No. 2--07--0031 Filed: 7-7-08
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
LaSALLE BANK, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Du Page County.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 04--CH--279
)
CATHERINE FERONE, )
)
Defendant-Appellant )
)
(Marc J. Biagini, Individually and as Trustee )
of the 6604 Langley Court Trust dated ) Honorable
5-6-2002, Unknown Owners, and ) Bonnie M. Wheaton,
Nonrecord Claimants, Defendants). ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE O'MALLEY delivered the opinion of the court:
In this mortgage foreclosure action, defendant, Catherine Ferone, appeals the judgment of
the circuit court of Du Page County, granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff, LaSalle Bank,
as to her affirmative defense. On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in finding that
(1) plaintiff was a bona fide mortgagee for value because plaintiff did not have actual or constructive
notice of defendant's interest in the subject property or of the fraud that defendant Marc J. Biagini
perpetrated on defendant; and (2) Biagini's fraud was fraud in the inducement rather than fraud in
the execution. We reverse and remand.
The following summary of facts is drawn from the record on appeal, consisting of the various
pleadings, depositions, and the like submitted by the parties. The genesis of this case is in the
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friendship between defendant and Biagini's girlfriend, then wife, Denise. Biagini, in turn, became
defendant's friend, and defendant retained Biagini to represent her at the closing for the subject
property, as well as to draft her will and her aunt's will.
Before the spring of 2002, defendant was the trustee of the Catherine L. Ferone Revocable
Family Trust, which held the title to the subject property. In the spring of 2002, when defendant's
business began to fail, she turned to Biagini for help in obtaining a line of credit using her house, the
subject property, as collateral. Biagini agreed to assist defendant.
According to defendant, on May 6, 2002, Biagini asked defendant to sign a power of
attorney, effective for only 24 hours. Biagini represented to defendant that this would help him to
arrange for an appraisal of the property. Instead of a power of attorney, Biagini presented defendant
with a deed in trust. When defendant signed the deed in trust, she did not understand that the effect
of the document was to quitclaim her interest in the subject property. Rather, defendant trusted
Biagini because he was her lawyer and her friend, and she believed Biagini's representation that she
was signing a power of attorney that would be valid only for 24 hours. Defendant thereafter did not
receive a copy of the deed in trust. The effect of the deed in trust was to convey the subject property
into a new trust, the "6604 Langley Court Trust." Biagini was the beneficiary of the 6604 Langley
Court Trust. Defendant did not know either of the existence or of the terms of the 6604 Langley
Court Trust when she signed the deed in trust that Biagini proffered.
Defendant conceded, however, that she had previously used power of attorney forms that
Biagini had prepared to assist defendant in administering the estates of her aunt and her father.
Additionally, the deed in trust was clearly, if not altogether conspicuously, labeled as a "deed in
trust."
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In August 2002, the subject property was appraised by Flavin Appraisals. Defendant testified
that she believed the appraisal was in connection with the line of credit she was pursuing and for
which she had signed the document she believed to be a 24-hour power of attorney. As it turned out,
Flavin Appraisals was appraising the subject property for the mortgage that Biagini was taking out
on it without defendant's knowledge or permission. Defendant told the appraiser that she was the
owner of the subject property, and she informed the appraiser of the improvements that she had made
as its owner. Plaintiff conceded that, in August 2002, before the mortgage on the subject property
was executed by Biagini, defendant informed the appraiser that she was the owner of the subject
property.
Plaintiff asserts that defendant contradicts herself by maintaining that she did not realize the
appraiser was conducting an appraisal to support a mortgage when she admits that she was seeking
a line of credit collateralized by the subject property. Plaintiff notes that defendant testified that she
was present when the appraisal was conducted, along with her roommate, Christine Peters. Plaintiff
further notes that defendant told the appraiser that she was hoping to get the money soon in order to
do more projects on the subject property and that she never told the appraiser that she was not going
to go ahead with the transaction.
