suspicious. We

disagree on both counts.

The defendant argues that the package "could have contained anything." Trooper

Goines acknowledged that he did not know with certainty that the package contained

narcotics; however, probable cause to believe that a package contains contraband does not

require absolute certainty. Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742, 75 L. Ed. 2d 502, 514, 103

S. Ct. 1535, 1543 (1983); Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 277, 830 N.E.2d at 553. Trooper Goines

testified that he had seen similar packages on at least five previous occasions and that each

one had contained narcotics. As previously noted, he also testified that he had at least some

training in drug interdiction, although he did not provide much detail.

Moreover, in determining whether Trooper Goines had probable cause to believe that

the package contained illegal drugs, we must consider all the circumstances known to him

at the time. See People v. Holmes, 104 Ill. App. 3d 1049, 1053-54, 433 N.E.2d 1027, 1031

(1982). Here, Trooper Goines' suspicion that the package contained narcotics was

heightened due to what he considered to be suspicious behavior by the defendant and his

passenger. In arguing that this behavior did not give rise to probable cause, the defendant

focuses on two observations. He notes that Trooper Goines testified that the defendant and

7
his passenger acted nervous during the encounter and that he believed they were taking

evasive measures as he followed the vehicle on the exit ramp. The defendant argues that

there are innocent explanations for both of these behaviors. He points out that anyone might

be nervous during a traffic stop and that the defendant likely turned left after beginning to

turn right at the top of the ramp because he did not know where the gas station was. We note

that Trooper Goines acknowledged both of these possibilities in his testimony. Although he

testified that they appeared to be trying to avoid him when the vehicle began to turn right but

turned left instead, he also acknowledged that it was apparent they did not know where they

were going. Trooper Goines also indicated that most motorists are nervous during traffic

stops. However, he specifically testified that both the defendant and his passenger seemed

more nervous than most people he encounters making routine traffic stops. Moreover, these

are not the only relevant circumstances Trooper Goines considered. As previously noted, the

passenger told Trooper Goines that he did not know where they were going, what was in the

package, or how the package got in the car. In addition, a warrant check revealed that both

the defendant and his passenger had prior drug charges. We believe that the combination of

all of these circumstances–including Trooper Goines' knowledge that the package was the

type of package used to transport drugs–gave rise to probable cause to arrest the defendants

and seize the package.

This does not end our inquiry, however. Even when the plain view doctrine supports

the warrantless seizure of a package or container, it does not always follow that the contents

of the package or container may be searched without a warrant, as was done here. Jones, 215

Ill. 2d at 278, 830 N.E.2d at 554. If the contents of the properly seized package "are a

forgone conclusion," police officers may properly search the package without obtaining a

warrant. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 279, 830 N.E.2d at 554. The contents of a package may be a

foregone conclusion if the package is transparent or open or "when its 'distinctive

8
configuration proclaims its contents.' " Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 279, 830 N.E.2d at 554 (quoting

People v. Williams, 41 F.3d 192, 197 (4th Cir. 1994)). Applying this principle to the instant

case, we find that Sergeant Lawrence was justified in piercing the side of the package.

As previously discussed, both Trooper Goines and Sergeant Lawrence testified to

prior training and experience in drug interdictions. Although Goines gave little specific

testimony related to his training, Sergeant Lawrence was the officer who actually made the

decision to pierce the package, and he testified that he had attended at least five different

weeklong training seminars in addition to several one-day seminars. He further testified that,

at these seminars, participants were given the opportunity to see and handle various examples

of different types of drug packages. In addition, both officers testified that they had been

involved in multiple prior drug interdictions and that each time they had encountered a

package similar to the one found in the defendant's car, it had contained narcotics. As the

defendant acknowledges, the officers may rely on this training and experience. Jones, 215

Ill. 2d at 274, 830 N.E.2d at 551.

The facts before us are similar to those present in Jones. There, an officer asked a

driver to produce his driver's license during a routine traffic stop. After the driver handed

his license to the officer, his front shirt pocket opened, revealing a small wooden box. Jones,

215 Ill. 2d at 264, 830 N.E.2d at 546. Due to his training and experience in drug interdiction,

the officer recognized the box as a "one-hitter" box, which is commonly used to hold

cannabis. The officer opened the box and found a pipe and some cannabis inside. Jones, 215

Ill. 2d at 264, 830 N.E.2d at 546.

The officer testified that he had received a one-week course in drug detection. During

this training course, the officer had the opportunity to examine exhibits of various types of

drug paraphernalia, including a one-hitter box. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 275, 830 N.E.2d at 551.

He also testified that he had encountered one-hitter boxes 24 previous times and that every

9
time he encountered one, it contained drugs. He had never seen this type of box used for any

other purpose. Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 275, 830 N.E.2d at 551-52.

In upholding the validity of the search of the contents of the box, the supreme court

noted that it might not have been obvious to a civilian that Jones's one-hitter box was an item

of drug paraphernalia almost certain to contain marijuana. The court concluded, however,

that "taking into account [the officer's] training and experience," the one-hitter box was

distinctive enough to "proclaim[] its contents." Jones, 215 Ill. 2d at 282, 830 N.E.2d at 556.