We here digress to a small extent. In its statement of facts, plaintiff's characterization of
defendant's "contradiction" borders closely upon argument (if it does not cross into it), which is
prohibited by the supreme court rules. See 210 Ill. 2d R. 341(h)(6). We do not necessarily perceive
defendant to have contradicted herself--the lack of knowledge and permission to which she refers
concerns Biagini's procurement of a mortgage in his name with the proceeds to be disbursed to him,
not a transaction resulting in the subject property collateralizing a loan from which she would receive
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the proceeds. We caution plaintiff to follow the supreme court rules and to provide argument not
in its statement of facts but only in the "argument" section of its brief. To the extent that plaintiff
is providing argument in its statement of facts, we will disregard it and will consider only that
portion of the statement of facts that complies with Rule 341(h)(6).
Plaintiff further notes that defendant denies that she granted permission for a mortgage to be
placed on the subject property, but that she also states that she solicited Biagini's assistance to
procure some sort of loan using the subject property as collateral. Plaintiff points out that defendant
conceded that she was aware that she would not have been able to acquire a mortgage on her own,
as a result of her poor credit history. Plaintiff further notes that defendant acknowledged that she
needed a loan as a result of her financial hardship and her failing business venture. Plaintiff also
points out that defendant agreed to allow Biagini to use his own information (plaintiff equates this
to Biagini's credit history) to help her secure some sort of loan.
The record demonstrates that Biagini's application for the mortgage on the subject property
included representations that Biagini had owned the subject property since 2000 or 2001. Defendant
notes that, actually, she had owned the property since that time. Biagini also represented that he
owned a property in Downers Grove. In fact, Biagini did not own and never had owned the Downers
Grove property. Biagini also claimed that he received a monthly salary of $26,500; he did not.
Plaintiff eventually closed on the loan and issued the mortgage, paying the proceeds to
Biagini. Some of the proceeds were used to pay off debts on several of Biagini's personal credit
cards. Biagini later defaulted on the loan.
On February 20, 2004, plaintiff filed an action to foreclose the subject property. In May 2004
(and, plaintiff notes, at no time before then) defendant filed a police report alleging that she had been
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defrauded by Biagini. In November 2004, defendant filed her affirmative defense to the foreclosure
action, alleging that she had an interest in the subject property in spite of executing the deed in trust.
Defendant further asserted that she executed the deed in trust as a result of the fraud perpetrated by
Biagini.
Plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment as to defendant's affirmative defenses. On
January 24, 2006, the matter came before the trial court for hearing. The trial court ruled orally as
follows:
"I don't believe that there is any genuine issue of material fact as to the fraud that was
perpetrated here, but I believe that that does constitute fraud in the inducement and not fraud
in the execution.
The operative document, I believe, is the deed in trust and that clearly states that it
is a deed in trust and any reasonable person reading it would know that title was being
transferred to Mr. Biagini, not personally, but as trustee. And that document was recorded
on May 10th of 2002.
If there is, indeed, a duty of the mortgage lender to inquire as to the status of any
tenant on the property, [defendant's] residence at [the] property is certainly not inconsistent
with her status as the [grantor] of the deed in trust. Indeed, I think it would be very unusual
to find the trustee of a deed in trust actually living in the property.
Certainly, she, herself, had a duty to advise the lender or the appraiser, as the lender's
designee, of what her status of the property was.
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Given all of the facts and circumstances in this case and the fact that she was actively
seeking to have a mortgage provided to Mr. Biagini or to her through Mr. Biagini, I don't
think that there is any question but that [plaintiff] is a bona fide mortgage lender for value.
As such, I think there are no genuine issues of material fact, and summary judgment
in favor of [plaintiff] as to the affirmative defense is proper."
The trial court entered judgment in favor of plaintiff and against defendant on defendant's affirmative
defense.
Defendant filed a motion to reconsider. On May 6, 2006, the trial court heard and denied the
motion. The trial court ruled:
"In taking all of [defendant's] deposition testimony in the light most favorable to her,
I think that it clearly establishes that she signed a document that she did not read. Even if
she truly in her heart believed that she was filing--signing a 24-hour power of attorney, by
all of the relevant case law, she's charged with the obligation to read it and to know the
contents of it. The standard that you're urging upon the lender would require them to be
clairvoyant.
The only even arguable notice that the lender would have of her interest in the
property is a statement that she said to an appraiser whose name she cannot remember and
whom she invited into her home and accompanied while he went around the house,
according to her deposition testimony. I think that is just certainly insufficient to give even
the most reasonable lender notice of her interest in the property as the owner.
[DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL]: But, your Honor, they --
THE COURT: Counsel, you've had your turn.
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Even the documents all state that this property is not homestead property. So her
presence in the property is not inconsistent with the documents that were signed at closing.
Regardless of credibility, as I said, taking everything in the light most favorable to
[defendant], I think it certainly does not establish that there was any -- any notice that would
put a lender on the suspicion that this was anything other than a normal transaction. And the
fact that some credit cards were paid off, that happens all the time at closings, absolutely,
unless things have changed since I've been on the bench.
So taking all of your arguments into consideration, I think that the original ruling was
correct, so I'm going to deny the motion for reconsideration."
Defendant timely appeals.
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor
of plaintiff on her affirmative defense. We briefly review the familiar standards pertaining to
summary judgments. Summary judgment is properly granted where the pleadings, depositions,
admissions, and affidavits on file, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, reveal
that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2--1005(c) (West 2006); Kajima Construction Services, Inc. v. St. Paul
Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 227 Ill. 2d 102, 106 (2007). In reviewing the trial court's grant of
summary judgment, we construe the evidence strictly against the moving party and liberally in favor
of the nonmoving party. Buenz v. Frontline Transportation Co., 227 Ill. 2d 302, 308 (2008). We
review de novo the trial court's grant of summary judgment. Buenz, 227 Ill. 2d at 308.
Defendant raises two issues. First, defendant contends that plaintiff had constructive notice
about her ownership of the subject property. According to defendant, informing the appraiser,
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defendant's agent, that she owned the subject property triggered in plaintiff a duty to more fully
investigate. Defendant contends that the irregularities surrounding the mortgage also should have
notified plaintiff of Biagini's fraud. Defendant points to Biagini's misrepresentations to plaintiff as
to property he owned and his monthly income, as well as his direction that he receive the proceeds
and that some of the proceeds be used to pay off his credit cards. All of these circumstances,
according to defendant, were sufficient to alert plaintiff to the questionable nature of the transaction
and to trigger plaintiff's duty to further investigate the circumstances surrounding the transaction.
Defendant concludes that, because of this, the trial court erred in holding that plaintiff was a bona
fide mortgagee for value. Second, defendant contends that Biagini committed fraud in the execution
when he misled her about the nature of the deed in trust. According to defendant, because it was
a fraud in the execution, it rendered the deed in trust void ab initio. Defendant concludes that,
because the deed in trust was void, Biagini's mortgage based on the deed in trust was likewise void
ab initio.
We agree with defendant's first contention. Her claim to the appraiser that she owned the
subject property and that it was her home arguably should have triggered further inquiry by plaintiff.
This claim of ownership, coupled with Biagini's misrepresentations in the mortgage application to
plaintiff, arguably should have notified plaintiff that there was something amiss in the transaction.
On the mortgage application, Biagini falsely claimed that he had owned the subject property since
2000 or 2001, that he owned another property in Downers Grove, and that he had a monthly salary
of $26,500. Further, despite the fact that Biagini was the trustee of the land trust, he ordered that the
loan proceeds be disbursed to him and not to defendant, who had told the appraiser that she was the
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party seeking the loan, and that some be used to pay off his credit cards. These actions together
suggest that plaintiff may have had a duty to further investigate the transaction.
This case presents a factual scenario similar to that in In re Ehrlich, 59 B.R. 646 (N.D. Ill.
1986). Ehrlich had listed certain property in Antioch as an asset in his bankrupt estate. Goldberg
filed a complaint in the bankruptcy action, alleging that he was the actual beneficiary of the land trust
that owned the property and that Ehrlich had fraudulently caused him to transfer the property into
a second land trust of which Ehrlich claimed to be the beneficiary. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 647-48.
Additionally, the property was improved with a commercial building occupied by Jack's, a business.
Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 648. Ehrlich was alleged to have secured a mortgage on the property, but,
apparently, this did not disturb the financial arrangements under which Goldberg received rents from
the property. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 648-49. The mortgagee raised two affirmative defenses: first, that
it was a bona fide mortgagee and took the mortgage without knowledge of Goldberg's interest in the
property, and second, that Goldberg's lack of care and misplaced trust in Ehrlich as his financial
advisor had allowed Ehrlich to use the property to secure his mortgage. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 649.