Here, similarly, the training and experience of both officers, particularly Sergeant

Lawrence, led them to expect with near certainty that the package would contain illegal

drugs. Both officers testified that every time they had encountered a similar package, it had

contained narcotics. Sergeant Lawrence, who had encountered similar packages on 10 prior

occasions and testified to fairly extensive training in drug detection, stated that he had never

seen anything other than drugs packaged in this distinctive manner. He testified regarding

the reasons that drug traffickers use opaque plastic wrap to avoid detection. He even testified

that the configuration and size of the package revealed that it almost certainly contained

cannabis. The defendant contends that the package in this case is not as distinctive as the

one-hitter box in Jones. However, we find this contention to be contradicted by the

testimony of the officers. In light of this training and experience, we find that Sergeant

Lawrence's near certainty that the package would contain drugs justified his act of piercing

the package at the scene without first obtaining a warrant.

Finally, we acknowledge that we reach a different conclusion than the court in People

v. Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d 499, 544 N.E.2d 1015 (1989), a case that is factually similar to the

case before us. There, two Chicago police officers stopped a motorist because his

registration sticker had expired. Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 500, 544 N.E.2d at 1015. When

they asked the driver to produce his driver’s license, they noticed that his hands shook.

10
Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 500, 544 N.E.2d at 1015-16. One officer looked into the vehicle

and saw a small, bricklike package wrapped in opaque brown plastic. (One of the officers

in Penny testified that the package looked " 'like a kilo of cocaine' " and felt " 'like a brick.' "

Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 500, 544 N.E.2d at 1016. We note that in this case, Sergeant

Lawrence testified that cocaine is ordinarily packaged in this bricklike configuration.) The

officer removed the package from the car, pierced it with a knife, and discovered that it

contained a white powder. Subsequent testing revealed that the powder was cocaine. Penny,

188 Ill. App. 3d at 500, 544 N.E.2d at 1016.

There, the trial court granted the defendant’s motion to suppress, finding that the

officers " 'had nothing more than mere suspicion.' " Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 501, 544

N.E.2d at 1016. The First District Appellate Court affirmed that ruling. Penny, 188 Ill. App.

3d at 505, 544 N.E.2d at 1019. We do not find that the same result is warranted here. Even

if we were obliged to follow a 20-year-old decision of a different district of the appellate

court, we find Penny distinguishable from the instant case for two key reasons.

First, the officer who testified in Penny stated only that, based on his experience, he

believed that the package " 'looked like a kilo of cocaine.' " Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 503,

544 N.E.2d at 1017. Unlike Sergeant Lawrence, he did not testify that the package was

distinctive, and he did not provide any testimony outlining what type of training and

experience he had in drug interdiction. Although the officers in Penny might well have had

more than a mere suspicion that the package contained cocaine, they did not provide the court

with a factual basis to allow the court to reach this conclusion. Here, by contrast, Sergeant

Lawrence testified that he had extensive knowledge and training in drug interdiction and that

the type of packaging used here was distinctive and typically used by drug traffickers to

conceal the contents. A fact in point was that Sergeant Lawrence had personal experience

in 8 to 10 prior cases of similar packages, all of which contained narcotics, and that this type

11
of package was not used for anything other than illegal drugs.

Second, in Penny the only additional circumstance known to the arresting officers was

the fact that the driver’s hands were shaking when he produced his license. Penny, 188 Ill.

App. 3d at 503, 544 N.E.2d at 1017. As the First District pointed out, nervousness alone is

not enough to give rise to suspicion, especially during a routine traffic stop when many

drivers are likely to be nervous. Penny, 188 Ill. App. 3d at 503, 544 N.E.2d at 1017. Here,

by contrast, the officers were aware that both the defendant and his passenger had prior drug

trafficking arrests and that they gave conflicting answers when asked their destination. We

thus find the instant case distinguishable from Penny and decline to follow the decision in

that case.

We conclude that the trial court correctly denied the motion to suppress evidence.

Accordingly, we affirm the defendant's conviction.

Affirmed.

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 NO. 5-09-0563

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Union County.
)
v. ) No. 09-CF-55
)
CEDRIC J. SINEGAL, ) Honorable
) Mark M. Boie,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Rule 23 Order Filed: March 30, 2011
Motion to Publish Granted: May 5, 2011
Opinion Filed: May 5, 2011
___________________________________________________________________________________

Justices: Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, P.J.

Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J., and
Honorable James K. Donovan, J.,
Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Johannah B. Weber, Deputy Defender,
for E. Joyce Randolph, Assistant Appellate Defender, Office of the State Appellate
Appellant Defender, 909 Water Tower Circle, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
___________________________________________________________________________________

Attorneys Hon. Tyler R. Edmonds, State's Attorney, Union County Courthouse, 309 W. Market
for Street, Jonesboro, IL 62952; Patrick Delfino, Director, Stephen E. Norris, Deputy
Appellee Director, Timothy James Ting, Staff Attorney, Office of the State's Attorneys
Appellate Prosecutor, Fifth District Office, 730 E. Illinois Hwy 15, Suite 2, P.O. Box
2249, Mt. Vernon, IL 62864
___________________________________________________________________________________