In analyzing the claims, the court first noted that Goldberg did not allege that Ehrlich had
committed fraud in the execution. The court concluded that, if the mortgagee could demonstrate that
it was a bona fide mortgagee for value, then, because the mortgage was voidable only against the
persons benefitting from or participating in the fraud, the mortgage would be valid and enforceable.
Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 649.
The court then turned to whether the mortgagee had notice of Goldberg's interest. The court
stated that notice could be constructive or actual. As to constructive notice, it could be imputed to
the purchaser or mortgagee via record notice or inquiry notice. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650. The court
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held that the fact that Goldberg paid taxes on the property did not give the mortgagee record notice,
because it was under no duty under Illinois law to check the county tax records or bank records that
would have demonstrated Goldberg's interest; it was required to check only the records in the office
of the recorder of deeds. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650.
Considering inquiry notice, the court first held that inquiry notice "encompasse[d] all facts
that a diligent inquiry would have brought to light," like a physical inspection of the property.
Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650. The court held that, where a party other than the vendor or mortgagor was
in possession of the property, the purchaser or mortgagee had a duty to inquire of the party its tenure
and interest in the premises. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650. The court held that the possession of the
property by Jack's triggered a duty to investigate only the interest held by Jack's. The possession by
Jack's would have aroused no suspicion that Goldberg had an interest, because notice due to
possession by an occupant does not extend beyond the rights of the occupant. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at
650. The court held that the possession by Jack's did not impute to the mortgagee notice of
Goldberg's interest in the property. Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650.
The reasoning of Ehrlich, in turn, is underpinned by Miller v. Bullington, 381 Ill. 238 (1942),
and Burnex Oil Co. v. Floyd, 106 Ill. App. 2d 16 (1969). Miller held:
"One having notice of facts which would put a prudent man on inquiry is chargeable with
knowledge of other facts which he might have discovered by diligent inquiry. Whatever is
notice enough to excite attention and put the party on his guard is notice of everything to
which such inquiry might have led and every unusual circumstance is a ground of suspicion
and demands investigation." Miller, 381 Ill. at 243.
Similarly, Burnex Oil held:
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"[T]he prospective purchaser is chargeable with knowledge of facts which are
inconsistent with the claims of ownership by the record owner. *** [T]he prospective
purchaser is not at liberty to ignore such facts. Whatever is sufficient to put a party upon
inquiry is notice of all facts which pursuance of such inquiry would have revealed and
without such inquiry no one can claim to be an innocent purchaser as against the party
claiming an interest in the property supported by such notice." Burnex Oil, 106 Ill. App. 2d
at 23-24.
Plaintiff has pointed to no authority, and our research likewise has uncovered no authority, to suggest
that the holdings in Ehrlich, Miller, and Burnex Oil do not represent the law in Illinois. We now
apply this law to the facts of our case.
While the result in Ehrlich favors the trial court's decision here, the rationale employed in
Ehrlich, Miller, and Burnex Oil does not. First, the owner of the subject property here is also the
occupant. Thus, the holding in Ehrlich that the mortgagee had inquiry notice of the possession by
Jack's (Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650) would seem to apply to defendant--the knowledge of defendant's
interest in the subject property should have been imputed to plaintiff. See also Miller, 381 Ill. at 243;
Burnex Oil, 106 Ill. App. 2d at 23-24. Second, defendant told the appraiser, an agent of plaintiff,
that she was the owner of the subject property. Yet she was not the person seeking the mortgage on
the property. In other words, her declaration that she was the owner coupled with the fact that a third
party was seeking to mortgage her property arguably should have, consistent with the rationale in
Ehrlich, Miller, and Burnex Oil, triggered a duty in plaintiff to pin down her tenure and interest in
the property. We hold, therefore, that, contrary to plaintiff's contention, Ehrlich supports defendant's
position regarding plaintiff's duty to inquire. Because of the irregularity of the transaction initiated
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by Biagini, we hold that there is a factual issue sufficient to preclude summary judgment regarding
whether plaintiff disregarded a duty to conduct a further inquiry and whether plaintiff can be
considered a bona fide mortgagee for value. See Ehrlich, 59 B.R. at 650; see also Miller, 381 Ill. at
243; Burnex Oil, 106 Ill. App. 2d at 23-24. The trial court erred in holding that plaintiff was a bona
fide mortgagee for value, and we reverse its grant of summary judgment on this ground.
Plaintiff argues that defendant has waived the issue of whether it was a bona fide mortgagee
for value, because she did not file a cross-motion for summary judgment on the issue. In support of
this argument, plaintiff cites Sasser v. Alfred Benesch & Co., 216 Ill. App. 3d 445, 452 (1991), for
the proposition that "[l]egal issues that do not require consideration of evidence, as in the context
of summary judgment proceedings, are waived if not presented in the trial court." While plaintiff
correctly cites Sasser, plaintiff's argument fails because defendant's theory of her affirmative defense
was that plaintiff was not a bona fide mortgagee for value, and this argument was repeatedly placed
before the trial court. Indeed, the trial court, erroneously, resolved the argument in plaintiff's favor.
Plaintiff's argument is that defendant was required to file a cross-motion for summary judgment to
raise the issue. Plaintiff does not cite any authority in support and none exists. Rather, all defendant
was required to do was to oppose plaintiff's motion for summary judgment and raise the issue, as she
has done. We note, too, that defendant does not request that we enter summary judgment in her
favor--that would have required some sort of cross-motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, we
reject plaintiff's argument.
Plaintiff contends that the trial court properly found that there were no genuine issues of
material fact. Plaintiff argues that the trial court properly determined that, because credit cards were
often paid off at loan closings, the fact that Biagini directed that his credit cards be paid off was
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nothing out of the ordinary. The rub to that position, as we have identified above, is that Biagini was
procuring a loan on his own behalf on property that defendant told plaintiff's agent she owned.
Further, Biagini was receiving the proceeds of the loan, and Biagini was using proceeds from the
loan to pay off his own debts, even though defendant represented to the appraiser that she was to
receive the mortgage on her property to perform more improvements. Under the circumstances, we
disagree with the trial court's comment that plaintiff would have needed to be clairvoyant--rather,
plaintiff needed to investigate the claims of property ownership made by defendant and Biagini and
look more carefully at the transaction Biagini was engineering. Accordingly, the trial court erred in
holding that there is not a factual issue regarding whether the loan documents Biagini submitted and
defendant's claims of ownership were sufficient to put plaintiff on notice of a duty to further inquire
as to the transaction Biagini was orchestrating. We reject plaintiff's contention.
Plaintiff also contends that defendant's declaration of ownership was consistent with the
property being held in a land trust. Plaintiff states that the fact that Biagini did not apply for a
mortgage on homestead property is further consistent with the property being held in a land trust,
with defendant as beneficial owner and Biagini as trustee. Yet the property appears, from the record,
to have been defendant's home and homestead. We believe that evidence demonstrating that a
trustee applied for a mortgage on someone else's home (and received all of the proceeds and paid off
the trustee's personal debts) raises a factual issue as to whether the conduct is sufficiently out of the
norm to raise suspicion and to place on the mortgagee a duty to further inquire. We reject plaintiff's
contention.
Plaintiff also argues that Biagini's decision to deed the property to himself at the closing on
the mortgage is a run-of-the-mill occurrence in these sorts of transactions such that it should not have
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raised any eyebrows. As we have noted, the fact that Biagini would act as trustee to a land trust may
not be suspicious. However, the facts that Biagini created a land trust with himself as both
beneficiary and trustee, induced the beneficial owner of the subject property to transfer the property
to himself as beneficial owner/trustee even though defendant maintained that it was her property, and
then obtained a mortgage on the property but paid the proceeds to himself and used the proceeds to
retire his personal debts, all considered together, may be suspicious. As a result, there exists an issue
sufficient to preclude the grant of summary judgment.
We further find plaintiff's argument to be problematic. Plaintiff seeks to deconstruct the
entire transaction into its component parts and then argue that each individual part, standing alone,
does not look suspicious. The problem with the argument, however, is that plaintiff should have
looked at all of the components of the transaction together. The idea defendant is pursuing is akin
to cumulative error. While an individual error standing alone may not be sufficient to support
reversal, all of the errors together may require reversal--likewise, each individual part of the
mortgage transaction by itself may not be suspicious, but, when added up, the whole transaction may
demand further inquiry. Viewing the record as a whole, we do not believe that plaintiff's attempt to
break the mortgage transaction into incremental components is proper under the circumstances of
the case. Accordingly, we reject plaintiff's contention.
Likewise, plaintiff's argument about defendant's interaction with the appraiser was misplaced.
According to plaintiff, defendant consistently represented to the appraiser that she wanted a mortgage
placed on the property. If plaintiff credits this representation to the appraiser, then, in order to be
logically consistent, plaintiff must have been placed on notice to further investigate when a third
party applied for the mortgage and received all of its proceeds, going so far as to use the proceeds
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to pay off his personal credit cards. The transaction Biagini structured is not consistent with
defendant seeking a mortgage. Yet plaintiff relies on the fact that defendant represented to plaintiff's
agent that she wanted a mortgage on her property to make further improvements to it. If plaintiff
credits this representation, then it effectively admits that it had a duty to further inquire, because
Biagini's transaction was not consistent with defendant's expectations as expressed to plaintiff's
agent. Thus, there is an issue that precludes the entry of summary judgment in favor of plaintiff.
In attempting to make its point, plaintiff again focuses on a single aspect, the interaction between
defendant and the appraiser, but overlooks the logical follow-up.
Plaintiff further notes that, at no time did defendant attempt to stop the mortgage. However,
the record demonstrates the existence of the factual question of whether, at any time, defendant was
aware of the mortgage. If, as plaintiff attempts to insinuate, defendant was the moving force behind
the mortgage, then plaintiff should have investigated when defendant suddenly dropped out of the
picture. Moreover, plaintiff attempts to insinuate that defendant schemed to fraudulently procure
a mortgage on her property using Biagini's credit information. We believe this too is an issue of fact
raised but not settled by the record one way or the other. However, if plaintiff doubted defendant's
sincerity and qualifications in undertaking to mortgage the subject property, then it effectively admits
that it needed to further investigate the situation, which is, after all, defendant's point. The existence
of a factual issue regarding this point precludes the grant of summary judgment.
Plaintiff properly notes that the ruling in Ehrlich is favorable to its position. However,
plaintiff does not discuss the rationale for the holding, which is that, under Illinois law, a mortgagee
is presumed to have notice of the physical characteristics of the property and its occupants. Ehrlich,
59 B.R. at 650. The record suggests that defendant claimed ownership and was seeking a loan to
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improve the subject property. Biagini, not defendant, applied for a loan on the subject property and
took the proceeds, using them to settle his personal debts. These circumstances, if fully borne out
by all of the evidence, would be sufficiently suspicious to warrant further investigation, per the rule
in Ehrlich. The fact that the holding in Ehrlich is favorable to plaintiff's position does not invalidate
its rationale or the manner in which it applies to this case.
Plaintiff also notes that defendant referred to Christine Peters as her "roommate." Plaintiff
claims this to be odd because, if defendant thought that she owned the property, she would have been
more likely to refer to Peters as her tenant or her guest. Plaintiff's contention does not support the
grant of summary judgment. We doubt that defendant intended to suggest to the appraiser the
existence of a legal relationship between herself and Peters, apart from the fact that Peters was an
additional inhabitant of the subject property, thereby explaining her presence at the property during
the appraisal.
We have considered the arguments raised by plaintiff in support of the trial court's ruling.
We have rejected them and determined that there is a factual issue regarding whether the odd
circumstances surrounding Biagini's application for the mortgage on the subject property triggered
a duty for plaintiff to inquire further. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erroneously granted
summary judgment in favor of plaintiff on defendant's affirmative defense. Because of our
resolution of this issue, we need not consider whether Biagini's fraud constituted fraud in the
execution or fraud in the inducement. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of
Du Page County and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
BYRNE and ZENOFF, JJ., concur.
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LaSalle Bank v. Ferone
Combined Opinion